Python Collections: Strings, Lists, and More
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pawanmahato004Python Collections: Strings, Lists, and More
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pawanmahato004UNIT 5: Python Collections
Chapter Introduction
elcome to Unit 5. In the world of programming, data is the raw material from which we build solutions. While simple variables can hold
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a single piece of data, the real power of programming is unlocked when we can work with groups of data. Collections are the
fundamental building blocks in Python for storing, organizing, and managing these groups. This chapter will provide a comprehensive,
exam-oriented exploration of Python's core collection types: Strings, Lists, Tuples, Sets, and Dictionaries. We will deconstruct their
properties, examine their unique strengths, and learn how to manipulate them effectively. Mastering these data structures is not just an
academic exercise; it is an essential skill for solving any significant programming problem, forming the bedrock upon which more
complex programs are built.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.0 Introduction to Collections in Python
s we move beyond programs that handle only a few pieces of information, we encounter a strategic challenge: how do we manage
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dozens, hundreds, or even millions of related values efficiently? Using a separate variable for each value is impractical and unscalable.
This is where collections come into play. Collections, or data structures, are the tools that allow a programmer to bundle multiple values
into a single, manageable entity, forming the basis for any sophisticated application.
collection(also known as a container) is a programmingconstruct—a data type specifically designed to group and store other
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objects. Think of a collection as a box that can hold multiple items, allowing you to carry them all around using a single name.
he need for collections is intuitive and mirrors how we organize information in daily life. Imagine trying to create a shopping list where
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each item required a separate piece of paper. It would be incredibly inefficient. Instead, we use a single list—a collection—to hold all the
items. Similarly, a phonebook is a collection that maps names to numbers. Without such structures, programs would be limited to trivial
tasks. The ability to store multiple student grades in one list, or all employee details in a single data structure, is what makes
programming a powerful tool for solving real-world problems.
ifferent collections have different properties, and choosing the right one for the job is a critical programming skill. Some collections
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maintain a specific order, some are designed to be changed after creation, while others enforce uniqueness among their items.
Understanding these characteristics is key to writing efficient and correct code. We will begin our exploration with the most fundamental
collection of all, one we have already encountered but will now examine in depth: the string.
2.0 The String (
str
): An Immutable Sequence of Characters
hile strings may appear to be simple text, they are, in fact, powerful and fundamental collection types in Python. Every time you work
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with a username, a line from a file, or a message to display, you are using a string. This section will deconstruct the properties and
operations of strings, which are crucial for handling any text-based data in your programs.
2.1 Definition and Core Characteristics
or exam purposes, a Pythonstringshould be definedas asequence of characters. This definition highlightsits two core
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characteristics:
1. O rdered: The characters in a string have a defined,predictable position. The first character is always at the beginning, the
second follows it, and so on. This reliable ordering allows us to access characters by their position.
2. Immutable: Once a string is created, it cannot bechanged in-place. Any operation that appears to modify a string, such as
replacing a character, actually creates and returns an entirelynewstring. This is a critical concept.
TypeError
Attempting to change a character in a string will result in a , a common point of examination.
Create a string
#
my_string = "Python"
Try to change the first character from 'P' to 'J'
#
my_string[0] = 'J' # This will cause an error!
Output:
#
# TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment
2.2 Indexing and Slicing
ecause strings are ordered, we can access their individual elements using a numeric index. Python useszero-basedindexing,
B
0.
meaning the first character is at index
'Python'as follows:
We can visualize the indices for the string
● Positive Indices (from the start):
○ Character: P y t h o n
○ Index: 0 1 2 3 4 5
● Negative Indices (from the end):
P y t h o n
○ Character:
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
○ Index:
[start:stop:step]
licingis the technique for extracting a portionof a string (a substring). It uses the syntax
S stopis the
,where
first indexnotincluded in the slice.
● [1:4]extracts characters from index 1 up to (butnot including) index 4 (
s 'yth'
).
● s[:3]extracts characters from the beginning up toindex 3 (
'Pyt' ).
● s[2:]extracts characters from index 2 all the wayto the end (
'thon' ).
● s[-2:]extracts the last two characters (
'on' ).
2.3 Common String Operations
Basic operations allow us to combine and replicate strings in intuitive ways.
Operation Description & Example
Concatenation (
+) 'Hello' + ' ' + 'World'results in
J oins two strings together to create a new string.
'Hello World'
.
Repetition (
* ) 'Go' *
reates a new string by repeating an existing string a specified number of times.
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3results in
'GoGoGo'.
Membership (
in
) Trueor
hecks if a substring exists within a larger string, returning
C False 'on' in
.
'Python'results in
True .
2.4 Essential String Methods
s objects, strings come with built-in functions calledmethodsthat perform common tasks. A method is calledusing dot notation (e.g.,
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my_string.lower()
).
Method Purpose Example
.lower()
eturns a new string with all characters
R 'Python'.lower()results in
'python'
.
converted to lowercase.
.upper()
eturns a new string with all characters
R 'Python'.upper()results in
'PYTHON'
.
converted to uppercase.
.find(sub)
eturns the index of the first occurrence of
R 'Python'.find('ho')results in
3.
sub
-1if not found.
. Returns
replace(old,
. eturns a new string where all
R Hello'.replace('l', 'w')results in
'
new)
oldare replaced with
occurrences of new
.
'Hewwo'
.
.split(sep)
eturns a list of substrings, splitting the
R cat,dog,fish'.split(',')results in
'
sep
original string at the separator . ['cat', 'dog', 'fish']
.
.join(iterable)
J oins elements of an iterable (like a list) -'.join(['a', 'b', 'c'])results in
'
into a single string, using the string as a 'a-b-c'
.
separator.
.isalpha()
Trueif all characters in the string
eturns
R 'abc'.isalpha()results in
True
.
Falseotherwise.
are alphabetic,
2.5 String Formatting
mbedding variable values within a string is a common requirement. While the older
E .format()method exists,modern Python
strongly favorsf-strings(formatted string literals)for their superior readability and performance. An f-string is a literal string prefixed
for
with F {}evaluated at runtime and inserted into the string.
, with expressions inside curly braces
ame = "Adam"
n
age = 20
# Using an f-string to embed variables
message = f"{name} is {age} years old."
print(message)
Output:
#
# Adam is 20 years old.
trings are powerful but rigid due to their immutability. For a collection that needs to be modified after creation, we turn to Python's most
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versatile sequence type: the list.
3.0 The List (
list
): A Mutable and Ordered Sequence
hat makes the Python list the most versatile and frequently used collection in a programmer's toolkit? It is its unparalleled flexibility as
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the primary tool for managing ordered collections of items that may need to be altered during a program's execution. This makes it the
go-to data structure for a vast range of problems, from storing user inputs to managing items in a game.
3.1 Definition and Core Characteristics
A Pythonlistis a container that holds a collectionof objects in a specific order. Its core characteristics are:
1. M utable: This is the key difference from strings.Lists can be changed in-place. You can add, remove, or change elements
after the list has been created.
2. Ordered: A list maintains the order of insertion.The first item added stays at the beginning, and subsequent items are added
to the end, unless specified otherwise.
3. Allows Duplicates: A list can contain multiple instancesof the same element.
3.2 List Creation, Indexing, and Slicing
[]
A list is created by placing comma-separated values inside square brackets .
A list of integers
#
scores = [95, 88, 73, 95, 100]
A list with mixed data types
#
student_info = ['Alice', 21, 'Computer Science']
J ust like strings, lists supportzero-based indexingto access elements andslicingto extract sub-lists.The syntax and behavior are
identical.
rades = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'F']
g
print(grades[0]) # Accesses the first element: 'A'
print(grades[-1]) # Accesses the last element: 'F'
print(grades[1:4]) # Slices from index 1 to 3: ['B', 'C', 'D']
3.3 Modifying Lists: Adding and Removing Elements
The mutability of lists is expressed through methods that modify the list directly.
Method Description Code Example Resulting List
.append(item)
itemto the end of the list.
Adds a single tems = [1,
i [1, 2, 3]
2]
<br>
[Link](3)
.extend(list)
listto
ppends all items from another
A tems = [1,
i 1, 2, 3,
[
the end. 2]
<br>
[Link]([3, 4])
4]
insert(i,
. itemat a specific index
Inserts an i. tems = [1,
i [1, 2, 3]
item)
3]
<br>
[Link](1, 2)
.remove(item)
item
emoves thefirstoccurrence of
R tems = [1, 2, 3,
i [1, 3, 2]
from the list. Raises aValueErrorif 2]
<br>
[Link](2)
the item is not found.
.pop(i)
emoves and returns the item at index
R i. i
tems = [1, 2, 1, 3](and
[
iis omitted, it removes and returns the
If 3]
<br>
[Link](1) 2)
returns
last item.
3.4 Introduction to List Comprehensions
ist comprehensions offer a concise and elegant syntax for creating lists. This "Pythonic" approach is often more readable and efficient
L
forloop. The basic structureis
than using an explicit [expression for item in iterable] .
Consider creating a list of the squares of the first ten integers.
forloop:
Using a
s quares = []
for x in range(10):
[Link](x**2)
Using a list comprehension:
squares = [x**2 for x in range(10)]
oth produce the same result—
B [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25,
36, 49, 64, 81]
—but the comprehension is more directand
expressive.
3.5 Nested Lists
list can contain any type of object, including another list. This is known as anested list. Nested listsare a natural way to represent
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2D structures like matrices, grids, or game boards.
Elements in a nested list are accessed using multiple indices.
A 2x2 matrix represented as a nested list
#
matrix = [
[1, 2],
[3, 4]
]
Access the element in the first row (index 0), second column (index 1)
#
element = matrix[0][1]
print(element) # Output: 2
hile lists are incredibly flexible due to their mutability, some situations require a guarantee that data will not change. For this, Python
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provides another sequence type: the tuple.
4.0 The Tuple (
tuple
): An Immutable Ordered Sequence
ositioned as the immutable counterpart to lists, tuples play a crucial strategic role in Python programming. They are used to store
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collections of items that are fixed and should not be changed. This immutability provides a safeguard against accidental modification,
making the code safer and more predictable, especially in larger applications.
4.1 Definition and Properties
tupleis a collection of objects that isorderedand, most importantly,immutable. Once a tuple iscreated, its contents cannot be
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altered, added to, or removed. This makes it a reliable container for data that must remain constant throughout its lifecycle.
4.2 Tuple Creation and Access
()
Tuples are created by enclosing comma-separated values in parentheses .
A tuple of coordinates
#
point = (10, 20)
A tuple with mixed data types
#
record = ('John Doe', 34, 'Manager')
peculiar but important syntax rule applies when creating a tuple with a single element: it must have a trailing comma. This
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distinguishes it from a value simply enclosed in parentheses for mathematical grouping.
s ingle_item_tuple = (1,) # This is a tuple
not_a_tuple = (1) # This is just the integer 1
Accessing elements viaindexing and slicingworksexactly as it does for strings and lists.
4.3 Tuple Packing and Unpacking
Python provides a highly convenient syntax for working with tuples.
● uple Packing: When you assign several comma-separatedvalues to a single variable, Python "packs" them into a tuple.
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● Tuple Unpacking: You can assign the elements of atuple to multiple variables in a single statement. This is known as
"unpacking" and is extremely useful for assignments.
4.4 Use-Cases: Tuples vs. Lists
common and important exam question is, "When should I use a tuple instead of a list?" The choice is driven by intent and technical
A
constraints.
● ata Integrity: Use a tuple for collections of datathat should not be modified after creation. Examples include configuration
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settings, fixed coordinates, or records from a database.
● Performance: Tuples can be slightly more memory-efficientand faster to process than lists in certain contexts, as their fixed
size allows for internal optimizations.
● Dictionary Keys: Dictionaries require their keys tobe immutable. Since lists are mutable, they cannot be used as dictionary
keys, but tuples can.
rom ordered collections, we now shift our focus to collections where order is not a primary concern, but uniqueness is paramount,
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which brings us to the set.
5.0 The Set (
set
): A Mutable Collection of UniqueElements
ow can we efficiently manage collections where uniqueness is the only requirement, and order is irrelevant? Drawing inspiration from
H
mathematical theory, Python's setprovides an elegantand powerful answer. Its strategic importance lies in its ability to automatically
enforce uniqueness and to perform standard mathematical set operations like union, intersection, and difference, which are invaluable
for data analysis and comparison tasks.
5.1 Definition and Characteristics
Asetis a collection of items with no defined orderand no duplicate elements. Its core characteristics are:
. U
1 nordered: The items in a set do not have a fixedposition or index. The order in which items are stored is not guaranteed.
2. Mutable: Sets can be modified after creation; youcan add or remove elements.
3. Unique Elements: Sets automatically enforce uniqueness.If you attempt to add an item that is already present, the set
remains unchanged.
5.2 Creating and Modifying Sets
set()constructor. This is a common technique to remove
set is typically created from an existing iterable (like a list) using the
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duplicates from a list.
umbers = [1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 3, 5]
n
unique_numbers = set(numbers)
print(unique_numbers) # Output: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
.add()methodand removed with the
Elements are added to a set using the .remove()method.
y_set = {1, 2, 3}
m
my_set.add(4) # my_set is now {1, 2, 3, 4}
my_set.remove(2) # my_set is now {1, 3, 4}
5.3 Set Operations for Data Analysis
ets are exceptionally powerful for comparing the contents of two collections. They provide fast, optimized methods and operators for
S
classical set theory operations.
Operation Description & Example Code
Union (
|) set_a = {1, 2,
ombines all unique elements from both sets.<br>
C
3}
<br>
set_b = {3, 4, 5}<br>
set_a | set_bresults in
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
.
Intersection (
&) set_a = {1, 2,
inds only the elements that are present in both sets.<br>
F
3}
<br>
set_b = {3, 4, 5} <br>
set_a & set_bresults in{3}
.
Difference (
-) set_a =
inds elements that are in the first set but not in the second set.<br>
F
{1, 2, 3}
<br>
set_b = {3, 4, 5} <br>
set_a - set_bresultsin{1, 2}
.
ymmetric Difference F
S set_a = {1, 2,
inds elements that are in one set or the other, but not both.<br>
(
^) 3}
<br>
set_b = {3, 4, 5} <br>
set_a ^ set_bresults in
{1, 2, 4, 5} .
Having explored collections that store individual items, we now turn to a data structure designed to store data in pairs: the dictionary.
6.0 The Dictionary (
dict
): Mutable Key-Value Mappings
In many programming scenarios, we need to look up data not by a numeric position, but by a meaningful label, such as a name or an
dict
ID. How does Python solve this problem with high efficiency? The answer lies in the dictionary, or , Python'simplementation of a
hash map. Dictionaries are optimized for incredibly fast data retrieval based on a custom "key," making them the ideal choice for storing
and looking up data that is naturally paired.
6.1 Definition and Characteristics
dictionaryis a collection ofkey-value pairs. Eachkey is unique and is used to look up its corresponding value. Its core
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characteristics are:
1. Mutable: You can add, remove, and change key-valuepairs after the dictionary is created.
2. O rdered (Modern Python): As of Python 3.7+, dictionaries preserve the order in which items were inserted. In older versions,
they were unordered. For exams, it is safe to mention this modern behavior.
3. Unique, Immutable Keys: The keys within a dictionarymust be unique. They must also be of an immutable type (e.g., string,
number, or tuple). Values, however, can be of any type and can be duplicated.
6.2 Dictionary Creation and Manipulation
{}
Dictionaries are created using curly braces :
, withkey-value pairs separated by a colon .
Creating a simple dictionary
#
student = {'name': 'Alice', 'id': 12345, 'major': 'Physics'}
Accessing a value by its key
#
print(student['name']) # Output: Alice
Adding a new key-value pair
#
student['year'] = 3
# student is now {'name': 'Alice', 'id': 12345, 'major': 'Physics', 'year': 3}
Updating an existing value
#
student['major'] = 'Computer Science'
# student's major is now 'Computer Science'
Deleting a key-value pair
#
del student['id']
# The 'id' key-value pair is removed
6.3 Essential Dictionary Methods
Dictionaries provide methods to efficiently work with their keys, values, and pairs.
Method Return Value Example Usage
.keys()
view object displaying a list of all the keys
A ist([Link]())results in
l ['name',
in the dictionary. 'major', 'year']
.values()
view object displaying a list of all the
A ist([Link]())results in
l
values in the dictionary. ['Alice', 'Computer Science', 3]
.items()
view object displaying a list of key-value
A ist([Link]())results in
l [('name',
tuple pairs. 'Alice'), ('major', 'Computer
Science'), ('year', 3)]
get(key,
. key
eturns the value for
R keyis not
. If [Link]('gpa', 'N/A')returns
s 'N/A'
default)
default(or
found, it returns Noneif because 'gpa' key does not exist.
defaultis omitted) instead of raising a
KeyError
.
ith a firm grasp of each individual collection type, it is now time to consolidate our knowledge and perform a direct comparison to
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guide our selection process.
7.0 Comparative Analysis of Python Collections
hoosing the correct data structure is one of the most important decisions a programmer makes. The choice can significantly impact a
C
program's performance, readability, and correctness. This section provides a consolidated, at-a-glance reference to help you decide
which collection to use for a given problem—a critical skill frequently tested in programming exams.
Characteristic String List Tuple Set Dictionary
Mutability Immutable Mutable Immutable Mutable Mutable
Ordering Ordered Ordered Ordered Unordered rdered (Python
O
3.7+)
Indexing Integer index Integer index Integer index Not applicable Key-based
llows
A Yes Yes Yes No No (for keys)
Duplicates?
Creation Syntax ''or
"" []
()
set()
{}
rimary
P toring and
S
A Protecting data nsuring
E ast lookups
F
Use-Case manipulating textual general-purpose integrity; use as uniqueness and based on
data. , flexible ict keys.
d math operations. key-value
sequence. mapping.
In summary, the key decision points for selecting a data structure can be framed as a series of questions. If you need to store an
ordered sequence of items that can be changed, use aList. If that data should be fixed and never change,use aTuple. If you only
need to know whether an item exists in a collection and do not care about order or duplicates, use aSet. Finally, if you need to store
and retrieve data based on a unique identifier or label, use aDictionary.
With this theoretical framework established, we now turn to applying these collections to solve practical problems.
8.0 Practical Programs for Exam Preparation
his section provides fully-worked examples of Python programs that solve common problems using the collections we have discussed.
T
These programs are designed to serve as models for answers to 10- and 15-mark practical exam questions, demonstrating proper
structure, commenting, and application of the correct data structures.
8.1 String Manipulation: Word and Vowel Counter
# Program to count words, vowels, and consonants in a user-provided sentence.
Define the set of vowels for efficient membership checking.
#
# Using a set is optimal for 'in' checks, connecting this program to Section 5.0.
VOWELS = {'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u'}
1. Take a sentence as input from the user.
#
sentence = input("Please enter a sentence: ")
Initialize counters for our metrics.
#
word_count = 0
vowel_count = 0
consonant_count = 0
2. Use string methods to process the input.
#
# Convert the sentence to lowercase to make vowel checking case-insensitive.
sentence_lower = [Link]()
Use the split() method to get a list of words. The length of this list is the word count.
#
words = [Link]()
word_count = len(words)
3. Iterate through each character to count vowels and consonants.
#
for char in sentence_lower:
# Use the isalpha() method to ensure we only count letters.
if [Link]():
# Check for membership in our VOWELS set.
if char in VOWELS:
vowel_count += 1
else:
consonant_count += 1
4. Print the results in a clear, formatted way.
#
print("\n--- Analysis Complete ---")
print(f"Original Sentence: {sentence}")
print(f"Number of Words: {word_count}")
print(f"Number of Vowels: {vowel_count}")
print(f"Number of Consonants: {consonant_count}")
print("-------------------------\n")
8.2 Dictionary Application: Simple Phonebook
# Program to implement a simple interactive phonebook using a dictionary.
def display_menu():
"""Prints the main menu of options for the user."""
print("\n--- Simple Phonebook Menu ---")
print("1. Look up a contact")
print("2. Add a new contact")
print("3. Delete a contact")
print("4. Exit")
print("-----------------------------\n")
1. Use a dictionary to store names (keys) and phone numbers (values).
#
phonebook = {
"Alice": "555-1234",
"Bob": "555-5678",
"Charlie": "555-9999"
}
2. Implement a simple loop that runs until the user chooses to exit.
#
while True:
display_menu()
choice = input("Enter your choice (1-4): ")
if choice == '1':
# Look up a contact
name = input("Enter the name to look up: ")
# Use the .get() method to handle cases where the name is not found.
number = [Link](name, "Contact not found.")
print(f"Result: {name}'s number is {number}")
elif choice == '2':
# Add a new contact
name = input("Enter the new contact's name: ")
number = input(f"Enter {name}'s phone number: ")
honebook[name] = number
p
print(f"Contact '{name}' added successfully.")
elif choice == '3':
# Delete a contact
name = input("Enter the name to delete: ")
if name in phonebook:
del phonebook[name]
print(f"Contact '{name}' deleted successfully.")
else:
print(f"Error: Contact '{name}' not found.")
elif choice == '4':
# Exit the program
print("Exiting phonebook. Goodbye!")
break
else:
# Handle invalid menu choices
print("Invalid choice. Please enter a number between 1 and 4.")
8.3 Set Operations: Analyzing Student Club Memberships
# Program to analyze student club memberships using set operations.
1. Define two lists of student names representing members of two clubs.
#
coding_club_members = ["Alice", "Bob", "Charlie", "David", "Eve"]
robotics_club_members = ["Charlie", "Frank", "Grace", "Alice", "Heidi"]
rint(f"Coding Club: {coding_club_members}")
p
print(f"Robotics Club: {robotics_club_members}\n")
2. Convert these lists to sets to leverage set operations.
#
# This automatically handles any duplicates within the original lists.
coding_set = set(coding_club_members)
robotics_set = set(robotics_club_members)
# 3. Use set operations to find and print the required information.
a) Students who are in both clubs (intersection)
#
both_clubs = coding_set.intersection(robotics_set)
print(f"Students in both clubs: {both_clubs}")
b) All unique students across both clubs (union)
#
all_students = coding_set.union(robotics_set)
print(f"All unique students in either club: {all_students}")
c) Students who are only in the Coding Club but not the Robotics Club (difference)
#
only_coding = coding_set.difference(robotics_set)
print(f"Students only in the Coding Club: {only_coding}")
d) Students who are in either club, but not both (symmetric difference)
#
either_not_both = coding_set.symmetric_difference(robotics_set)
print(f"Students in one club but not both: {either_not_both}")
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