SBSEEGEEGERES VvUBvOEOSRSBEYS 2 wv wd VY > SIMPLE STRAIN ‘Also known a5 a unit deformation, strain is the ratio of the change in length caused by an applied force, to the orginal length. 8 e=— L Where 3 is the elongation and L is the original length, thus € Is dimensionless. Stress - Strain Diagram ‘Suppose that a metal specimen be placed in a tension- ‘compression testing machine, AS the axial load is gradually Increased in increments, the total elongation over the gage length is measured at each increment of the load and this Is Continued unti failure ofthe specimen takes place. Knowing the original cross-sectional area and the length of the specimen, the normal stress and the strain © can be ‘obiained. The graph of these quantities with the stress o along the y-axis and the strain ¢ along the x-axis is called the stess- stein diagram. ‘Actual pte ength inte sora oe” | Yel nel Rupture strength B) Se 5] AS aesicton — Prepotonal it © ‘Strain, © ‘Suess-stain diagram Elastic limit — the limit beyond which the material wil no longer {90 back to its original shape when the load is, removed, or itis the maximum stress thal may bbe developed such that there is no permanent or residual deformation when the load is entirely removed. Elastic and plastic ranges — the region in the stress-strain ciagram from O to the proportional iit is called the elastic range. The region from proportional limit to rupture strength is called the plastic range. Yield point - the point at which the material will have an appreciable elongation or yielding without any increase of oad. Utimate strength — the maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram. Rupture strength ~ the strength of the material at rupture. This is also known as the breaking strength. Proportional Limit (Hooke's Law) From the origin, O to a point called proportional limit, the stress-strain cure 1s a straight line. The linear relation between elongation and the axial force causing it was first ‘oticed by Sir Robert Hooke in 1678 and is called Hooke's Law that within the proportional limit, the sts is directly proportional to strain or wot of = Ke The constant of proportionality K is called the modulus of clasticty E or Young's modulus and is equal othe slope ofthe stress-strain diagram from O to the proportional iit. Then o= Ee ‘AXIAL DEFORMATION In the linear portion of the stress-strain diagram, the stress is proportional to strain and is given by o = Ec. Since c= P/A and €=5/L then P/A=ES/L, or PL ol. AEE To use this formula, the load must be axial, the bar must have a uniform cross-sectional area, and the stress must not ‘exc2ed the proportional mit. If however the cross-sectional area is not uniform, the axial deformation can be determined by considering a differential length and appiying integration. P tld eee | = Eve A where A= ty and y and t, if variable must be expressed in terms of x. For rod of unit mass p suspended vertically from one end, the total elongation due to its own weight is, ns)siar ‘Scanned with |CamScannerBOUUVKaOE & VUUVUUS vVIVUUY YUU Ys Se eye Iv Y where pis in kgm, Lis the length ofthe rod in mm, M is the total mass of the rod in kg, A is the cross-sectional area ofthe tod in mm, and g = 9.84 mis? Siifiness, k ratio ofthe steady force acting on an elastic body to the resulting displacement. It has a unit of Nim, Problem 24 Compute the total elongation caused by an axial load of 100 kN applied to a flat bar 20 mm thick, tapering from a width of 120 mm to 40 mm in length of 10 m as shown in the figure. ‘Assume E = 200 GPa. mf eatin pee Lee "10000 mm 7 Atsection m— y-20 60-20 5 | x 10000 1-200 y = (0.004x +20) mm . A= 20(2y) = 20[2(0.004x +20) Pe 01m = (0.16x +800) mm? Ox | Edo A 100x1N p10 dx be 200x 10°Nim? Jo 0.16x +800 8 = 5x 107m? (1000 mm/1 on) a 0.16x-+800 1 0 8 = 050 [=][e (8.89 046 o = 3.126 {in (0.16 (10000) + 800] — In (800)) 8 = 3.433 mm Problem 25 ‘A uniform bar of length L, cross-sectional area A, and a unit mass p Is suspended vertically from one end. Show that its total elongation is 6 = pgl?/2E. If the total mass of the bar is M, show also that 6 = MgL/2AE. ‘Solution PL + b= ;P=W AE = pgax a poAxdx : 6 AE - eg ft pg =} pgl? 2E M= AL pgl? M Be xe 2B pAL MgL. o—— 2AE Problem 26, AA sleel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300 mm? and a length of 150 m is suspended verically from one end. It supports a tensle oad of 20 kN’ at the lower end. If the unit ‘mass of steel is 7850 kg/m? and E = 200 x 10° MNin, ind the total elongation of the rod. Solution ‘The total elongation of the rod due to its own weight plus the elongation due to the suspended weight ee [-[ : 1Bo|sirJAP ‘Scanned with |CamScannerYe VBUUEEBEBESUEUYW ih u vuvuvvvUvUVUYU ed rr 7850 kg/m (9.81 mis")150 m)? or 2 (200 x 10° Nim) 8; = 0.00433 m = 433mm Pk ee AE 20x 10°N (150 m) (300 mm=)(1 m/1000 mm? (200 x 10° Nim?) & = 0.05m = 50mm Br = 4.33 mm+50mm = 5433 mm Problem 27 ‘Amid steel column is hollow and circular in cross section with ‘an extemal diameter of 350 mm and intemal diameter of 300 mm. It caries @ compressive load of 2000 KN. Find the shortening of the column if Its Initial height Is. 5 m and E = 200000 Nima, ‘Solution ae PL a. t b= ale AE a P = 2000kN = 2000. 10° L = 5m =5000mm A= % (02-0?) “A\(350) - (300) A = 2552544 mn? 2000 x 10° N (5000 mm) -25525.44 mm? (200000 Nimm?) 5 = 1.96 mm Problem 28 A steel te, 10 mm thick, 80 mm wide, and 1500.0 mm inside diameter, is heated and shrunk onto a steel whee! 1500.5 mm in diameter. If the coefficient of static friction is 0.30, what torque is required to twist the tire relative to the wheel? Neglect the deformation of the wheel. Use E = 200 GPa. Solution PL 1 (1500.5 1500) = 052mm AE T 1500x mm 10(80) = 800 mm? E = 200x 10° Nim? (1 m/1000 mm? = 200x 10° Nim? (150% mm) (800 ma?(200 x 10° Nim?) T = 53333.33N Feat (1500 mm)(80 mm) = p = 0.8889 Nimm? Total Normal force N = px contact area between te and wheel = 0,8889 Nim? [x (1500.5 mm)(80 mm)} N= 335219.11N Frictional resistance f= pN = 0.30 (335219.11N) = 100565.73N Torque = £x% the diameter ofthe whee 100565.73 N [4 (1500.5 mm} 75449440.65 Nemim = 75.45 kN-m i8 Pp L A 0.5xmm = 3 F = pDL = p(1500mm)(80 mm) (63333.33N) Torque Problem 28 ‘A bronze bar is fastened between a steel bar and an aluminum bar as shown in the figure. Axial loads are applied at the Positions indicated. Find the largest value of P that wil not exceed an overall deformation of 3,0 mm, or the folowing stresses: 140 MPa inthe steel, 120 MPa in the bronze, and 80 MPa in the aluminum, Assume that the assembly is suitably braced to prevent buckling. Use Es = 200 GPa, Ea = 70 GPa, and Es = [Link], ‘Aun A=20men? Stee Bronze A= 40mm? A= 650mm? ES ne ati siar ‘Scanned with |CamScanneree ee ee ee ee ee 3 VVIVIIVIWYYU YY os a ww wwe ‘Based on allowable stresses: Steel: Ps = OsAs 140 MPa (480 mm?) = 67200N 57.20 kN Bronze: Po = Osha 2P = 120MPa (650 mm?) = 78000 N 39000/N = 39.00 KN Aluminum: Pa = OnAn 2P = 80 MPa (320 mm?) = 25600N P = 12800N = 12.80 KN Based on allowable deformation: B= bs-Oo+dy (1000) 2 (2000) 2 (1500) 480 (200000) 650 (83000) 320 (70000) 1 1 1 3=|—_-—_ P 96000 13487.5 7466.67, P = 42733.825N = 42.734 4N Use smallest value of P, therefore P= 12.80KN Problem 30 The rigid bar AB, attached to the two vertical rods as shown in the figure, is horizontal before the load P is applied. Determine the vertical movement of P if Its magnitude is 50 KN. Ls3m ‘A 50 met E=mGPa Solution FBD and deformation diagram [EM = 0} Ps (6) = 50 (35) Po = 29.47 KN ba] b= 29.47 kN (4m) 300 mm? (1 m/1000 mm)? (200 x 108 kNim?) &s = 0.001945 m = 1.945 mm For aluminum [Me = 0} Pa (6) = 50(2.5) Pa = 20.83 kN 20.83 KN (3 m) iets Eee eee ea $500 mm? (1 m/4000 mm}? (70 x 10° kN) 3x = 0.001785 m = 1.785 mm By Ratio and Proportion Be=1.785 1.945 ~1.785, 35 6 Be = 4.865 mm -- (vertical movement of P) Problem 31 The rigid bars shown in the figure are separated by a roller at C and pinned at A and D. A steel rod at B helps support the foad of 50 KN. Compute the vertical displacement ofthe roller atC. anjsieiar ‘Scanned with |CamScannerSolution FBD and deformation diagram sown [Ma = 0} P (3) = 25(4.5) P= 37.50 kN PL bs =— AE 37.50 kN (3 m) 300 mm? (11m 1000 mm}! (200 x 10° KN?) Bs = 0.001875 m = 1.875 mm By Ratio and Proportion Be Bs 1.875 mm 45m 3m 3m Bc = 281mm Problem 32 ‘The rigid bars AB and CD shown in the figure are supported by pins at A and C and the two rods. Determine the maximum force P that can be applied as shown if its vertical movement {s limited to 5 mm. Neglect the weight of all members. Lean Az 20mm! E=2006Pa Solution BD and deformation diagram [Ma = 0] Pn (3) = Pex (6) Pa = 2Pa By Ratio and Proportion Pa (2m) Be = 2 | ——_______ (a mm? (1 m/1000 mm)? (70 x 10° kN/m?) 1 1 5s = —— Pu = ——(2Ps) 8750 8750 1 ta = — Pw 4375 Movement at D PL) 1 bo = dn+d9=|—| +—Px AE Js 4375 Pa(2m) toe 300 mm? (4 m/1000 mm)? (200 x 10 kNim?) 1 Pa 4375 " b= Ps 42000 1sa|sietaP ‘Scanned with |CamScannerYo YISVIIISIISD 0.005 = —— (%P) 84000 P = 76.364kN Problem 33 ‘As shown inthe figure, two aluminum rods AB and BC, hinged to rigid supports, are pinned together at B to cany a vertical load P = 6000 lb. each rod has a cross-sectional area of 0.6 in? and E = 10 x 10° psi, compute the elongation of each rod ‘and the horizontal and vertical displacement of point B. Solution Pua FBD of joint B: a“ (Fa = 0} Pracos 30° = Pec cos 30° ~ Pra = Pec al : BFv= 0) Pas sin 30° +Pec sin 30° = 6000 Pas (0.5) + Pas (0.5) = 6000 Pas = 6000 ib -- (tension) Pec = 6000 Ib-= (compression) PL Gee AE £6000 to [10 (12 vty) 818= ———————- = 0./2in-- (lengthening) (0.6 in? (10x 108 tne) (6000 Ib [6 ft (12 in/1f)) =—__________ = 0.072 in--- (shortening) (0.6 in? (40 x 408 vine) DB = See = 0.12In BE = Ope =0.072in 5s = BB’ = displacement of B B' = final postion of B after elongation Triangle BOB" 02 cosB = 012 b= —— cosB Triangle BEB’ 0s (120-6) =—— s oor cos (120°—) 85 = O5 0.12 0.072 cosp cos(t20"-6) ‘cos (120°) ——— = 060 cosB (00s 120° cos +sin 120" sin = 0.60 cosB -0.50 +sin 120° tan = 0.60 1.10 tanB = sin 120° 51.79" ssieaAP ‘Scanned with |CamScanner0.12, d= 0.4941n cos 1.79" = 90" (30°-+) = = ear Triangle BF" By = BF = dasing 0.494 sin8.21° = 0.0277 in Bu = 0.023 by = BF = dacose 0.194 c0s8.21* = 0.192 by = 0016 R CE Board May 2010 ‘A 12 mm thick steel tire has a width of 1410 mm and has an intemal diameter of 800 mm. The tire is heated and shrunk to a steel wheel 600.5 mm diameter. Modulus of elasticity, E 200 GPa. a. Determine the tensile stress in the tire. b. Determine the compressive pressure between the tire and ‘the wheel. ©. Determine the thickness of the tie to resist pressure of 1.5, ‘MPa ifithas an allowable stress of 124 MPa. ~ (30° +51.79°) tion 50 = (8005-800) = 05xmm 800mm 200 x 10° Nim? = 20x 10° Nimm? 0.5mm (200 x 10° Nim?) 800mm = 125Nimm? = 125MPa Compressive pressure between the tire and the whee! pOL oA {A= 12(110) = 1320 mm? 125 Nim? (1320 mm?) 16500N P= 375Nimm? = 375MP2 ‘Thickness of tire to resist pressure of 1.5 MPa if allowable stress is 124 MPa 4.5 MPa (800 mm) 124MPa = 2 t= 484mm CE Bd Nov 2010, CE Bd May 2012 Six steel cables are supporting a circular heavy molding of diameter 2 m from an overhead point. Ifthe molding weighs 25 kN/m and the attachment point ls 3 m above it, determine the following: ‘a. The tension in each wire. . The diameter of the wire that wil not exceed the allowable stress of 124 MPa. c. Ifthe wire is 10 mm 8, find the vertical displacement ofthe molder. ‘Solution aa Wets7ti Ae (2.5 kNim) = x(2m)(2.5 kN) 15.71 KN, Tension in each wire EFy=0 6T sind = 15:71 GT (370) = 15.71 T = 276KN bassin Scanned with |CamScannerwy VY VUUUUHUVUDGYUeos wwyv ~~ wre Diameter of wire that will not exceed the allowable stress of 124MPa T=Ao TBKN = "4D? (124 x 10° kNim*) D = 532x 109m = 532mm - UseD = 6mm ‘Vertical displacement of the molder a “fs AE 2.76KN (J10m) vfs 74 (0.01 m)?(200 x 10° KNime) ),000556 m = 0.556 mm Oy = 0.556 sine = 0556 (3/10) by = 0.527 mm CE Bd Nov 2012, CE Bd May 2014 Calculate the tensile force in each of the six cable supporting the circular molding weighing 2.5 kN/m of circumferential length be Solution i tr y r 3m ij | 4 . we1s7i 2m Total load = xD (2.5 kNim) = x(2m)(2.5 kNim) = A8T1KN Tension in each wire ZFy=0 6Tsing = 15.71 67 (310) = 15.71 T= 276KN CE Bd Nov 2012, CE Bd May 2014, CE Bd Nov 2015 AA rigid bar is hinged at A and is supported by a rod at C. the rod is pin connected at D, as shown. Neglect deflections of the bar due to bending. Use E = 200 GPa. Yenno —, | L=2m 2 ‘a. Whats the displacement of the loaded end B of the bar? . Determine the tensile stress induced in rod CD by the 80, KN load. . Ifthe allowable stress in rod CD is 124 MPa, what weight ‘Wcan be safely applied? ‘Solution Displacement ofthe loaded end B Ma = 0 T (1.8m) = 80(3) T = 133.33 KN Th AE 493.33 KN (2m) a "(0.036 m)? (200 x 10° KNI) = 0.00131 m = 1.31mm By ratio and proportion: 3b 1863 1313) b= = 248 mm 18 Tensile stress induced in rod CD by the 80 kN load T=oA 133.33 KN = 0 [% (0.036 m)] co = 130988 KNim? = 130.99 MPa Weight W i allowable stress in rod CD is 124 MPa T=o0A ‘Scanned with |CamScannerYOUU OSE 1 VuUwewe I '\ ¥ yu SJuudsdddds sy sug = 124 x 10° kNim? [7% (0.036 m)?] T = 126.22 KN Ma = 0 T(1.8m) = WO) 126.22 KN (1.6m) = W(3) W = 75.73 kN CE Board Nov 2012 ‘A pipe column is braved to prevent bending and buckling. itis, subjected to @ compressive load of 1000 kN. E = 200 GPa. Length = 4 m and outside diameter is 250 mm. | i veel ‘@ What is the required thickness of the column if the allowable compressive stress is 117 MPa? b. Find the required column thickness if the allowable shortening ofthe column is 0.80 mm. c. If the allowable compressive strain Is 0.00015 and the thickness of the column is 10 mm, how much is the safe toad on the column? Solution Required thickness of column if o¢= 117 MPa Pp = — + A= %(02—-Da) A 1000 kN 197 x 108 Nin? = ——_ %{(0.25 my? - DA] (0.25 m)?-D? = 0.010824 m? D, = 0.2272m = 227.2mm 2t+D, = 250 2t+227.2 = 250 t= 11.40 mm Required column thickness i allowable shortening of column is 0.8 mm PL — 3 A= 4(02—DA) AE 1000 KN (4 m) 0.0008 m = 7% {(0.25 m)? — D7] (200 x 10° KN/m?) (0.25 mj-D? = 0.031631 m? D, = 0.17513 m = 175.13 mm 2t+D, = 250 2t+ 175.13 = 250 t= 37.43 mm Safe load on the column if the allowable compressive strain |.0.00015 and t= 10 mm PL AE Pp — yA = %(02-DA) AE %((0.25 my? - (0.237) A= 754x109 me? Pp 0.00015 = ———_________ 7.54 x 10% mi? (200 x 108 kNim?) P = 226.20KN CE Board Nov 2012 ‘A hollow castiron pole has an outside diameter of 450 mm and an inside diameter of 350 mm. It is subjected to a ‘compressive force of 1200 kN (weight included) throughout it length of 1.2 m. The pote is braced to prevent bending and bucking. E= 100 GPa. Jj) -20 ‘a. What isthe resulting stress due to the compression force? a7) sieaaP ‘Scanned with |CamScannered a a ee . Calculate the total contraction of the member due to the ‘compressive force. c. Find the load that would result to a total compressive strain of 0.0003 mevmnm, Solution Resulting stress due to compression force P or— i A= % (02-02) A = Al(0.45P - (0.357) A = 0.062832 m? 1200KN 0.082832 m? o = 19098.55 kNim? = 19.10 MPa Total contraction of the member due to the compressive force PL AE 1200 kN (1.2 m) * 0.062832 me (100 x 10¢ kN) & = 0,00023m = 0.23mm Load that would result fo a total compressive strain of 0.003 mmm Pp e=— i A= (02-02) AE = %{(0.25 m)?- (0.231 A= 754x109? P 0.0003 = ——____ (0.062832 m? (100 x 108 kNim) P = 1885kN CE Board May 2013 The rigid bar AB is hinged at A and supported by a steel plate hanger. The hanger is fixed at C and bolted at D with two plates. Width of plate hanger Thickness of plate hanger Bolt diameter ‘Allowable bolt shear stress ‘Alowable bolt bearing stress ‘a. What is the allowable stress in the hanger based on bolt capacity in double shear at D. b. I the maximum tensile stress in the hanger is 138 MPa, {ind the allowable load W.. Cc. Ifthe load W = 60 KN, find the vertical displacement at B. Solution Allowable tensile stress in the hanger based on bolt capacity (in double shear) at D fr on ;T=Vetd A = 68x 10°kN Im? [% (0.02 m)*(2)) T = A273iN 42.73 KN oe 0.04 m (0.01 m) 6 = 108825 Nim? = 106.825 MPa ‘Alowable load W if tensile tess in the hanger is 138 MPa TSA = 138 x 10° kN/me? (0.04 m)(0.01 m) TMs = 0 T (2m) = W@2m) 55.20KN (2m) = W (32m) W = 34.50 kN Vertical displacement at B if W = 60 kN Ma = 0 T (2m) = 60(3.2m) T = 96KN Ds) sicaaP ‘Scanned with |CamScanneroo VdvdvvvbBdUvOS wvuuuu vo I DDD Dw eet PP PADD Displacement at © TL 96 KN (3m) AE 0104 m (0.01 m)(200 x 10° kNim?) bc = 0.0036 m = 360mm Displacement at B 360mm 85 2m 32 Ba = 576mm CE Board May 2013 ‘A steel bar caries an ore bucket of weight W hanging at its lower end. Given: Bar diameter = 12mm Length 48m ‘Steel modulus of elasticity, . = 200 GPa Neglect weight of bar. ‘a. Calculate the welght W that can be safely carried so as not to exceed the allowable steel tensile stress of 138 MPa. . Calculate the weight W that can be safely applied so as not to exceed the allowable elongation of 10 mm. . Calculate the total strain if the applied load W = 20 KN. Solution ‘Weight W that can be safely carried so as not o exceed the. allowable stee! tensile stress of 138 MPa. P err ;P=W A w 138 x 10° kNim? = ————— (0.012? W = 15.61 kN ‘Weight W that can be safely applied 0 as not to exceed the allowable eat elongation of 10mm fanmo PL =— jPW AE W (18m) w 0.01 m = ——________ (0.012 my (200 x 10° KNIm?) W = 1257kN Total strain i the applied load W = 20 kN 3 PL oo ae L AE PLIAE os L Pp c= 3 P= W-= 20KN AE 20KN —_______—_ = 0.00088 % (0.012 my? (200 x 10¢ NI) CE Board Dec 2014 Astee! cable fs used to lita load W. Given: W (total load including weight of cable) = 175 KN Properties of steel cable Diameter = 30mm Length = 12m Modulus of elasticity, + = 200 GPa ‘a, Find the elongation (mm) of the cable as it lifts the load W. . What is the resutting strain (mmémm) in the cable as it its the load W. cc. Due to a very heavy load, the steel cable breaks. The recorded diameter of failure is 27.5 mm. Calculate the ductility (%) of the material. Solution Elongation of cable PL os 5 P= W= 175kN AE 175 KN (12m) be °%4(0.03 m (200 x 10° kNim®) 5 = 0.015m = 15mm Resulting strain in mmvmm 6 ee L 15mm = ——— = 0.00125 412000 mm npisiesar ‘Scanned with |CamScanneroad wboebdod IdGUW J 3 wv vv wD wy wr wee Fe a a Ductity in % Anke Dvctity = | —— ] 100% — ; Ar = %(30 mye Ay = 706.86 mm? Ag = (27.5 mm)? = 593.96 mm? 706.86 - 593.96 Ductity = | | 100% 706.86 Ductiity = 15.972 say 16% CE Board May 2018 ‘A weight W is supported by an eyebar AC and a horizontal strut BC. The eyebar and the strut are pin connected at al joints. Their cross-sectional dimensions are are 6 mm and 50 ‘mm and their modulus of elasticity is 200 GPa. Given: L=42m, 6 = 30 W= 12kN ‘@. Calculate the normal stress (MPa) in the eyebar. '. Find the total change in length (mm) ofthe eyebar. c. Ifthe eyebar is replaced by a steel cable, what should be the cable diameter (mm) so that the maximum stress does. not exceed 124 MPa P= AC Bc AC sin 30° = 12 AC = 24KN 24000 N o= 80 MPa Gmm (50mm) Total change in length (elongation) of the eyebar PL b=— i Lee = 1.2/c0s 30° AE 386 m 24 KN (1.386 m) (0.006 m (0.05 (200 x 10° kim?) & = 0.00055 m = 0.55mm Cable diameter so that the maximum stress does not exceed 124 MPa P o=— PP = AC = 24KN A = 24000N 24000 N 124MPa = “”o D = 157mm CE Board Nov 2022 ‘A [Link] thick stee! tire has an inside diameter of 800 mm and ls 110 mm wide. It is heated to fit into a wheel of bigger diameter. E = 200 GPa. ‘a. The diameter of the wheel is 600.50 mm, soe for the resulting tensile stress in the tire. . In the process, the resulting circumferential stress between the tire and the wheel is 60 MPa. Calculate the contact pressure (MPa) between the tire and the wheel. . The resulting circumferential stress between the tire and the whee! is 200 MPa. How much is the elongation of the tire? Solution 20mm | rm Tensile stress in the tre oe (0.5: mm (200 x 10° Nimm?) = 800mm 6 = 125Nimm? = 125 MPa Contact pressure between the tre and the wheel F=2T 1 F=pOL Mo)siJAP ‘Scanned with |CamScanner12(110) 1320 mm? = 125 Nimm? (1320 mm?) T= 16500N (800 mm)(110 mm) = 2 (16500 N) P= 375Nimm? = 3.75MPa Elongation ofthe tire when when the circumferential stress is 200 MPa. pDL = 2T ; T Circumferential stress = — = 200MPa A TL j= AE 200 MPa (800% mm) qo CE Board Nov 2012 ‘What is the term forthe value beyond which the stress fs no longer proportional to the strain? a. Elastic limit c. Proportional limit b. Ultimate stress 4. Tensie stress CE Board Nov 2021 In what conditon is a material when it breaks down and deforms permanenty even due to a slight Increase In stress above the elastic iit? a. Plasticity «. Yielding b. Fatigue d. Creep (CE Board Nov 2022 Identity the state of stress in a material described as folows: ‘Proportional iit . Ulimate strength b. Yield strength 4, Rupture strength Stress at flue. ‘Ans. Rupture strength Highest ordinate inthe stress-strain diagram. ‘Ans. Uitimate strength ‘An appreciable elongation or yielding of the material without ‘ny corresponding increase in load. Ans. Yield strength REVIEW PROBLEMS 4. An aluminum bar having a cross-sectional area of 320 mm? cartes tho axial loads applied at tho postions shown In tho figure. Compute the total change in length of the bar if € = 70 GPa, Assume the bar is suitably braced to prevent lateral buckling. meen eT ain ame ORES PEEL SRUAR ES a 2. Arid steel column is holow and circular in cross-section with an extemal diameter of 350 mm and intemal diameter ‘of 300 mm, It carries a compressive load of 2000 KN. Determine the shortening ofthe column it its intial height is 5 mand E = 200000 Nim. ‘3, The rigid bar ABC shown in the figure is hinged at A and ‘supported by a steel rod at B. Determine the largest load P that can be applied at C ifthe stress in the steel rod is limited to 206.85 MPa and the vertical movement at C must not exceed 3 mm. Steel Let20m A=320 mm? E= 200678 4, [Link] concrete slab of welght W Is to be attached as shown in the figure, to two rods whose lower ends are initially at the same level. Determine the rato of the areas of the rods so the slab will remain level after itis attached to the rods. weg, Bronte ‘Aurinum team team Ee6soPe Ee70cre sa jsieiar ‘Scanned with |CamScannernme cre os 2 a a a errr rere ere eee area ‘SHEARING DEFORMATION Shearing forces cause shearing deformation. An element ‘subject to shear does not change in length but undergoes a ‘change in shape. The change: in angle at the comer of an original rectangular element is called the shear strain and is expressed ae bs a L ‘The ratio of the shear stress 1 and the shear strain y is cated the modulus of elasttity in shear or modulus of rigidity and is denoted as G, in MPa. + Ga 1 The relationship between the shearing deformation and the applied shearing force is: VEO otk Gat = AG G where Vis the shearing force acting over an area Ac, Poisson's Ratio When a bar is subjected to a tensile loading there is an increase in length of the bar in the direction of the applied ‘oad, but there is also a decrease in the lateral dimension Perpendicular to the load. The ratio of the sidewise deformation (or strain) to the longitudinal deformation (or stain) is called the Poisson's ratio and is denoted by v. For most steel, it es in the range of 0.25 to 0.30, and 0.30 for Concrete, P = x y where &, Is strain in the x-direction and ¢, and & are the strains in the perpendicular direction. The negative sign Indicates a decrease in the transverse dimension when & is positive. Bi-Axial Deformation If an element is subjected simultaneously by tensile stresses, «, and oy, in the x and y directions, the strain in the x direction. is o/E and the strain in the y direction is oy. Simultaneously, the stress in the y direction will produce a lateral contraction ‘on the x direction of the amount -vé, or -voy/E. The resulting strain in the x-direction will be % % (e+ve)E oo =——— t=" and % (Gtve)E sv or oy = ——— EE iv ‘TriAxial Deformation If an element is subjected simultaneously by three mutually perpendicular normal stresses ox, o}, and o:, which are ‘accompanied by strains ex, &, and c, respectively, 1 &= —[ox-¥ (oy +0:)] E 1 b= — [6y-¥ (01+ 02)] 1 = —[or-v(ox+0,)] E Tensile stresses and elongation are taken as postive Compressive stresses and contraction are taken as negative, Relationship between E, G, and v ‘The relationship between modulus of elasticity E, shear ‘modulus G and Poisson's ratio vis: G= 2(t+v) Bulk Modulus of Elasticity or Modulus of Volume Expansion The bulk modulus of elasticity K is a measure of a resistance ‘of a material to change in volume without change in shape or form. itis given as 12) iAP ‘Scanned with |CamScannerE o K= 3(1-2v) AVIV where V is the volume and AV is change in volume, The ratio ‘AV/V's called volumetric strain and can be expressed as Wa 3(1-2v)0 Wa kl € Problem 34 A solid cylinder of diameter d caries an axial load P. Show that its change in diameter is 4Pv/xEd. Solution Problem 35 ‘Awelded stee! cylindrical drum made of a 10-mm plate has an intemal diameter of 1.20 m. Compute the change in diameter that would be caused by an intemal pressure of 1.5 MPa. ‘Assume that Poisson's rato is 0.30 and E = 200 GPa. Solution Longitudinal stress pD tet 5 Fes 6 =— 4 1.5MPa (1200 mm) “atom +oaet oy = 45MPa Tangential stress pD —1.5MPa(1200 mm) at 4(10mm) = 90MPa oy 90 45 —— -0.30 —— = 3825x104 200000 200000 AD a o AD = &D ‘AD = (3.825. 10-)(1200 mm) = 0.459 mm Problem 36 ‘A 150 mm bronze tube, with closed ends, is 75 mm in diameter with a wall thickness of 2.5 mm. With no intemal Pressure, the tube just fits between two rigid end wall. Calculate the longitudinal and tangential stresses for an internal pressure of 4137 kPa. Assume v = % and E = 82.74 MPa, oe a7 y AV stom 1 Solution x —-v— E E ‘Since the tube Just fits the two rigid walls, &x= 0. (n0 deformation along the x-direction) % -v— E 1B|sielAP ‘Scanned with |CamScanner© = Voy = a, --- longitudinal stress) or= oy - (tangential stress) pD 4137 kNin® (75 mm) 2 2(25mm) Or = 62055 kPa = 62.055 MPa © = vo, = % (62056) = 20.685 MPa Problem 37 ‘A rectangular steel block 75 mm in the x direction, 50 mm in the y direction, and 100 mm in the z direction. The block is, ‘subjected to a triaxial loading consisting of three uniformly distributed forces as follows: 214 KN tension in the x direction, 267 KN compression in the y direction, and 240 kN tension in the Z direction. If v = 0.30 and E = 200 GPa, determine the single uniformly distributed load in the x direction that would produce the same deformation in the y direction as the original “ve = & [o,-v(o.+02)] Py 214 kN % A 0.05 m(0.10m) x = 42800 KPa (7) Py 267 kN o=—= A 0,075m (0.10 m) oy = 35600KPa (C) Pe 240 kN gered es Ay 0.075 m (0.05 m) co: = 64000KPa (7) 1 ae [-35600 - 0.30 (42800 + 64000)] 200 x 108 = -3.382x 104 &,s negative, thus tensile fore is required in the X direction to produce the same deformation in the y direction as the original force. o pee over = & o -020( ] 200 x 10° 6 = 225466.67 kN/m? Pr ox = — Ag 225466.67 kim? = 10.05 m (0.10 m) Pe = 1127.33 KN Problem 38 ‘[Link] diameter steel tube with a wall thickness of 1.30 mm just fits in a rigid hole. Find the tangential stress if an axial compressive load of 14 kN is applied. Assume v = 0.30 and Neglect the possibilty of buckling. soem ttm O sauisiesaP ‘Scanned with |CamScannerx = vo, ~~~ (tangential stress) Py 6, =— += (longitudina stress) A 14kN oy = ——__—_——_ = 68559 kPa (0.05 m)(0.0013 m) ‘x = 0.30 (68559) = 20567.70 KPa = 20.57 MPa Statically Indeterminate Members ‘Structures that are composed of two or more materials or are statcally indeterminate are solved by applying the equations of ‘static equilibrium in combination with additional equations ‘obtained from the geometric relations between the elastic deformation. Problem 39 ‘The short concrete post in the figure is reinforced axially with six symmetrically placed steel bars, each 600 mm? in area. If the applied load P is 1000 kN, compute the stress developed in each material Use the following moduli of elasticity: for steel, Ex = 200 GPa; for concrete, Ex = 14 GPa. From deformation of stee! and concrete (the bearing plate wil cause equal deformation for steel and concrete) &3 = Be ol oL =| =|— ile=le EJs [Ee Je Es 200 os = | —]oc = — oc = 14.286 0c Ec "4 y= 0 Ps+Pc = 1000KN P=oA 63[6 (6x 104m?) + 0¢ [0.3 mx 0.3 m-6 (6x 104m) = 1000KN (86x 109 m?) as + (0.0884 m?) oe = 1000 kN (8.8.x 10° (14.286 oc) + (0.0864 m?) oc = 1000 kN (137.83 x 109 m?) oc = 1000 KN 6c = 7255.31 KN/m? = 7.255 MPa ‘as = 14.286 (7.255 MPa) = 103.64 MPa Problem 40 Areinforced concrete column 200 mm in diameter is designed to carry an axial compressive load of 300 KN. Determine the required area of the reinforcing steel ifthe allowable stresses are 6 MPa and 120 MPa for the concrete and steel, respectively. Use E, = 14 GPa and E, = 200 GPa. plsbel os oo 200 14 When os = 120MPa oc = 8.4MPa>6MPa ---(notoki) When oc = 6MPa os = 85.71 MPa < 120MPa --- (ok!) Use, ac = 6 MPa and os = 85.71MPa Trv=0 Po +Pe = 300KN P=oA 8 (A,) + 0c [%4 (0.2 mj? As] = 300KN 85.71 x 10° kNim?)(As) + (6x 10° KNm?)[% (0.2m)? Ac] = WOOKN (79.74 x 10° KNim?)(As) = 111.50 kN As = 0.0014 m? = 1400 mm? MsisiAr ‘Scanned with |CamScannerProblem 41 ‘A tiid block of mass M is supported by three symmetrically spaced rods as shown in the figure. Each copper rod has an area of $00 mm; E = 120 GPa; and the allowable stress is 70, MPa. The steel rod has an area of 1200 mm?; E = 200 GPa; and the allowable stress is 140 MPa. Determine the largest ‘Mass M which can be supported. BI | fe ip fsa i EJs le Je 03 (240) oc (160) Pe Pa Pe 2 120 ‘When ds = 140MPa oc = 126MPa>70 MPa --- (not ok!) ‘When oc = 70MPa os = TLTBMPa< 140 MPa --- (ok) Use, oc = 70 MPa and os = 77.78 MPa y= 0 Ps+2Pe = Mg P=oA 3 (As) +2cc (Ac) = Mg (77.78)1200) +2 (70)(900) = M (9.81 mis*) 219336 N = M (9.81 més") M = 2358.44 kg Problem 42 A horizontal bar of negligible mass, hinged at A and assumed Tig, is Supported by a bronze rod and a steel rod. Using the data in the accompanying table, compute the stress in each tod. Steel Bronze ‘Area mn? oo 00 E(GP2) 200 8 Proportional tint (MPa) 240 140 Solution FBD and deformation diagram Ma = 0 Ps (0.6 m) +Pe(1.6m) = SOKN (24m) By Ratio and Proportion bse 08 16 Os = 0.37558 fale bel Ps (1m) Pe (2m) 00mm? (200GPa) 900mm? (@[Link]) Ps = 3614 Po Substitute in the 4 eqn: 3.614 Po (0.6 m) +Pa (1.6m) = SOKN (24m) (3.7684 m) Pe = 120kN-m Po = 31.844 KN Ps = 3.614 (31.844 kN) Ps = 115.084 KN 146) sic JAP Scanned with @ camscannerProblem 43 ‘As shown in the figure, a rigid bar with negligible mass is pinned at O and attached to two vertical rods. Assuming that the rods were intially stress-free, what maximum load P can bbe applied without exceeding stresses of 150 MPa in the steel tod and 70 MPa in the bronze rod. ™Mo = 0 P (2) = Ps(1.5) +Pa (3) P (2) = osAs(1.5) + 08 As (3) 2P = os (900)(1.5) + op (300)(3) 2P = 135003 +90008 P = 67503+45005 ~~~ €9. 1 By Ratio and Proportion os 15°44 5s = 0.555 teh *lzl os(15m) ap (2m) = 05 200GPa [Link] 08 = 0.6225 0s When os = 150 MPa oe = 0.6225 (160) = 93.375 MPa> 70 MPa --+ (not ok!) When os = 70MPa 70 = 0.622505 63 = 112.45 MPa < 150 MPa --- (oki) Use, os = 70 MPaand os = 112.45 MPa ‘Substitute In eg. 1: P = 675 (112.45) + 450 (70) P = 107403.75N = 107.404 KN Problem 44 The bar shown is firmly attached to unyielding supports. Find the stress caused in each material by applying an axial load P = 200i. 20m monn twats Eemoors Kime Gebee, Solution 200m waif Ba = ds ll ae), Uae Ry (200 mm) (200 kN -R)(300 mm) 900 mm? (70 GPa) : 1200 mm? (200 GPa) 2.54R: = 200KN-Ri Ry = 56.5KN Re = 200KN~56.5KN = 143.5KN 56.5 KN oA 900 mm? (1 m/1000 mm)? On = 6277.78 KNim? = 62.78 MPa 143.5 kN oe 4200 mm? (1 m/1000 mm Os = 119583.33 kNim? = 119.58 MPa isin Scanned with @ camscannerJoo GV TDVDIDIODVVVODVDOELDEDUDYOSOEEYYWESE CE Board Nov 2003, ‘The lower ends ofthe three bars in the figure are at the same level before the rigld homogeneous 18 Mg block is attached. Each stee! bar has an area of 600 mm and E = 200 GPa. For ‘he bronze ba, the area is $00 mm? and E = 83 GPa. a, Find the stress developed in the bronze bar. '. Find the stress developed in the stee! bar, C. Find the elongation of the bars. (We 180g =176.5KN Stress developed in the bronze bar Os = bs fall osls cals fo os(1m) — o9(1.6m) 20GPa &[Link] 05 = 3855 08 2P.+Pe = 176580N oshs(2) +ouAs = 176580 N (3.855 o3As)(2) +onAs = 176580 N 3,855 8 (600 mn?)(2) +05(900 mm?) = 176580 N (6526 mm?) op = 176580 N oe = 31.95MPa ‘Stress developed inthe steel bar 0s = 3,855 (31.95) = 123.17 MPa Etongation of the bars (6s = 3) sls 123.17 x 10 KNim? (1m) = —____—_ Es 200 x 108 kN/m? %s = 0,00062m = 0.62mm CE Board Nov 2004 ‘A tigid block weighing 176.40 KN is attached as shown in the figure. If the block is to remain horizontal, determine a. the ratio of the load carried by each rod, '. the stress of the bronze, and cc. the elongation of the rods. (GPa) 20 8 Solution We 176584N Ratio of load carried by each rod bs = 5s =| E AEJs (AE}s Ps(1m) Pa(1.6m) ‘600 mm? (200 GPa) 900 mm? (83 GPa) Ps = 257Pe Ps — = 257 Pe usise2a ‘Scanned with |CamScannerwwOSE [Link] ral + vWYVOO Stress of bronze Po = j 2Pe+Pp = 1764 Ae 2 (257 Ps) +Pp = 176.4 Po = 28.73 kN 28.73 KN oe © 0mm? (1 m/1000 mnie co = 3192222KNIn® = 34.92MPa Elongation ofthe rods (AEs Ee 34922.22KN (1.6m) b> = = 62x 104m 83x 10° kN/m? 8a = 062mm REVIEW PROBLEMS 41. A steel bar 50 mm in diameter and 2.m long is surrounded by a shell of cast iron 5 mm thick. Compute the load that will compress the combined bar a total of 0.80 mm in the length of 2 m. For steel, E = 200 GPa, and for cast iron, E = 100GPa. 2. A timber column, 200 mm x 200 mm in cross section, is reinforced on each side by a steel plate 200 mm and t mm. thick. Determine the thickness t so that the column will support an axial load of 1350 kN without exceeding a maximum timber stress of 8.30 MPa or a maximum steel stress of 137.90 MPa. The moduli of elasticity are 10.34 GPa for timber and 200 GPa for steel. 3. The lower ends of the three bars in the figure are at the same level before the uniform block weighing 178 KN Is atached. Each steel bar has a length of 11m, an area of 625 mm, and E = 200 GPa. For the bronze bar, the area is 940 mm? and E = 83 GPa. Determine (a) the length of the bronze bar so thatthe load on each steel bar is twice the load on the bronze bar, and (b) the length of bronze that willmake the stee! stress twice the bronze stress. Bore ttm 06m osm 4, The two vertical rods attached to the light rigid bar in the figure are identical except for length. Before the load W was attached, the bar was horizontal and the rods were stress-free. Determine the load in each rod if W = 30 KN. wean 5. The light rigid bar ABCD shown inthe figure is pinned at 8 and connected to two vertical rods. Assuming thatthe bar ‘was initially horizontal and the rods stress-free, determine the stress in each rod after the load P = 90 kN is applied. OYOETYO ACURSE OVELENVO Anybody wl reproduces tis Book sithout permission fiom the author is doomed to faifin the Board Examination. JOHN A. PATNAAN, (63405 Gi Engineer 1813 Santry Engineer Capitan Elementary School [MSAC Vo-Ag Sconce Hgh Schoo (Benguet Sta Uses) Universiy of Baguio BS Cl Engnerng BS Satay Enginoarog Usersy of i Cotas SCE (4 Unis) Moisiear ‘Scanned with |CamScanner