SAMPLING METHODS
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Senior Lecturer in Statistics
Department of community medicine
SRIHER
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Learn the reasons for sampling
• Develop an understanding about different sampling methods
• Distinguish between probability & non probability sampling
• Discuss the relative advantages & disadvantages of each
sampling methods
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Sampling
Sampling is a process of selecting required number of
individuals from the study population so as to make
observations on the sample instead of whole population.
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Reason for
Sampling
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➢Sampling, results in
❖ reduction of cost
❖ Saving of time and
❖ reduction of manpower requirement
➢ If done well, gives more accurate results
than attempts to study the entire
population.
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Definitions
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Population :
The totality or aggregate of all persons / objects with
specified characteristic
- persons, patients, households , villages, towns, districts,
hospitals, objects or specified events.
Sampling Unit:
Each member of the (above) Population
Sample :
A group of individuals (Sampling Units) chosen from the
(above) Population
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Sample Size :
The number of individuals in the sample
Representative Sample:
Representative sample has all the characteristics with similar
distribution as that of the Population from which it is drawn.
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Theoretical population:
Who do you want to generalize to?
Study population:(accessible population)
What population can you get access to?
Sampling Frame:
It is the list of all elements – sampling units - used for
selecting samples
- persons,
- households,
- objects,
- specified events or units
Eg: voter’s list, list of patients, list of
people with the disease and a list
of people without the disease.
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All Women
‘Population’ in a study of Carcinoma of the
Cervix
Total Population Women
(Age Groups) Population
0 – 25
yrs
All All 25 49
25 -%49 25 5-% 49
50 %
50 %
50 %
50 %
5
Men Women yrs
2
yrs yrs
2
50 + yrs
Study
Population
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Sampling Methods
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Sampling Methods
I. Probability Sampling or Random Sampling
II. Non-Probability Sampling or Non-random Sampling
• The major problem with Non-random sampling is that it
may lead to unrepresentative samples.
• Mostly used in Qualitative research
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Sampling Methods
I. Probability Sampling or Random Sampling
• It is any method of sampling that utilizes some form of
random selection
• The procedure assures that all the units in the study
population have equal probability (chance) of being chosen
for the study.
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I. Probability Sampling
• Simple random Sampling - Unrestricted random
sampling.
• Systematic random Sampling - Quasi- random sampling
• Stratified random Sampling
• Cluster Sampling - also called area sampling
• Multistage Sampling
• Multiphase sampling
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Simple random Sampling
Examples
• Determining the prevalence of undernourished five-year-old
kids in a village
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Simple random Sampling
1. Define the study Population
2. Prepare a proper Sampling Frame - List
out all the sampling units
3. Determine the Sample Size
4. Select the required number of samples
• Lottery method
• Random
Prepare a propernumber TablesFrame - List
Sampling
• out
Computer
all thegenerated
samplingrandom
units numbers
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Lottery method
• With replacement:
Same unit may be chosen more than once in the
sample
• Without replacement:
All the units in the sample are distinct
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Random Numbers
• 84 42 56 53 87 75 18 91 76 66 64 83 97 11
• 69 41 80 92 38 75 42 00 65 43 90 63 10 03
• 87 54 25 64 88 90 41 95 88 88 64 90 34 76
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Advantages
If the population is homogeneous it is likely to be more
representative.
No personal bias.
Easy method.
Disadvantages
If the population is highly heterogeneous, then a simple random
sample may not yield a representative sample.
It requires up-to-date list of all the items of the population to be
sampled.
If the sample units lie distant geographically , then data
collection might become tedious.
Not possible without complete list of population.
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SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING……
Systematic sampling relies on arranging the
population according to some ordering scheme and
then selecting elements at regular intervals through that
ordered list k= N/n
k=500/50
=10
The starting point being chosen at random(5)
5th,15th,25th ……495th
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ADVANTAGES:
▪ It is easy to select
▪ Suitable sampling frame can be identified easily
▪ Sample evenly spread over entire reference population
DISADVANTAGES:
▪ Sample may be biased if hidden periodicity in population
coincides with that of selection.
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STRATIFIED SAMPLING…….
Draw a sample from each stratum
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Proportionate random sampling
1000 individuals(>40yrs)
200 females 800 males
Sample size needed=200(n)
1000*(x/100)=200
x= (200*100)/1000=20%
200females*20/100=40
800males*20/100=160
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Advantages
The sample is more representative, since each strata of the
population is selected.
Stratified sample will give more precise estimates for the
whole population.
When the original population is badly skewed, this method is
appropriate.
Disadvantages
If the stratification is not done properly, the sample may be
biased.
A list of all the units within each stratum is required.
Not useful when there are no homogeneous subgroups.
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CLUSTER SAMPLING…….
• Identification of clusters
–List all cities, towns, villages & wards of cities with their
population falling in target area under study.
–Calculate cumulative population & divide by 30, this gives
sampling interval.
–Select a random no. less than or equal to sampling interval having
same no. of digits. This forms 1st cluster.
–Random no.+ sampling interval = population of 2nd cluster.
–Second cluster + sampling interval = 3rd cluster.
–Last or 30th cluster = 29th cluster + sampling interval
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CLUSTER SAMPLING…….
• Freq cf cluster • XVI 3500 52500 17
• I 2000 2000 1 • XVII 4000 56500 18,19
• II 3000 5000 2 • XVIII 4500 61000 20
• III 1500 6500 • XIX 4000 65000 21,22
• IV 4000 10500 3 • XX 4000 69000 23
• V 5000 15500 4, 5
• XXI 2000 71000 24
• VI 2500 18000 6
• XXII 2000 73000
• VII 2000 20000 7
• VIII 3000 23000 8 • XXIII 3000 76000 25
• IX 3500 26500 9 • XXIV 3000 79000 26
• X 4500 31000 10 • XXV 5000 84000 27,28
• XI 4000 35000 11, 12 • XXVI 2000 86000 29
• XII 4000 39000 13 • XXVII 1000 87000
• XIII 3500 44000 14,15 • XXVIII 1000 88000
• XIV 2000 46000 • XXIX 1000 89000 30
• XV 3000 49000 16 • XXX 1000 90000
• 90000/30 = 3000 sampling interval
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CLUSTER SAMPLING…….
Two types of cluster sampling methods.
One-stage sampling. All of the elements within selected
clusters are included in the sample.
Two-stage sampling. A subset of elements within selected
clusters are randomly selected for inclusion in the sample.
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Advantages
Reduced field costs.
It covers good representative of the population.
Disadvantages
Analysis more complicated than for simple random sampling.
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MULTISTAGE SAMPLING
• Complex form of cluster sampling in which two or more levels of
units are embedded one in the other.
• First stage, random number of districts chosen in a
state.
• Followed by random number of villages.
• Then third stage units will be houses.
• All ultimate units (houses, for instance) selected at last step are
surveyed.
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Advantages
Sampling lists , identification and numbering are required only
for units selected in the sample at each stage and not for all the
units of the population.
Normally more accurate than cluster sampling for the same
sample size.
It is a good representative of a population.
Disadvantages
It is difficult and complex method of sampling.
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MULTI PHASE SAMPLING
• Part of the information collected from whole sample & part from
subsample.
• In Tb survey MT in all cases – Phase I
• X –Ray chest in MT +ve cases – Phase II
• Sputum examination in X – Ray +ve cases - Phase III
• Survey by such procedure is less costly, less laborious & more
purposeful
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Advantages
less cost
less laborious
more purposeful
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Method Best when
Simple Random Sampling Whole population is available.
There are specific sub-groups to
Stratified Random
investigate (eg. demographic
Sampling
groupings).
When a stream of representative
Systematic Random
people are available (eg. in the
Sampling
OPD).
When population groups are
separated and access to all is
Cluster sampling
difficult, e.g. in many distant
geographical units.
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Non probability sampling
Accidental or Incidental
• The people who are assembled in one place for common
interest.
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CONVENIENCE SAMPLING…….
• Use results that are easy to get
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Judgement or purposive
• The researcher chooses the sample who they think would be
appropriate for the study.
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Summary……
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