I) ANTIDERIVATIVES: (Primitives ; integrals)
1- Definition: Let f be a function defined on an interval I of ,a function F is called an antiderivative of f on I
if only if F is differentiable over I and ( ) ( )
Examples:
Let ( ) be a function defined on , then ( ) , is differentiable
and ( ) ( )
Let ( ) , is defined on , then ( ) , is differentiable and ( ) ( ).
Property : If f has an antiderivative F on I , then it has an infinity of antiderivatives: let G(x) = F(x) + c where
c is an arbitrary constant so G is also an antiderivative of f ( ) ( ) ( )
Example : ( ) ; F is an antiderivative of f ,
Let G(x) = F(x) + 2 = ; G is an antiderivative of f since ( ) ( )
H(x) = F(x) + 10 = ; H is an antiderivative of f since ( ) ( )
Remark : Once we have found one antiderivative , we can find all the others.
The set of all the antiderivatives of f is called the indefinite integral of f and denoted by ∫ ( )
Using this notation, we would summarize the last example as follows: ∫ ( ) ( ) .
∫
Property :If we have F(x0) = y0 (called an initial condition), then we can calculate the constant c .
Example : Calulate the antiderivative F of such that ( ) .
( ) ∫ with ( ) then ( ) ; C = 2 then ( ) ∫
2- Some rules:
f(x) F(x) ∫ ( ) f(x) F(x) ∫ ( )
a ; n ≠ -1
; n ≠ -1 ; n ≠ -1 ex: = =
( )
√ √ √ √
; x≠0
; x≠0 | | | |
e-x -e-x eax eax
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
II- Definite integrals : f continuous function defined on I , F it’s an antiderivative of f
1- Integral of f :
1- Definition :We call integral of the function f over [a;b] ,the real number ( ) ( )
or ∫ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Remark : ∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) ( ) ( ) for any variable t or x
Examples :
∫ = ; ∫ =
2-Properties:
a. ∫ ( ) and ∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) ∫ and ∫ ∫
b. ∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) ∫ ∫ ∫
c. ∫ ( ) ( ) ∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) ∫ 2∫ ∫
d. f(x) on [a;b] then ∫ ( ) f(x)= then ∫
e. f(x) ( ) on [a;b] then ∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) so ∫ ( ) ∫
f. if f is an odd function on then ∫ ( ) ∫
g. if f is even function then ∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) ∫ ∫
h. f is a periodic function of period T then ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) since cosx is peridic of period 2
3-Fundamental theorem :
The function F defined as F(x) = ∫ ( ) is the unique integral (antiderivative) that becomes zero at a
F(a) = ∫ ( ) and ( ) (∫ ( ) ) ( ) .
( ) ( )
In general : if ( ) ∫( )
() then ( ) (∫ ( )
() ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Examples :
1) if F(x) = ∫ then F(1) =∫ ( ( ) ∫ )
and ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ))
2) if F(x) = ∫ where v(x) =2x and u(x) = 1 then ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
N.B: f(t) = so f [v(x)] = f [2x] ( ) .
III -Integration by parts :
u and v are two differentiable functions over [a:b] , and are their respective derivatives
( ) then ( )
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
Examples:
1) ∫ * + ∫ * + ∫ +c.
since : then and then .
2) ∫ ∫ ∫ +c.
since : then and then .
3) ∫ * + ∫ * + ∫ +c
since : then and then .
4) ∫ ∫ ( ) .
Since then and then .
Remark : Tabular view of repeated Integration by Parts
If you have a polynomial as one of the two factors in a integration by parts problem, then the following is a short
cut to solving the problem.
Steps:
1. Draw a 3-column table and label the first column “Dif” and the third column “Int”
2. Put p(x) (the polynomial) in the first column and differentiate it until you obtain 0
3. Put f(x) (the other function) in the third column and integrate repeatedly until you reach the 0 in the first
column
4. Draw an arrow from the Dif column to the row below it in the Int column
5. Label the arrows, starting with “+” and alternating with “- “
6. From each arrow form the product of the expressions at the tail and the tip of the arrow and multiply that
expression by “+”1 or “- “1 based on the sign on the arrow
7. Add the results together to obtain the value of the integral
Dif Int
Example: Find ∫ (2x³-4) e dx -x 2x³- 4 + e-x
6x² - -e-x
∫ (2x³-4) e-x dx = - (2x³-4 ) e-x – (6x² ) e-x - 12x e-x – 12 e-x 12x + e-x
= e-x [-2x³ – 6x² -12x –8] 12 - -e-x
0(stop) e-x
Remark : Decomposition into partial fractions.
( ) ( ) ( )
Example: ∫ ( )( ) then
So , then A = 2 and B = 1 so
Finally : ∫ ∫ ∫ | | | |
IV- Area and integrals:
activity : Consider the function f(x) = x+1 and the points A(1;2) ; B(3;4) E(1;0) and F(3:0)
a) Calculate the area of the trapezoid ABFE
Area(ABFE) = ( ) unit(area)
b) Calculate ∫ ( )
∫ ( ) * + ( ) ( ) unit (area)
then ∫ ( ) is the area of the region limited by
(C ) , (x’x) and the two lines of equations x =1 and x = 3
In general ∫ ( ) of the region limited between the curve and the (x’x)
and the lines (x=a) and (x=b)
1) Area of the domain limited between (C), (xʹx), and the Area of the domain limited between (C), (xʹx), and the lines
lines of equations x = a et x = b. of equations x = a et x = b.
∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
Area of the domain limited between (C), (xʹx), and the lines Area of the domain limited between (C), (xʹx), and the lines
of equations x = a et x = b. of equations x = a et x = b.
∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
Area of the domain limited between (C), (xʹx), Area of the domain limited between (C), (xʹx),
A and B are the intersection points of (C) with(xʹx A and B are the intersection points of (C) with(xʹx
∫ ( )
∫ ( )
Area of the region limited by Area of the region limited by the curve (C), line (d) and the
the curve (C), line (d) and lines x = a and x = b
the lines x = a and x = b
∫ ( ) ( )
∫ ( ) ( )
Area of the region limited by the curve (C), line (d) and the Area of the region limited by the curve (C), line (d) and the
lines x = a and x = b lines x = a and x = b.
∫ ( ) ( ) ∫ ( ) ( ) ∫ ( ) ( ) ∫ ( ) ( )
Area limited by the curve (C ) and the line (d). Area limited by the curve (C ) and the line (d)..
∫ ( ) ( )
∫ ( ) ( )
V- Volume :(not required)
Find the volume generated when the area under the graph of y = 4 x between x = 0 and x = 1 is rotated about
the x-axis. Sketch this solid.