CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that
Greacy, a student of Class XII, has successfully completed
the Investigatory Project entitled IR BASED SECURITY
SYSTEM under the guidance of Mrs. Uzma during the
academic session 2025–26.
This project is submitted as a part of the requirement for
the Practical Examination in physics conducted by the
Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).
It is further certified that this work is an original piece of
research carried out by the student and has not been
submitted elsewhere.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my physics
teacher, Mrs. Uzma, for her valuable guidance, constant
encouragement, and support throughout the completion of this
investigatory project titled IR based security system. Her
insightful suggestions and motivation helped me to carry out this
work successfully.
I am also thankful to our Principal, Dharitri das, for providing the
facilities and environment necessary to complete this project.
My sincere thanks to my parents and friends for their continuous
support, cooperation, and understanding during the course of my
work.
Finally, I would like to thank the Central Board of Secondary
Education (CBSE) for including such practical work in the
curriculum, which has enhanced my understanding of the subject
and its real-world applications.
CONTENTS:
1. Introduction
2. Objective of the Project
3. Principle of Working
4. Components Required
5. Circuit Diagram
6. Working of the Circuit
7. Application
8. Limitations
9. Conclusion
10. Bibilography
INTRODUCTION:
IR-based security refers to security systems that use infrared (IR)
sensors to detect motion, presence, or intrusion by sensing changes
in infrared radiation emitted by objects, animals, or people. These
systems are popular in home and industrial security because IR
sensors can work effectively in low-light or complete darkness and
flag unusual heat signatures or interruptions in IR beams.
Project example- intruder alarm
Aim:
To design a security system that triggers an alarm when someone
crosses an IR beam.
Components:
• IR LED and photodiode
• LM358 IC
• Buzzer
• Resistors (220 Ω, 10 kΩ)
• Power supply (9V battery)
Procedure:
1. Connect IR LED and photodiode facing each other.
2. Use LM358 to detect voltage difference.
3. Output drives transistor and buzzer
4. When someone passes through the buzzer sounds.
Result: The system detects intrusion successfully.
WORKING PRINCIPLE:
The intruder alarm system operates on the principle of infrared (IR)
beam interruption. An IR LED continuously emits infrared rays
towards a photodiode placed opposite to it. Under normal
conditions, the photodiode receives the IR rays and maintains a
constant voltage level.
When an intruder passes between the IR LED and photodiode, the
IR beam is interrupted, causing a sudden change in the
photodiode’s voltage. This change is detected by the LM358
operational amplifier, which acts as a comparator. The output of the
LM358 then drives a transistor that activates the buzzer, producing
an audible alarm sound to indicate intrusion.
Thus, the system detects motion or entry by sensing the interruption
of the IR beam and immediately triggers the alarm to alert about
unauthorized access.
Summary:
The IR-Based Security System is a simple yet effective electronic
project designed to detect intrusions using infrared light. The system
works on the principle of infrared beam interruption between a
transmitter and a receiver. The IR transmitter continuously emits
invisible infrared rays, which are received by the IR receiver under
normal conditions.
When an object or person interrupts the IR beam, the receiver’s signal
changes, activating the transistor circuit. This triggers the buzzer and
LED, alerting the user of an intrusion. The system uses basic electronic
components such as a 9V battery, IR transmitter and receiver,
transistor, resistor, LED, switch, and buzzer.
This project demonstrates the practical application of electronics and
physics in designing a low-cost, energy-efficient, and reliable security
system. It helps in understanding how light signals can be converted into
electrical signals for use in alarm systems.
In conclusion, the IR-based security system is a useful and efficient
safety device that can be employed in homes, offices, banks, and other
areas where security is essential.
Advantages :
• Works well in dark environments
• Low power consumption
• Cost-effective
• Easy to install and maintain
Limitations:
• Limited range (few meters)
• Sunlight and heat can cause false triggers
OTHER APPLICATIONS OF IR BASED SECURITY SYSTEM.
Home and Building Security
• IR sensors are commonly used in motion detection
systems to detect intruders and initiate alarms or alert
notifications, offering effective protection for homes
and offices day and night.
• These systems are featured in automatic lighting that
switches on when movement is detected, increasing
both security and energy efficiency.
• IR-based alarms are less likely to be triggered falsely
by pets or inanimate objects, making them more
reliable in everyday use.
Industrial and Perimeter Protection
• IR sensors are deployed for perimeter protection of
industrial facilities, warehouses, and restricted areas,
ensuring unauthorized access is quickly noticed and
addressed.
• They are key for 24/7 surveillance, including monitoring
outdoor environments in total darkness, fog, or smoke where
other sensors may fail.
• Remote and Automated Monitoring
• IR systems enable real-time, remote monitoring and
automation—businesses can oversee multiple sites from a
central location, and automated responses (like alarms or
lights) can be triggered instantly when an intrusion is detected.
• IR-based systems are often linked with analytics and AI to
provide immediate alerts, filter out false positives, and ensure
rapid response to actual security threats.