SCIENCE NOTES: - Source of minerals, rocks, and soil
- Provides materials for construction and industry
- Plays a role in natural processes like volcanism
Crust - Thick outer shell of rock, comprising less
and plate movement
than one percent of the planet’s radius and volume.
Convergence - A geological event in which two or
Volcano - A mountain or hill, typically conical,
more tectonic plates collide and come in contact
having a crater or vent through which lava, rock
with a significant force or impact.
fragments, hot vapor and gas is being or have
erupted from the earth’s crust.
Divergence - A geological event in which two or
more tectonic plates move away from each other.
Mountain - A landmass that project its
surroundings
Subduction - It is a geological process in which
one tectonic plate is forced beneath another plate
Magma - The liquid rock below earth’s surface
wherein the denser plate sinks below the less
dense plate.
Mountain Range - A chain of mountains
Transform - It occurs when plates move side by
Earthquake - A vibration of earth due to the rapid
side, rather than colliding or moving apart.
release of energy.
Hotspot - Is a special area in the Earth’s mantle
“The Ground Beneath Our Feet”
where hot magma rises and creates volcanoes,
As Leo hiked up the rocky hill near his home, he
even if it’s not near a plate boundary.
noticed how different the ground felt. Some parts
were hard and solid, while others crumbled easily
“The Restless Earth”
under his shoes. HIs science teacher had explained
Deep beneath the surface, massive slabs of rock
that the Earth’s crust is the outermost and
called tectonic plates slowly drift across the
thinnest layer of the Earth, made up of solid
Earth’s mantle. Sometimes they collide, pushing
rocks and minerals. It is divided into continental
up towering mountains like the HImalayas; other
crust, which forms the land, and oceanic crust,
times they pull apart, farming deep rift valleys or
which lies beneath the oceans. Though it seems
letting magma rise to create fiery volcanoes. Along
strong, the crust is broken into plates that slowly
the edges, plates slide past one another,
move, causing earthquakes and volcanic
sending tremors that shake the ground. Over
eruptions. Leo realized that even the solid ground
millions of years, these movements have sculpted
beneath him is constantly changing, shaping the
oceans, mountains, trenches, and islands,
planet we live on.
constantly reshaping the planet we call home.
Lithosphere - The solid and rigid outer layer of our
Earth’s Changing Surface:
planet and includes the upper portion of the mantle
- The Earth’s surface is constantly shaped and
and crust and the core. It is bounded by the
reshaped by plate movements.
atmosphere (above) and asthenosphere.
- Tectonic plates move slowly over the Earth’s
mantle, creating and destroying landforms.
Continental crust - Found under the land
- These processes occur along plate boundaries
continents and layers or rocks that form geological
or sometimes within plates (like hotspots)
continents.
What are Plate Boundaries?
Continental Crust:
- The Earth’s litosphere is divided into large
- oldest, most over 1500 million years old
sections called tectonic plates.
- think (6-70km under fold mountains)
- These plates float and move slowly on the
- light (does not subducts/sink)
semi-molten asthenosphere
- made out of Granite
- Plate boundaries are zones where plates meet
- cannot be renewed or destroyed
and interact, leading to the formation of various
landforms
Oceanic Crust:
- youngest crust, most less than 200 million years
Convergent Boundaries (Colliding Plates):
old
- Plates move toward each other.
- thin (6=35km)
- One plate may sink beneath another in a process
- densest (heaviest) crust so it subducts (sinks) into
called subduction.
the mantle
- Processes: Compression, subduction, and
- made out of Basalt
mountain building.
- constantly destroyed and renewed
Landforms at Divergent Boundaries
Importance of the Earth’s Crust:
- Mid-Ocean Ridge: An underwater mountain
- Supports life and human activities
system formed by rising magma.
- Rift Valley: A long, narrow depression formed as - When magma reaches the surface, it’s called
continental crust stretches and breaks. lava.
- Volcanoes form over weak spots in the crust,
Volcano - It is an opening of a vent in the Earth’s often at plate boundaries.
crust through which magma, gases, and ash
escape to the surface. Once magma reaches the Classification of Volcano:
surface, it is called lava. Volcanoes can be grouped based on their activity
or eruptive behavior:
Lava - It is a molten rock which is given off onto the - Active Volcanoes:
surface of the Earth when a volcano erupts. - Dormant Volcanoes:
- Extinct Volcanoes
Magma - It is the molten material deep inside the
Earth.
Eruption - It is the release of gas; ash, molten
materials, or hot water into the atmosphere or onto
the Earth’s surface from a volcano or other opening
in the Earth’s surface.
Active Volcanoes - Volcanoes that have had at
least one eruption during the past 10,000 years.
Extinct Volcanoes - Volcanoes that have not
erupted for the last 10,000 years and are not
expected to erupt again in a comparable time scale
of the future.
Dormant Volcanoes - A volcano that has not
erupted in recent history but may erupt again in the
future. It is sometimes called a “sleeping” volcano.
Volcanoes Around the World: Active, Dormant,
and Extinct:
Volcanoes are fascinating natural features that
differ based on their activity. Active volcanoes
erupt frequently or have shown activity in recent
years, like Mount Merapi in Indonesia. Dormant
volcanoes haven’t erupted for thousands of years
but could awaken, such as Mount Fuji in Japan.
Meanwhile, extinct volcanoes are unlikely to erupt
again, like Mount Warning in Australia.
Understanding these types helps scientists predict
eruptions and keeps communities safe, while also
showing the dynamic nature of Earth’s surface.
Introduction:
The Philippines is located in latitude 5 degrees to
19 degrees 45’ N, and longitude 116 degrees to
128 degrees E.
The Philippine Fault System is a major
interrelated system of geological faults throughout
the whole of the Philippine Archipelago, primarily
caused by tectonic forces compressing the
Philippines into what geophysicists call the
Philippine Mobile Belt.
Pacific Ring of Fire where the most number of
volcanic and seismic activities are recorded.
What is VOLCANO?
- A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s crust
where magma, gases, and ash escape to the
surface.
CLOSE ACTIVITY: 3. First Quarter
1. The Earth spins around its own axis, which takes 4. Waxing Gibbous
24 hours to complete, causing day and night. 5. Full Moon
6. Waning Gibbous
2. The Earth travels around the Sun in an orbit, 7. Last Quarter
which takes approximately 365 days, giving us a 8. Waning Crescent
year.
New Moon:
3. The Earth’s axis is tilted at an angle of about - Moon is between the Earth and the Sun
23.5 degrees, which is responsible for the changing - The side facing Earth is dark
seasons throughout the year. - Moon is not visible
4. The Moon moves around the Earth in a curved Waxing Phases:
path called its Revolution, and this movement, - Waxing Crescent
along with the Sun’s light, causes the Moon’s - First Quarter
phases. - Waxing Gibbous
- “Waxing” means the lighted part is increasing
5. The force that keeps planets and moons in their
orbits is called gravity. Full Moon:
- Earth is between the Sun and the Moon
Moon - the natural satellite of the Earth - The entire face of the Moon is visible
- Appears very bright
Phases - the different appearances of the Moon as
it orbits Earth. Importance of Moon Phases:
- Affects ocean tides
Full Moon - the phases when the moon appears - Used in calendars and festivals
completely bright - Helps us understand the Earth-Moon-Sun system
(Eclipse)
Waxing - when the lighted part of the moon is
increasing. Common Misconceptions:
- Moon phases are not caused by Earth’s shadow
The Moon’s Changing Face: - The Moon does not change shape
One night, Lila was looking at the sky and noticed - Clouds do not cause Moon phases
that the Moon seemed to be changing shape every
few days. She remembered her teacher explaining Key Phases Explained:
that the Moon doesn’t make its own light, it reflects - New Moon: Moon not visible
the Sun’s light, and what we see depends on the - First Quarter: Half Moon visible
Moon’s position around Earth. Over the next month, - Full Moon: Fully illuminated
Lila observed the Moon grow from a thin crescent - Last Quarter: Half Moon visible again (opposite
to a bright full Moon and then shrink back to a side)
crescent again. She realized that this cycle
repeated about once every 29.5 days, and that
each phase, from new moon, to waxing, to full
moon, to waning, tells a story about the Moon’s
journey around Earth.
What is the Moon?
- Earth’s natural satellite
- Does not produce its own light
- Reflects light from the Sun
What are the Moon Phases?
- The different shapes of the Moon seen from Earth
- Caused by the Moon’s revolution around the Earth
- Not caused by Earth’s shadow
Why do Moon Phases occur?
- The Moon revolves around the Earth
- Sunlight hits different parts of the Moon
- We only see the lit part facing Earth
Tha 8 Phases of the Moon:
1. New Moon
2. Waxing Crescent