The Domain Name System (DNS) is the Internet's system for

mapping alphabetic names to numeric Internet Protocol (IP)

addresses like a phone book maps a person's name to a
phone number. For example, when a Web address (URL) is
typed into a browser, a DNS query is made to learn an IP
address of a Web server associated with that name.
Using the [Link] URL, [Link] is the
domain name, and www is the hostname. DNS resolution
maps [Link] into an IP address (such as
[Link]). When a user needs to load a webpage, a
conversion must occur between what a user types into their
web browser ([Link]) into an IP address required
to locate the [Link] site.
 Each device connected to the Internet has a
unique IP address which other machines use to
find the device. DNS servers eliminate the need
for humans to memorize IP addresses such as
[Link] (in IPv4), or more complex newer
alphanumeric IP addresses such as
[Link] (in IPv6).
 DNS servers involved in loading a webpage:
DNS recursor - The recursor can be thought of as a librarian who is asked to go find a
particular book somewhere in a library. The DNS recursor is a server designed to
receive queries from client machines through applications such as web browsers.
Typically the recursor is then responsible for making additional requests in order to
satisfy the client’s DNS query.
Root nameserver - The root server is the first step in translating (resolving) human
readable host names into IP addresses. It can be thought of like an index in a library
that points to different racks of books - typically it serves as a reference to other more
specific locations.
TLD nameserver - The top level domain server (TLD) can be thought of as a specific
rack of books in a library. This nameserver is the next step in the search for a specific IP
address, and it hosts the last portion of a hostname (In [Link], the TLD server is
“com”).
Authoritative nameserver - This final nameserver can be thought of as a dictionary on
a rack of books, in which a specific name can be translated into its definition. The
authoritative nameserver is the last stop in the nameserver query. If the authoritative
name server has access to the requested record, it will return the IP address for the
requested hostname back to the DNS Recursor (the librarian) that made the initial
request.
 What Does Top-Level Domain (TLD) Mean?
Top-level domain (TLD) refers to the last segment of a
domain name, or the part that follows immediately
after the "dot" symbol.
For example, in the internet address:
[Link] the “.com” portion is the
TLD.
TLDs are mainly classified into two categories: generic
TLDs and country-specific TLDs.
Examples of some of the popular TLDs include:
.com
.org
.net
.gov
.biz
.edu
The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
(ICANN), is the entity that coordinates domains and IP
addresses for the internet.
Historically, TLDs represented the purpose and type of
domain or the geographical area from which it originated.
ICANN has generally been very strict about opening up new
TLDs, but in 2010, it decided to allow the creation of
numerous new generic TLDs as well as TLDs for company-
specific trademarks.
Top-level domains are also known as domain suffixes.
ICANN recognizes the following types of TLDs:
Generic Top-Level Domains (gTLD)
These are the most popular types of TDLs. Some examples
include ".edu" for educational sites and ."com" for
commercial sites. These types of TLDs are available for
registration.
 Country-Code Top-Level Domains (ccTLD)
Every ccTLD recognizes a specific country and is generally two letters
long. For example, the ccTLD for Nigeria is ".ng".
Sponsored TLDs:
These TLDs typically represent professional, ethnic, or geographical
communities. Each sponsored TLD (sTLD) has a delegated sponsor that
represents that community. For example, ‘.app’ is a TLD intended for the
developer community, and it is sponsored by Google. Similarly, ‘.gov’ is
intended for use by the U.S. government, and is sponsored by the
General Services Administration.
Infrastructure Top-Level Domains
There is only one TLD in this category, which is ".arpa". The Internet
Assigned Numbers Authority controls this TLD for the Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF).
 According to the IETF, there are four top-level domain names that are
reserved, and are not used in production networks inside the worldwide
domain name system:
.example — Only available to use in examples.
.invalid — Only available to use in invalid domain names.
.localhost — Only available to use in local computers.
.test — Only available to use in tests.

With big companies like Twitter and Apple starting to adopt alternative
TLDs for their products ([Link] and [Link], respectively) we are already
seeing that shift in action, so it may be better to create a clever and
memorable domain name using an alternative TLD, than to insist on a
‘.com’ domain.
 A domain name registrant is an individual or entity who registers
a domain name. Upon registration of a domain name, a registrant enters
into a contract with a registrar. The contract describes the terms under
which the registrar agrees to register and maintain the requested name.
After registration, registrants manage their domain name settings
through their registrar. To modify a setting, a registrant submits the
changes to the registrar, and the registrar sends the change to
the registry. As a domain name registrant, you have certain rights and
responsibilities. Your rights include access to information from your
registrar regarding processes for registering, managing, transferring,
renewing, and restoring your domain name registration.
There are various firms who offer these services:
Namecheap, hostgator, garrantor, bluehost, hostinger, pythonanywhere,
linode
 What is Web Hosting?
Web hosting is a service that allows organizations and individuals to post
a website or web page onto the Internet. A web host, or web hosting
service provider, is a business that provides the technologies and
services needed for the website or webpage to be viewed in the
Internet. Websites are hosted, or stored, on special computers called
servers. When Internet users want to view your website, all they need
to do is type your website address or domain into their browser. Their
computer will then connect to your server and your webpages will be
delivered to them through the browser.

Most hosting companies require that you own your domain in order to
host with them. If you do not have a domain, the hosting companies will
help you purchase one.
 FEATURES THAT COME WITH HOSTING

Email Accounts As mentioned earlier, most hosting providers require users to have their own
domain name. With a domain name (e.g. [Link]) and email
account features provided by your hosting company, you can create domain
email accounts (e.g. yourname@[Link]).

FTP Access The use of FTP lets you upload files from your local computer to your web server.
If you build your website using your own HTML files, you can transfer the files
from your computer to the web server through FTP, allowing your website to be
accessed through the internet.

https service
 What is HTTPS?
Hypertext transfer protocol secure (HTTPS) is the secure version
of HTTP, which is the primary protocol used to send data between a web
browser and a website. HTTPS is encrypted in order to increase security
of data transfer. This is particularly important when users transmit
sensitive data, such as by logging into a bank account, email service, or
health insurance provider.
Any website, especially those that require login credentials, should use
HTTPS. In modern web browsers such as Chrome, websites that do not
use HTTPS are marked differently than those that are. Look for a green
padlock in the URL bar to signify the webpage is secure.
 What is HTTP?
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the foundation of the World Wide Web, and
is used to load web pages using hypertext links. HTTP is an application layer protocol
designed to transfer information between networked devices and runs on top of other
layers of the network protocol stack. A typical flow over HTTP involves a client machine
making a request to a server, which then sends a response message.
What’s in an HTTP request?
An HTTP request is the way internet communications platforms such as web browsers
ask for the information they need to load a website.
Each HTTP request made across the Internet carries with it a series of encoded data
that carries different types of information. A typical HTTP request contains:
HTTP version type
a URL
an HTTP method
HTTP request headers
Optional HTTP body.
 SERVING FILES ON NETLIFY
• Millions of developers use Netlify to ship faster, simplify
their workflows, and scale effortlessly. With just seconds of
setup, the Netlify platform provides teams everything to
take modern web projects from the first preview to full
production.
• Trigger automated deploys, integrate dozens of third-party
services, and easily create serverless APIs. Use any of your
favorite site generators, build technologies, or frameworks.
• Plugins add even more features to the build process and
you can even write your own.

• Visit [Link] to add a site, push to production and

even edit a domain name.
 CONNECTING PAID DOMAIN AND HOSTING SERVICES
The first step is identifying a good online service to get these
resources. A good example is [Link]. After purchasing the
domain, ssl and hosting plans, follow the steps below:
• Go to the Domain of choice, click on Manager, and change the
DNS to Namecheap’s Web Hosting.
• Go to the Hosting List, there is an option to visit the Control
Panel (Cpanel).
• From the Cpanel , the following can be added: Domains, Add
on Domains, Sub Domains
• Also, the Email Accounts can be created and configured.
• Finally, from the File Manager tab, using the public_html folder,
it is possible to host the zipped site files.