Question 15.
What is meant by diphyodont teeth?
Answer:
In mammals teething occurs twice in the life time. The first set of teething occur
after the age of six months. These are called milk teeth, which are 20 in number.
These teeth fall at the age of six years which are replaced by 32 permanent teeth.
This type of teeth of mammals are called diphyodont teeth.
Question 16.
What is meant by heterodont teeth?
Answer:
‘Hetero’ means different and ‘dont’ means teeth. In mammals, teeth are of
different sizes and shapes according to their respective functions. Sharp and flat
incisors are for cutting food. Pointed canines are used to tear, premolars and
molars are used for rough and fine grinding. This type of teeth are called
heterodont teeth.
Question 19.
What is pharynx? Mention its function.
Answer:
Pharynx: The posterior portion of the buccal cavity from where larynx and
oesophagus start, is called pharynx.
Function: Pharynx helps in the flow of bolus into oesophagus and the passage of
inspired and expired air through larynx.
Question 20.
What is oesophagus? What does it do?
Answer:
Oesophagus: Oesophagus is a 10-12 cm long tube, which comes down vertically
from the base of pharynx to the stomach along the mid chest line.
Function: Oesophagus carries food bolus to stomach from the mouth.
Question 21.
Briefly mention the structure of stomach.
Answer:
Human stomach is a ‘J’ shaped highly extensible muscular sac. The upper portion
of it, approaching the heart, is called the cardiac end. The body of stomach is
known as fundus. The posterior end, approaching duodenum is called the pyloric
end. Inner wall of stomach has many longitudinal ridges, called rugae.
Question 22.
Write a brief description of human smail intestine.
Answer:
Small intestine of an adult human is a 6 metre long tube, which remains inside
abdominal cavity in a densely coiled manner. It has three portions, the first one
starts from the pyloric end of stomach, called duodenum. The next highly
convoluted portion is known as jejunum. The last portion is called the ileum.
Small intestine is the site of final digestion and absorption of the digested food
matters.
Question 24.
How many types of salivary glands are found in human body? Mention their
location.
Answer:
There are three pairs of salivary glands in human mouth-
1. Parotid gland-Located at the base of the ears.
2. Sub-maxillary or submandibular gland-Located on two sides of lower jaw.
3. Sub-lingual gland-Located below the tongue under the floor of mouth.
Question 25.
Give a brief structural account of human liver.
Answer:
Liver is the largest gland of the human body. It is a dark reddish brown coloured
triangular gland with two distinct lobes. Liver is lodged at the right side of the
abdominal cavity just below the diaphragm. A club-shaped, thin-walled gall
bladder is present on the lower side of the right hepatic lobe.
Question 26.
Mention the functions of human liver.
Answer:
The functions of human liver are as follows
1. Alkaline bile, secreted from liver, neutralizes acidic chyme from stomach.
2. Bile salts emulsify fat to facilitate its digestion.
3. Bile helps in the absorption of fat.
4. Kupffer cells of liver kill germs by phagocytosis.
Question 27.
What is common bile duct?
Answer:
Hepatic ducts from right and left lobes of liver join to form a common hepatic duct.
The cystic duct from the gall bladder comes to unite with the common hepatic duct
to form a wider descending bile duct, called common bile duct.
Question 28.
Mention the functions of pancreas.
Answer:
The functions of pancreas are as follows :
1. Pancreas secretes both enzymes and hormones. Pancreatic juice contain
amylolytic, lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes, which help in the hydrolysis of
carbohydrate, fat and proteins respectively.
2. From α and β cells of islets of Langerhans two important hormones are
secreted, which are glucagon and insulin respectively. These two hormones jointly
regulate the sugar level of blood.
Question 29.
Mention the role of HCl in stomach.
Answer:
Role of HCl in stomach are as follows :
1. HCl, secreted from oxyntic cells of the stomach wall, activates pepsinogen to
active pepsin which helps in protein digestion.
2. HCl helps in the hydrolysis of sucrose inside the stomach.
3. HCl kills many germs, which enter into the stomach with the food.
Question 30.
Why should one chew food for some time before swallowing?
Answer:
One should chew food for some time before swallowing, because-
1. Chewing helps in the grinding of food materials. Enzymes can act better or
finely ground food particles.
2. In the course of chewing, profuse salivary secretion occurs, which makes the
bolus softer to ease swallowing.
3. Chewing causes excess salivation, which helps in killing different bacteria by
the action of lysozyme present in it.
Question 31.
Nams three proteolytic enzymes, their sources, substrates and the end products of
hydrolysis.
Answer:
The following table shows sources, substrates and end products of three
proteolytic enzymes.
Question 32.
Name three amylolytic enzymes, their sources, substrates and the end products of
hydrolysis.
Answer:
The following table shows sources, substrates and end products of three amylolytic
enzymes.
Question 33.
Mention the functions of stomach.
Answer:
The functions of stomach are as follows-
1. Stomach holds the food for some time.
2. HCl secreted from the stomach acidifies the food to kill germs, which enter
along with it.
3. HCl activates inactive proenzymes to active enzymes.
Question 34.
What is peristalsis?
Answer:
A wave of contraction and relaxation movement proceeds all along the alimentary
tract from oesophagus to rectum. This typical movement is called peristalsis.
Peristalsis pushes the contents of the GI tract downwards.
Question 35.
What is meant by absorption? Where does it occur?
Answer:
Absorption: The process by which end products of digestion are taken into blood
and lymph from intestine is called absorption.
Site: Though absorption mainly occurs in the ileum of small intestine, certain
matters like some drugs, alcohol, salts etc., are also absorbed in the stomach and
large intestine.
Question 36.
What are villi? What do they do?
Answer:
Villi: Villi are numerous tiny cylindrical fingerlike projections emerging from the
inner wall of the small intestine.
Function: The blood vessels inside the villi absorb amino acids, simple sugars and
glycerols from the small intestine. The lymph ducts or lacteals absorb all other end
products of fat digestion.
Question 37.
What is meant by assimilation? Mention its significance.
Answer:
Assimilation: Assimilation is the process by which all essential ingredients of food
are integrated in the protoplasm of living cells.
Significance: By assimilation, cells get necessary raw materials from which they
synthesize essential cellular macromolecules as well as get necessary fuel, in the
form of glucose and fats, to generate metabolic energy.
Question 38.
What is meant by egestion? What is its importance?
Answer:
Egestion: Egestion is the disposal of undigested food matter from rectum in the
form of faeces.
Importance: By egestion, the post-digestive waste matter are removed from the GI
tract to make it clear for normal functioning.
Question 39.
What is meant by metabolism?
Answer:
A series of constructive and destructive biochemical reactions continue in the
protoplasm of all living cells to run the life activities, which are collectively called
metabolism. The constructive reactions of metabolism are called anabolism and
the destructive ones are known as catabolism.
Question 40.
What is anabolism?
Answer:
Anabolism is a metabolic process, by which some new molecules are synthesized
or integrated within the protoplasm to increase the dry weight of an organism.
ExamplePhotosynthesis and nutrition.
Question 41.
Mention the significance of anabolism in a living organism.
Answer:
Significance of anabolism are as follows
1. Building up of organs and tissues.
2. Growth and differentiation of cells.
3. Synthesis and storage of complex molecules within the protoplasm.
Question 42.
What is catabolism?
Answer:
Catabolism is a metabolic process by which certain materials from protoplasm are
utilized or broken down and as a result, the dry weight of an organism decreases.
Example-Respiration and excretion.
Question 43.
Mention the significance of catabolism.
Answer:
Significance of catabolism are as follows-
1. Providing kinetic energy for life activities.
2. Releasing chemical energy for the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
3. Disposal of harmful waste materials, produced in the body from different
physiological reactions.
Question 44.
What is meant by balanced diet?
Answer:
The diet consisting of different food items including carbohydrates, proteins,
lipids, vitamins, minerals and water in perfect quantities and proportions, in
order to meet the requirement of the body for normal growth, replenishing physical
loss, developing resistance against diseases and collecting potential energy
necessary to perform all life activities, is called a balanced diet.
Question 45.
What is meant by basal metabolic rate? Mention the normal BMR of a healthy
adult male and female individual.
Answer:
Basal metabolic rate: Basal metabolic rate is defined as per hour energy output of
an individual, who is at complete physical and mental rest in a comfortable
environment, 12 to 18 hours after taking a light meal.
Normal BMR values: BMR of a healthy adult male is 40 kcal / hour / [Link] body
surface.
BMR of a healthy adult female is 37 kcal / hour / [Link] body surface.
Question 46.
Mention the calorific demand of a healthy adult man and a woman, performing
normal job.
Answer:
The following table shows the calorific demand of a healthy adult man and a
woman, performing normal job.
Class Body weight Calorific demand
Healthy adult male 60 kg 2730 kcal
Healthy adult
55 kg 2230 kcal
female
Question 49.
What is meant by hyperthyroidism? Mention its symptoms.
Answer:
Hyperthyroidism:The disorder related to increased secretion of thyroxin hormone
from thyroid gland, is known as hyperthyroidism.
Symptoms: Symptoms of hyperthyroidism are-
Irregular heart rate
Hypertension
Increased BMR
Exophthalmic goitre.
Question 50.
What is diabetes mellitus? Mention its symptoms.
Answer:
Diabetes mellitus: The metabolic disorder in which blood sugar level is elevated
above normal (140 mg/100 ml blood) after two hours of taking full meal, due to
insulin deficiency, is called diabetes mellitus.
Symptoms: Symptoms of diabetes mellitus are-
Frequent urination
Fatigue
Excessive urge for sweet food
Weight loss
Delayed healing of wounds
Boils and sores.
Question 60.
Distinguish between anabolism and catabolism.
Answer:
Features Anabolism Catabolism
Constructive Destructive
1. Nature
metabolism metabolism
2. Dry weight Increases Decreases
Simple molecules are Complex organic
3. Nature of transformed into matters are
transformation complex organic broken down to
matter simpler form
4. Example Photosynthesis and Respiration and
nutrition excretion
M.C. Q--
Question 1.
Which physiological process provides potential energy to living organisms?
Answer:
Nutrition provides potential energy to living organisms.
Question 2.
Which two steps are involved in the nutrition of green plants?
Answer:
Photosynthesis and assimilation are involved in the nutrition of green plants.
Question 3.
How much energy is necessary for a healthy adult to perform the daily life
activities?
Answer:
To perform all life activities, a healthy adult requires 2500-3000 kcal energy.
Question 4.
How much heat is liberated by complete oxidation of one gram of glucose?
Answer:
About 4.1 kcal energy is liberated by the complete oxidation of one gram of
glucose.
Question 5.
How much heat is liberated by complete oxidation of one gram of protein?
Answer:
About 4.1 kcal energy is liberated by complete oxidation of one gram of protein.
Question 6.
How much heat is liberated by complete oxidation of one gram of fat?
Answer:
About 9.3 kcal energy is liberated by complete oxidation of one gram of fat.
Question 7.
Which component of food develops disease resistance?
Question 8.
What is the similarity between Rafflesia and louse?
Answer:
Both Rafflesia and louse are parasitic in nature.
Question 9.
What is the similarity between Mycorrhiza and Rhizobium?
Answer:
Both Mycorrhiza and Rhizobium develop symbiotic association with flowering
plants.
Question 10.
In which type of nutrition is one member benefited at the expense of another?
Answer:
In parasitic nutrition one member is benefited at the expense of the another.
Question 11.
What is the similarity between dung beetle and pig?
Answer:
Both dung beetle and pig show coprophagy.
Question 12.
What is the nutritional dissimilarity between louse and tapeworm?
Answer:
Louse is an ectoparasite but tapeworm is an endoparasite.
Question 13.
In which nutritional association both associates are benefited?
Answer:
In symbiotic nutrition both associates are benefited.
Question 14.
Why do some plants capture insects for nutrition?
Answer:
Some plants capture insects to fulfil the nutritional needs of nitrogen.
Question 15.
Which type of food is not digested in the stomach?
Answer:
Starch is not digested in the stomach.
Question 16.
Which type of carbohydrate is hydrolysed in stomach?
Answer:
Sucrose is hydrolysed in the stomach.
Question 17.
Which digestive juice is alkaline in nature?
Answer:
Bile is alkaline in nature.
Question 18.
Which acid makes the chyme acidic inside stomach?
Answer:
HCl makes the chyme acidic inside stomach.
Question 19.
Which digestive enzymes prefer lower pH to act properly?
Answer:
Pepsin and gastric lipase prefer lower pH to act properly.
Question 20.
By which process does food bolus reach stomach through oesophagus?
Answer:
Food bolus reaches the stomach through oesophagus by peristalsis.
Question 21.
From which gland is ptyalin secreted?
Answer:
Ptyalin is secreted from the salivary glands.
Question 22.
Which proteolytic enzyme is secreted from the pancreas?
Answer:
Trypsin is a proteolytic enzyme, secreted from the pancreas.
Question 23.
Which is the widest portion of the human GI tract?
Answer:
Large intestine or colon is the widest portion of the human GI tract.
Question 24.
What do bile salts do in digestion?
Answer:
Bile salts emulsify fat to help its enzymatic hydrolysis.
Question 25.
Which is the primary centre for protein digestion?
Answer:
Stomach is the primary centre for protein digestion.
Question 26.
Which, other than digestive enzymes, are secreted from pancreas?
Answer:
Other than digestive enzymes, hormones like insulin and glucagon are secreted
from the pancreas.
Question 27.
From which cells HCl is secreted in stomach?
Answer:
HCl is secreted from oxyntic cells of inner lining of the stomach.
Question 28.
Which cells secrete digestive enzymes in small intestine?
Answer:
Digestive enzymes are secreted from Brunner’s gland cells inside the small
intestine.
Question 29.
Which cells in stomach secrete digestive enzymes?
Answer:
The peptic cells or chief cells in the stomach, secrete digestive enzymes.
Question 30.
Which cells in intestine secrete mucus?
Answer:
Goblet cells in intestinal lining secrete mucus.
Question 31.
Name an enzyme, which prefers neutral or slightly alkaline pH for better action.
Answer:
Trypsin prefers neutral or slightly alkaline pH for better action.
Question 32.
Which enzyme hydrolyses protein into peptone?
Answer:
Pepsin hydrolyses protein into peptone.
Question 33.
Which enzyme hydrolyses fats into fatty acids and glycerol?
Answer:
Lipases hydrolyse fat into fatty acids and glycerol.
Question 34.
Which intestinal enzyme hydrolyses lower peptides into amino acids?
Answer:
Erepsin hydrolyses lower peptides into amino acids.
Question 35.
On which substrate does ptyalin act?
Answer:
Ptyalin acts upon boiled starch.
Question 36.
Which is the site for absorption of digested food?
Answer:
Villi inside the small intestine act as the site of absorption of digested food.
Question 37.
End products of which type of food are absorbed in blood capillaries of villi?
Answer:
End products of protein and carbohydrate digestion are absorbed in blood
capillaries of villi.
Question 38.
End products of which type of food are absorbed in lacteals or fine lymph ducts of
villi?
Answer:
End products of fats are absorbed in lacteals or fire lymph ducts of villi.
Question 39.
Which portion of human GI tract is responsible for absorption of excess water
from residue of digestion?
Answer:
Colon is responsible for the absorption of excess water from the residue of
digestion.
Question 40.
Which type of food does one need the most to fulfill the daily requirement of
energy?
Answer:
Carbohydrate is needed the most to fulfill the daily requirement of energy.
Question 41.
Which nutritional insufficiency is the cause of hypothyroidism?
Answer:
Nutritional insufficiency of iodine is the cause of hypothyroidism.
Question 42.
Insufficiency of which hormone causes diabetes mellitus?
Answer:
Insufficiency of insulin from the beta-cells of the Islets of Langerhans of pancreas
causes diabetes mellitus.
Question 43.
Which disease is caused due to impaired carbohydrate metabolism?
Answer:
Diabetes mellitus is caused by impaired carbohydrate metabolism.
Question 44.
Which disease is caused due to abnormal intake of high calorie diet?
Answer:
Obesity is caused due to abnormal intake of high calorie diet.
Question 45.
Which disease results into thickening of walls of arteries due to deposition of fat?
Answer:
In atherosclerosis, walls of arteries become thick and rigid due to deposition of fat.
Question 46.
Which disease results into transformation of liver cells into fibrous tissue?
Answer:
In liver cirrhosis, cells of liver are transformed into fibrous tissue.
Question 47.
Name an organism which performs both intracellular and extracellular digestion.
Answer:
Hydra performs both intracellular and extracellular digestion.
Question 48.
What is the function of lipids in blood?
Answer:
Lipids help to dissolve and transport vitamin A, D, E and K in blood.
Question 49.
What is bile comprised of?
Answer:
Bile is comprised of water, various inorganic salts, bile salts, bile pigments, fatty
acids, cholesterol etc.
Question 50.
Name the bile salts.
Answer:
Sodium taurocholate and sodium glycocholate are the bile salts.
Question 51.
Name the two bile pigments.
Answer:
The two bile pigments are bilirubin and biliverdin.
Question 52.
Name the hormone secreted by the stomach.
Answer:
The hormone secreted by stomach is gastrin.
Question 53.
Name two lipolyitc enzymes present in human body.
Answer:
Two lipolytic enzymes present in human body are pancreatic lipase and gastric
lipase.
Question 54.
Give two examples of pro-enzymes.
Answer:
Pepsinogen and trypsinogen are two examples of pro-enzymes.
Question 55.
Define apoenzyme.
Answer:
The protein part of a holoenzyme is known as apoenzyme.
Question 56.
What is a coenzyme?
Answer:
The organic non-protien part, which combines with the apoenzyme, thus forming a
holoenzyme, is called coenzyme.
Question 57.
Name two coenzymes.
Answer:
NADP and NAD are two coenzymes.
Question 58.
Which process results in vomiting?
Answer:
Reverse peristalsis results in vomiting.