Experiment - 3
Date: 16/03/2024
Objective: To obtain the transient response of a series RL, RC, and RLC
circuit for a step input voltage.
Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Quantity Speci ication
Desktop H.P. Personal
1 1
Computer Computer
2 Matlab Software 1 R2019b
3 Power Supply 1 230 V, 50 Hz
Theory:
1. Transient Response for series RL and RC circuits: Resistor capacitor (RC)
and Resistor Inductor (RL) circuits are the two types of irst order circuits
having either one capacitor or one inductor. In many applications, these
circuits responds to a sudden change in the input; for example, a switch
opening or closing, or a digital input switching from low to high. Just
after the change, the capacitor or inductor takes some time to charge or
discharge, and eventually settles on its new steady state. We call the
response of a circuit immediately after sudden change as the transient
response, in contrast to the steady state.
For series RL circuits, time constant (τ) is given by:
L
τ=
R
For series RC circuits, time constant (τ) is given by:
τ = RC
Rishabh Singh
2nd [Link]. (E.E.)
E.C.A.(NEE-204) Lab Report Roll No. : 220105042 17
f
f
2. Transient Response for series RLC circuits: In series RLC circuits there
are two energy storing element which are inductor and capacitor, such a
circuit give rise to second order di erential equation, and hence called
second order circuit. In series RLC circuits, there is an oscillation of
electromagnetic energy between the inductor and capacitor, but the
resistor slowly dissipates the energy. Hence the series RLC circuit act as
damped oscillator in which the damping is done through the resistance.
Damping Ratio ( ζ )- The ratio is the indication of opposition from the
circuit to cause oscillation in its response, more the value of this ratio,
less are the chances of oscillation in the response. It is the ratio of actual
resistance in the circuit to the critical resistance.
R C
ζ=
2 L
On the basis of damping there are three types of RLC series circuits:
i. Under damped RLC circuit ( ζ < 1 )
ii. Critically damped RLC circuit ( ζ = 1 )
iii. Over damped RLC circuit ( ζ > 1 )
If we have,
R L
< , the system is under damped
2 C
R L
= , the system is critically damped
2 C
R L
> , the system is over damped
2 C
Rishabh Singh
2nd [Link]. (E.E.)
E.C.A.(NEE-204) Lab Report Roll No. : 220105042 18
ff
Circuit on Matlab (Simulink):
Figure 1. Circuit Diagram of RL series circuit
Figure 2. Circuit Diagram of RC series circuit
Figure 3. Circuit Diagram of RLC series circuit
Rishabh Singh
2nd [Link]. (E.E.)
E.C.A.(NEE-204) Lab Report Roll No. : 220105042 19
For Group-1, the various values of the variables of the above circuit are:
V = 100 V, C = 2 µF, L = 5 mH.
Procedure:
1. Make the circuit connections as per Figure- 1, 2 and 3 on Simulink
(Matlab).
2. Verify the Current response for series RL circuit for higher and lower
value of resistance.
3. Verify the Voltage response (across capacitor) for series RC circuit for
higher and lower value of resistance.
4. Verify the Voltage response (across capacitor) for series RLC circuit for
three values of resistance corresponding to Under damped, Over
damped and Critically damped respectively.
Rishabh Singh
2nd [Link]. (E.E.)
E.C.A.(NEE-204) Lab Report Roll No. : 220105042 20
Calculations:
Rishabh Singh
2nd [Link]. (E.E.)
E.C.A.(NEE-204) Lab Report Roll No. : 220105042 21
Transient Response of the Circuits (Simulink):
Figure 4. Current Response of series RL Figure 5. Current Response of series RL
circuit (R = 40 Ω) circuit (R = 0.001 Ω)
Figure 6. Voltage Response of series RC Figure 7. Voltage Response of series RC
circuit (R = 40 Ω) circuit (R = 0.001 Ω)
Figure 8. Voltage Response of series RLC Figure 9. Voltage Response of series RLC
circuit, Under damped condition (R = 50 Ω) circuit, Over damped condition (R = 150 Ω)
Figure 10. Voltage Response of series RLC
circuit, Critically damped condition (R =
100 Ω)
Rishabh Singh
2nd [Link]. (E.E.)
E.C.A.(NEE-204) Lab Report Roll No. : 220105042 22
Result: We have successfully obtained the transient response of the series
RL, RC and RLC network and we have also determined the condition of under
damped, over damped and critically damped oscillations in the series RLC
circuit.
We have also observed that the increase in the value of resistor in RL circuit
decreases the saturation time, while in the series RC circuit as we increase
the value of resistor, saturation time also increases.
For series RLC circuit, value of R for Critically damped condition, R = 100 Ω
for Under damped condition, R < 100 Ω
for Over damped condition, R > 100 Ω
Precautions:
1. Connections must be done as per the circuit diagram.
2. Don’t forget to drag powergui beside circuit diagram.
3. Incase of any error in MATLAB program use the Help function.
Rishabh Singh
2nd [Link]. (E.E.)
E.C.A.(NEE-204) Lab Report Roll No. : 220105042 23