Matrix

3.1. Determinant and Inverse of Matrix

Determinant of a matrix
 Determinant of 1 × 1 matrix A = [a] is defined to be the number a.
 |A| = a or, det(A) = a
 If matrix A = [–5]
then, determinant of A will be |A| = |–5| = –5
a b
 Determinant of a 2 × 2 matrix A =  c d  is defined to be the number ad – bc.
a b 
 |A| = 
 c d  = ad – bc
Note: The determinant of a matrix is defined only when it is a square matrix.
Singular Matrix
A square matrix A is called a singular matrix if |A| = 0
Non singular matrix
A square matrix A is called a non singular matrix if |A|  0
Adjoint matrix
A new matrix, formed by interchanging the position of elements of the principal diagonal and changing
the sign of the elements of the secondary diagonal of a square matrix of order 2 × 2 is called an adjoint
matrix.
2 4 8 –4
For example : If A =  6 8  then adjoint A =  –6 2 
Inverse of a matrix
If A is a square matrix then B is called inverse of matrix A. If AB = BA = I, where I is the unit matrix of
same order.
Inverse of matrix A is denoted by A–1.
 AA–1 = A–1A = I
Working Tools
1. Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar
a b
If A =  c d  and k be a scalar
a b ka kb
then, KA = k c d  =  kc kd 
2. Multiplication of two matrices
We can find the product of matrices A and B if number of columns of matrix A is equal to the
number of rows of matrix B.
Note: If A is a matrix of order m × n and B is a matrix of n × p then order of matrix AB will be m × p.
i.e. Am × n Bn × p = (AB)m × p
For example:
3 6
 2 4 5   –1 7  =  2 × 3 + 4 × (–1) + 5 × 5 2×6+4×7+5×8 
 –3 1 0    (–3) × 3 + 1 × (–1) + 0 × 8 (–3) × 6 + 1 × 7 + 0 × 8 
5 8
27 80
=  –10 –11 

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3. Transpose of a matrix
The new matrix obtained by interchanging rows and columns of a given matrix is called transpose
of a given matrix. It is denoted by AT or A' for any given matrix A.
a b a c
For example : A =  c d  then AT =  b d 
Note : (i) (AT)T = A (ii) (AB)T = BTAT
T T
(iii) (KA) = KA (where k is a scalar)
(iv) (A + B)T = AT + BT (where A and B are matrices of same order)
4. Multiplication laws of matrices
(i) Generally, AB  BA
(ii) A(B + C) = AB + AC Left distributive law
(iii) (B + C)A = BA + CA Right distributive law
(iv) A(BC) = (AB)C Associative law
(v) AI = IA = A Identity law
 a b 
5. If A =  c d  then |A| = ad – bc
a b d –b
6. If A =  c d  then Adj. A =  –c a 
1
7. A–1 = |A| Adj. A
8. AX = B  X = A–1B
9. XA = B  X = BA–1
a b
10. In matrix A =  c d  ,
Here, elements of principal diagonal (leading diagonal) are a and d
elements of secondary diagonal are b and c

Exercise
Very Short Questions:
1. Define singular and non singular matrix.
Soln: A square matrix A is called singular if |A| = 0.
If |A|  0 then A is called non singular matrix.
2. Find determinant of a matrix [p].
Soln: Determinant of matrix [P] is |p| = p
Find the determinant of a matrix 
2 3 
4 1 
3. .
2 3
Soln: Given matrix =  4 1 
2 3 
determinant of given matrix =  4 1  = 2 × 1 – 4 × 3 = 2 – 12 = –10
4. Define inverse matrix.
Soln: If A is a square matrix then B is called inverse of matrix A if AB = BA = I, where I is the unit
matrix of same order.
Inverse of matrix A is denoted by A–1
 AA–1 = A–1A = I
5. What is the determinant of unit matrix of order 2 × 2 ?
1 0
Sol : Unit matrix of order 2 × 2 =  0 1 
n

137
 1 0 
its determinant = 
 0 1 =1×1–0×0=1
6. If matrix A = [3], find the value of |A| and A2.
Soln: Here, A = [3]
|A| = |3| = 3
and A2 = A . A = [3] . [3] = [9]
7. If A is a singular matrix, what is its determinant?
Soln: If A is a singular matrix
then, |A| = 0
8. Under what condition, the system of simultaneous equations has no unique solution?
Soln: If the determinant of matrix is 0 then the system of simultaneous equations has no unique solution.
9. Under what condition, the inverse of a matrix is possible?
Soln: If determinant of a given matrix is not 0 then the inverse of the matrix is possible.
10. A, B and X are three matrices. If AX = B and |A|  0, what is the value of X?
Soln: Given, AX = B and |A|  0
or, A–1AX = A–1B or, IX = A–1B
–1
 X=A B
11. A, B and X are three matrices. If XA = B and |A|  0, what is the value of X?
Soln: Given, XA = B and |A|  0
or, XAA–1 = BA–1 or, XI = BA–1
 X = BA–1
12. What is the value of (A–1)–1 ?
Soln: (A–1)–1 = A
13. Express the equations ax + by + c and lx + my = n in matrix form.
Soln: Given, equations are
ax + by = c
lx + my = n
Expressing in matrix form
 a b  x  =  c 
 l m  y n
14. What is the determinant of a 2 × 2 null matrix?
0 0
Soln: Null matrix of order 2 × 2 =  0 0 
0 0 
Its determinant = 
 0 0 =0×0–0×0=0
Find the adjoint matrix of A = 
a a 
b b 
15. .
a a
Soln: Given matrix A =  b b 
b –a
Adj. A =  –b a 

If 
4 3 
16.  k 2  = 5, find the value of k.
4 3 
Soln: Here,   k 2 =5
or, 8 – 3k = 5 or, 8 – 5 = 3k
or, 3 = 3k
 k=1

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 If 
x – 2  5 
9  y + 3
17. = find the values of x and y.
x–2 5
Soln: Given,  9  = y + 3
Equating corresponding elements
x–2=5 and y + 3 = 9
or, x=5+2 or, y = 9 – 3
 x=7  y=6
If A = 
3 –2 
then, find AT.
4 1 
18.
3 –2 3 4
Soln: Given, A =  4 1  then, AT =  –2 1 

What is the order of matrix P = 

1 4 7 
5 6 2 
19. .
Soln: Order of matrix P is 2 × 3.
20. What is the order of matrix A = [a].
Soln: Order of matrix A is 1 × 1.
Is A = 
8 2 
4 2 
21. a singular matrix?
8 2
Soln: Given, A =  4 2 
 |A| = 8 × 2 – 4 × 2 = 16 – 8 = 8
Since |A|  8
 A is not a singular matrix.
If A = 
a b  1  d –b  represent?
c d  ad – bc  –a a 
22. what does
a b
Soln: Given, A =  c d 
1 d –b
then, ad – bc  –a a  represents inverse of matrix A.
23. If AB = BA = I where I is a unit matrix. If A, B and I are matrices of same order then what is
the relation between A and B.
Soln: If AB = BA = I
A, B and I are matrices of same order.
then, A and B are inverse of each other.

Short Questions:

If A = 
3 4 
and B = 
2 1 
–2 4  –1 3 
1. , find the determinant of 3A – 4B.
3 4 2 1
Soln: Given, A =  –2 4  and B =  –1 3 
3 4 2 1
Now, 3A – 4B = 3 –2 4  – 4 –1 3 
9 12 8 4 9 – 8 12 – 4 1 8
=  –6 12  –  –4 12  =  –6 + 4 12 – 12  =  –2 0 
1 8 
 |3A – 4B| =  –2 0  = 1 × 0 – 8 × (–2) = 0 + 16 = 16

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 Find the value of A2 if A = 
2 –1 
. Also find the determinant of A2.
3 1 
2.
2 –1
Soln: Given, A =  3 1 
2 –1 2 –1 2 × 2 + (–1) × 3 2 × (–1) + (–1) × 1 
then, A2 = A × A =  3 1   3 1  =  3 × 2 + 1 × 3 3 × (–1) + 1 × 1 
4 – 3 – 2 – 1 1 –3
=  6 + 3 – 3 + 1  =  9 –2 
1 –3 
Now, |A2| =   9 –2  = 1 × (–2) – (–3) × 9 = –2 + 27 = 25
If P = 
2 0 
and Q = 
2 4  1
–1 3  –6 2 
3. , find the determinant of 5P – Q + 2I.
2
2 0
Sol : Given, P =  –1 3 
n

2 4
Q =  –6 2 
1 0
I =  0 1 
1 2 0 1 2 4 1 0
Now, 5P – 2 Q + 2I = 5 –1 3  – 2  –6 2  + 2 0 1 
10 0 1 2 2 0
=  –5 15  –  –3 1  +  0 2 
10 – 1 + 2 0 – 2 + 0
=  – 5 + 3 + 0 15 – 1 + 2 
11 –2
=  –2 16 
1 11 –2 
Now, |5P – 2 Q + 2I| =   –2 16  = 11 × 16 – (–2) × (–2) = 176 – 4 = 172
If matrix P = 
2x –6 
3 4 
4. and determinant of P is 10 then find the value of x.
2x –6
Soln: Given, P =  3 4 
and |P| = 10
or,  2x –6  = 10 or, 2x × 4 – (–6) × 3 = 10
 3 4 
or, 8x + 18 = 10 or, 8x = 10 – 18
–8
or, 8x = – 8 or, x = 8
 x = –1
If P =  a 5 
3 a 
5. and |P| = 2a, find the value of a.
a 5
Soln: Given, P =  3 a 
and |P| = 2a
or,  a 5  = 2a or, a × a – 5 × 3 = 2a
3 a
2
or, a – 15 = 2a or, a2 – 2a – 15 = 0
2
or, a – (5 – 3)a – 15 = 0 or, a2 – 5a + 3a – 15 = 0
or, a(a – 5) + 3(a – 5) = 0
or, (a – 5) (a + 3) = 0
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 Either OR
a–5=0 a+3=0
 a=5  a=–3
If A = 
2 1 
, B = 
2 3 
1 3  1 m 
6. and |BA| = –5, find the value of m.
2 1
Soln: Given, A =  1 3 
2 3
B =  1 m 
|BA| = –5
m=?
2 3 2 1
Now, BA =  1 m   1 3 
2×2+3×1 2×1+3×3 7 11
=  1 × 2 + m × 1 1 × 1 + m × 3  =  2 + m 1 + 3m 
Since, |BA| = –5
or,  7 11 
 2 + m 1 + 3m  = –5
or, 7 × (1 + 3m) – 11 × (2 + m) = –5 or, 7 + 21m – 22 – 11m = – 5
or, 10m – 15 = – 5 or, 10m = 15 – 5
10
or, 10m = 10 or, m = 10
 m=1
If A = 
–4 5 
, B = 
4 6 
7 8  x 3 
7. and |A – B – 5I| = 14, find the value of x.
–4 5
Soln: Given, A =  7 8 
4 6
B =  x 3 
and |A – B – 5I| = 14
x=?
–4 5 4 6 1 0
Now, A – B – 5I =  7 8  –  x 3  – 5 0 1 
–4–4 5–6 5 0 –8 –1 5 0
=  7 – x 8 – 3  –  0 5  =  7 – x 5  –  0 5 
–8–5 –1–0 – 13 – 1
=  7 – x – 0 5 – 5  =  7 – x 0 
Since, |A – B – 5I| = 14
or,  – 13 – 1  = 14 or, –13 × 0 – (–1) × (7 – x) = 14
 7–x 0 
or, 0 + 7 – x = 14 or, 7 – 14 = x
or, –7 = x
 x = –7
For what value of x, the inverse of matrix 
4 –3 
x 3 
8. cannot be defined? Find it.
4 –3
Soln: Given, matrix =  x 3 
If determinant of given matrix is 0 then it has no inverse
4 –3 
So, let 
 x 3 =0
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 or, 4 × 3 – (–3) × x = 0 or, 12 + 3x = 0
or, 3x = – 12
 x = –4
 If x = –4 then the inverse of given matrix cannot be defined.
If A = 
m 2 
and B = 
–1 –3 
3 4  2 4 
9. then for what value of m, AB does not have its inverse?
m 2
Soln: Given, A =  3 4 
–1 –3
and B =  2 4 
m 2 –1 –3 m × (–1) + 2 × 2 m × (–3) + 2 × 4
AB =  3 4   2 4  =  3 × (–1) + 4 × 2 3 × (–3) + 4 × 4 
–m + 4 –3m + 8 
=  5 7 
Let, |AB| = 0
or,  –m + 4 –3m + 8  = 0 or, 7 × (–m + 4) – 5 × (–3m + 8) = 0
 5 7 
or, –7m + 28 + 15m – 40 = 0 or, 8m – 12 = 0
12
or, 8m = 12 or, m = 8
3
 m=2
3
 If m = 2 then AB doesnot have its inverse.

Find the inverse of matrix A = 

2 1 
3 4 
10. .
2 1
Soln: Given, A =  3 4 
2 1 
|A| = 
 3 4 =2×4–1×3=8–3=5
Since |A|  0
 A–1 exists
4 –1
Now, Adj. A =  –3 2 

 4 –1 
A–1 = |A| Adj. A = 5  –3 2  =  –3 2 
1 1 4 –1 5 5

 
 5 5 
If the inverse of matrix A is A–1 = 
1 3 
2 4 
11. , find the matrix A.
1 3
Soln: Given, A–1 =  2 4 
matrix A = ?
We known (A–1)–1 = A
So, we will find the inverse of A–1 to get A.
1 3 
|A–1| = 
 2 4  = 1 × 4 – 3 × 2 = 4 – 6 = –2
Since |A–1|  0
 (A–1)–1 exists
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 4 –3
Adj. A–1 =  –2 1 

 –2 3 
A–1)–1 = |A–1| Adj. A–1 = –2  –2 1  = 
1 1 4 –3 2 

 –1 
 1 2 
If the inverse of the matrix 
m 2 
is the matrix 
3 –2 
7 3  –7 m 
12. , find the value of m.
m 2 3 –2
Soln: Given,  7 3  and  –7 m  are inverse of each other
and, m=?
m 2 3 –2
Now,  7 3   –7 m  = I

or,  m × 3 + 2 × (–7) m × (–2) + 2 × m  =  1 0 

 7 × 3 + 3 × (–7) 7 × (–2) + 3 × m   0 1 
or,  3m – 14 – 2m + 2m  =  1 0 
 21 – 21 – 14 + 3m   0 1 
or,  3m – 14 0  1 0
 0 – 14 + 3m  =  0 1 
Equating the corresponding elements
3m – 14 = 1
or, 3m = 1 + 14
or, 3m = 15
 m=5
 x –1 
If the matrices 
4 2 
13.
5 3 
and  –5 2  are inverse to each other, calculate the value of x.
 2 
 x –1 
4 2
Soln: Given, matrices are  5 3  and  5 
 –2 2 
As they are inverse to each other
 x –1 
 4 2  5
 5 3  –2 2  = I
 
5
 4 × x + 2 × –  4 × (–1) + 2 × 2 
  2 = 1 0 
or,
 5 × x + 3 × – 5 5 × (–1) + 3 × 2   0 1 
  2 
 4x – 5 0  1 0
or,  5x – 15 1  =  0 1 
 2 
Equating the corresponding elements
4x – 5 = 1

or, 4x = 1 + 5 or, 4x = 6
6
or, x=4
3
 x=2

143
Long Questions:
1. Solve by matrix method: 9x – 8y = 12, 2x + 3y = 17
Soln: Given, equations are
9x – 8y = 12 .............................................. (i)
2x + 3y = 17 ............................................... (ii)
Writing the equations in the form of matrix
 9 –8  x = 12
 2 3  y 17
A X B
9 –8 x 12
Where, A =  2 3  , X = y , B = 17
Here, AX = B
 X = A–1B
9 –8 
Now, |A| =   2 3  = 9 × 3 – (–8) × 2 = 27 + 16 = 43
Since, |A|  0
 A–1 exists
3 8
And, Adj. A =  –2 9 
1 1 3 8
 A–1 = |A| Adj. A = 43  –2 9 
1 3 8 12 1 3 × 12 + 8 × 17 1 172 4
Now, X = A–1B = 43  –2 9  17 = 43 –2 × 12 + 9 × 17 = 43 129 = 3

 x = 4
y 3
Equating the corresponding elements,
we get, x = 4 and y = 3
2. Solve by matrix method: 4x + 3y = 5, y – 3x = –7
Soln: Given equations are
4x + 3y = 5 ............................................. (i)
and y – 3x = –7
 –3x + y = –7 ........................................... (ii)
Writing the equations in the form of matrix
 4 3  x =  5 
 –3 1  y –7
A X B
4 3 x 5
Where, A =  –3 1  , X = y , B = –7
Here, AX = B
 X = A–1B
4 3 
Now, |A| =   –3 1  = 4 × 1 – 3 × (–3) = 4 + 9 = 13
Since |A|  0
 A–1 exists.
1 –3
And Adj. A =  3 4 
1 1 1 –3
 A–1 = |A| Adj. A = 13  3 4 

144
 1 1 –3 5 1 1 × 5 + (–3) × (–7)
Now, X = A–1B = 13  3 4  –7 = 13  3 × 5 + 4 × (–7) 
1 5 + 21 1 26 2
= 13 15 – 28 = 13 –13 = –1

 x =  2 
y –1
Equating the corresponding elements,
we get, x = 2 and y = –1
3 2 6 2
3. Solve by matrix method: = + 2, – = 1
y x x y
Sol : Given equations are
n

3 2
y=x+2
2 3
or, –2=x–y
2 3
 x – y = – 2 ........................................ (i)
6 2
and x – y = 1 .......................................... (ii)
Writing the equations in the form of matrix
1
 2 –3  x –2
 6 –2  1 =  1 
y
A X B
1 
Where, A =  6 –2  , X = 1 , B =  1 
2 –3 x –2
 
y
Here, AX = B
 X = A–1B
2 –3 
Now, |A| =   6 –2  = 2 × (–2) – (–3) × 6 = –4 + 18 = 14
Since, |A|  0
 A–1 exists
–2 3
And, Adj. A =  –6 2 
1 1 –2 3
 A–1 = |A| Adj. A = 14  –6 2 
1 –2 3 –2 1 (–2) × (–2) + 3 × 1
Now, X = A–1B = 14  –6 2   1  = 14 (–6) × (–2) + 2 × 1

1 4+3 1 7 1
= 14 12 + 2 = 14 14 = 2
1
1
  1
 x = 2
1 1
y
Equating the corresponding elements,
145
 1 1 1
We get, x = 2 and y = 1
 x=2  y=1
5 10
4. Solve by matrix method: + 3y = 7 and 7y – = 12
x x
Sol : Given, equations are
n

5
x + 3y = 7 ....................................................... (i)
10
and 7y – x = 12
10
 – x + 7y = 12 ................................................ (ii)
Writing the equations in the form of matrix
1 
 5 3  x =  7 
 –10 7   
y 12
A X B
5 3 1 7
Where, A =  –10 7  , X = x , B = 12
y
Here, AX = B
 X = A–1B
5 3 
Now, |A| =   –10 7  = 5 × 7 – 3 × (–10) = 35 + 30 = 65
Since, |A|  0
 A–1 exists.
7 –3
And Adj. A =  10 5 
1 1 7 –3
 A–1 = |A| Adj. A = 65  10 5 
1 7 –3 7
Now, X = A–1B = 65  10 5  12
1 7 × 7 + (–3) × 12 1 49 – 36
= 65  10 × 7 + 5 × 12  = 65 70 + 60

1 13 1
= 65 130 = 5
2
1
    1
 x = 5
y 2
Equating the corresponding elements
1 1
x=5 and y = 2
 x=5
6 2
5. Solve by matrix method: – = 1 and 2y – 3x = 2xy
x y
Sol : Given equations are
n

146
 6 2
x – y = 1 ........................................... (i)
and 2y – 3x = 2xy
2y 3x 2xy
or, xy – xy = xy
2 3
 x – y = 2 .............................................. (ii)
Writing the equations in the form of matrix
1
 6 –2  x 1
 2 –3  1 = 2
y
A X B
1 
Where, A =  2 –3  , X = 1 , B = 2
6 –2 x 1
 
y
Here, AX = B
 X = A–1B
6 –2 
Now, |A| =   2 –3  = 6 × (–3) – (–2) × 2 = –18 + 4 = –14
Since, |A|  0
 A–1 exists.
–3 2
And, Adj. A =  –2 6 
1 1 –3 2 1 –3 2
 A–1 = |A| Adj. A = –14  –2 6  = – 14  –2 6 
1 –3 2 1
Now, X = A–1B = – 14  –2 6  2
1 (–3) × 1 + 2 × 2 1 –3+4 1 1
= – 14 (–2) × 1 + 6 × 2 = – 14 – 2 + 12 = – 14 10

– 1  – 1 
=  10 =  5 
14 14
–   – 
 14  7 
  – 1 
1
 x =  14
1  – 5 
y  7 
Equating the corresponding elements
1 1 1 5
We get, x = – 14 and y = – 7
or, 14 = –x or, 7 = –5y
7
 x = –14 or, –5 = y
7
 y=–5

147
 3x + 5y 5x – 2y
6. Solve by matrix method : = =3
8 3
3x + 5y 5x – 2y
Soln: Given, 8 = 3 =3
3x + 5y
Taking, 8 =3
 3x + 5y = 24 ......................................... (i)
5x – 2y
and 3 =3
 5x – 2y = 9 ............................................ (ii)
Writing the equations in the form of matrix
 3 5  x = 24
 5 –2  y  9 
A X B
3 5 x 24
Where, A =  5 –2  , X = y , B =  9 
Here, AX = B
 X = A–1B
3 5 
Now, |A| =   5 –2  = 3 × (–2) – 5 × 5 = –6 – 25 = –31
Since, |A|  0
 A–1 exists
–2 –5
And, Adj. A =  –5 3 
1 1 –2 –5
 A–1 = |A| Adj. A = –31  –5 3 
Now, X = A–1B
1 –2 –5 24 1 (–2) × 24 + (–5) × 9
= –31  –5 3   9  = – 31  (–5) × 24 + 3 × 9 
1 – 48 – 45 1 – 93 3
= – 31 – 120 + 27 = – 31 – 93 = 3

 x = 3
y 3
Equating the corresponding elements
We get,
 x = 3 and y = 3
If A = 
3 5 
, find the determinant of A2 + 5A–1 – 14I, where I is 2 × 2 unit matrix.
1 2 
7.
3 5
Soln: Given, A =  1 2 
3 5 
|A| = 
 1 2 =3×2–5×1=6–5=1
Since |A|  0
 A–1 exists.
2 –5
Adj. A =  –1 3 
1 1 2 –5 2 –5
 A–1 = |A| Adj. A = 1  –1 3  =  –1 3 

148
 3 5 3 5 2 –5 1 0
Now, A2 + 5A–1 – 14I =  1 2   1 2  + 5 –1 3  – 14 0 1 
3×3+5×1 3×5+5×2 10 –25 14 0
=  1 × 3 + 2 × 1 1 × 5 + 2 × 2  +  –5 15  –  0 14 
14 25 10 –25 14 0
=  5 9  +  –5 15  –  0 14 
14 + 10 – 14 25 – 25 – 0   10 0 
=  5 – 5 – 0 9 + 15 – 14  =  0 10 
10 0 
 | A2 + 5A–1 – 14I| =   0 10  = 10 × 10 – 0 × 0 = 100
If M = 
2 4 
and N = 
2 1 
, find the matrix (2M + 3N)T and the find its determinant.
–2 5  –1 3 
8.
2 4
Soln: Given, M =  –2 5 
2 1
and N =  –1 3 
2 4 2 1 4 8 6 –3
Now, 2M + 3N = 2 –2 5  + 3 –1 3  =  –4 10  +  –3 9 
4+6 8+3 10 11
=  –4 – 3 10 + 9  =  –7 19 
10 –7
And (2M + 3N)T =  11 19 
10 –7 
 |(2M + 3N)T| =   11 19  = 10 × 19 – (–7) × 11 = 190 + 77 = 267
3.2. Cramer's Rule
a1 b1   c1 b1 
In the linear equations a1x + b1y = c1 and c2x + b2y = c2 if D = 
 a2 b2  , Dx =  c2 b2  and
a1 c1  Dx Dy
Dy = 
 a2 c2  then formula x = D and y = D is known as Cramer's Rule.
Note: Dx and Dy can also be denoted by D1 and D2 respectively.

Exercise
Very Short Questions:
1. According to the Cramer's rule, write the value of D in the equations a1x + b1y = c1 and a2x +
b2y = c2.
Soln: Given, equations are
a1x + b1y = c1
a2x + b2y = c2
a1 b1 
 D=  a2 b2 
2. According to the cramer's rule, write the value of D1 in the equations a1x + b1y = c1 and a2x +
b2y = c2.
Soln: Given, equations are
a1x + b1y = c1
a2x + b2y = c2
c1 b1 
 D1 = 
 c2 b2 
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3. According to the cramer's rule, write the value of D2 in the equations a1x + b1y = c1 and a2x +
b2y = c2.
Soln: Given, equations are
a1x + b1y = c1
a2x + b2y = c2
a1 c1 
 D2 = 
 a2 c2 
4. What value of D makes the solution of equations undefined according to the cramer's rule?
Soln: If the value of D is 0 then the solution of equations will be undefined.
5. Write the formula to calculate x and y using cramer's rule when D, D1 and D2 are given.
Soln: If D, D1 and D2 are given then
D1 D2
x = D and y = D
6. Write the values of Dx and Dy from the equations 3x + 5y = 21 and 2x + 3y = 13.
Soln: Given, equations are
3x + 5y = 21
and 2x + 3y = 13
Here,
Coefficient of x Coefficient of y Constant
3 5 21
2 3 13
21 5
Dx =  
 13 3  = 21 × 3 – 5 × 13 = 63 – 65 = –2
3 21 
Dy = 
 2 13  = 3 × 13 – 21 × 2 = 39 – 42 = –3
7. If D = –22, D1 = –44 and D2 = 22, find the values of x and y.
Soln: Given, D = –22, D1 = –44 and D2 = 22
D1 –44
Now, x = D = –22 = 2
D2 22
y = D = –22 = – 1
1 1
8. If D = 22, x = and y = , find the values of D1 and D2.
4 10
1 1
Soln: Given, D = 22, x = 4 and y = 10
D1
Now, x = D
1 D1 22
or, 4 = 22 or, 4 = D1
11
 D1 = 2
D2
And, y = D
1 D2 22
or, 10 = 22 or, 10 = D2
11
 D2 = 5
11 11
 D1 = 2 and D2 = 5

150
Short Questions:

If D = 
7 4 
,D =
37 4 
and D2 = 
7 37 
1.  1 3  1  15 3   1 15  , find the values of x and y.
7 4 
Soln: Given, D = 1 3
37 4 
D1 =  15 3 
7 37 
and D2 =   1 15 
x = ?, y = ?
7 4 
Now, D =   1 3  = 7 × 3 – 4 × 1 = 21 – 4 = 17
37 4 
D1 =  15 3  = 37 × 3 – 4 × 15 = 111 – 60 = 51
7 37 
D2 =  1 15  = 7 × 15 – 37 × 1 = 105 – 37 = 68
D1 51
 x = D = 17 3
D2 68
and y = D = 17 = 4
2. Find the values of D, Dx and Dy using cramer's rule from the equations 2x – y = 5 and x – 2y = 1.
Soln: Given equations are
2x – y = 5
and x – 2y = 1
Here,
Coefficient of x Coefficient of y Constant
2 –1 5
1 –2 1
2 –1
Now, D =  
 1 –2  = 2 × (–2) – (–1) × 1 = –4 + 1 = –3
5 –1 
Dx =  1 –2  = 5 × (–2) – (–1) × 1 = –10 + 1 = –9
2 5 
Dy =  1 1  = 2 × 1 – 5 × 1 = 2 – 5 = –3
If D = 
1 –5   8 –5  1 8
3.  6 11  , Dx =  7 11  and Dy =  6 7  then write the corresponding equations
to these values.
1 –5 
Sol : Given, D = 
n
 6 11 
8 –5 
Dx =  7 11 
1 8 
and Dy =  6 7
1 –5   a1 b1 
Let, D =   6 11  =  a2 b2 
8 –5   c1 b1 
Dx =  7 11  =  c2 b2 
1 8   a1 c1 
Dy =  6 7  =  a2 c2 
151
  The first equation is a1x + b1y = c1
i.e. 1 . x + (–5)y = 8
 x – 5y = 8
And the second equation is a2x + b2y = c2
i.e. 6x + 11y = 7
4. If the equations px + 5y = 21 and 2x + 3y = 13 have Dy = –3 then find the value of p.
Soln: Given, px + 5y = 21
2x + 3y = 13
and Dy = –3
Coefficient of x Coefficient of y Constant
p 5 21
2 3 13
As we know,
p 21 
Dy =  2 13 
  p 21  = – 3
 2 13 
or, 13p – 42 = –3 or, 13p = 42 – 3
or, 13p = 39
 p=3
5. If the value of Dx is –k + 5 obtained from the equations x + 2y = 8 and 2x + ky = 4k – 1, find
the value of k.
Soln: Given, x + 2y = 8, 2x + ky = 4k – 1 and Dx = –k + 5
Coefficient of x Coefficient of y Constant
1 2 8
2 k 4k – 1
As we know,
8 2 
Dx =  4k – 1 k 
  8 2  = –k + 5
 4k – 1 k 
or, 8k – 2(4k – 1) = –k + 5 or, 8k – 8k + 2 = –k + 5
or, 2 = –k + 5 or, k = 5 – 2
 k=3
Long Questions:
1. Solve by using Cramer's rule: 2x + 3y = 5 and 3x – y = 2
Soln: Given, 2x + 3y = 5 ............................................ (i)
3x – y = 2 ............................................... (ii)
Coefficient of x Coefficient of y Constant
a1 = 2 b1 = 3 c1 = 5
a2 = 3 b2 = –1 c2 = 2
a b 2 3
Now, D =    
1 1
 a2 b2  =  3 –1  = –2 – 9 = –11
c1 b1   5 3 
D1 = 
 c2 b2  =  2 –1  = –5 – 6 = –11
a1 c1   2 5 
D2 = 
 a2 c2  =  3 2  = 4 – 15 = – 11
D1 – 11
Now, x = D = – 11 = 1

152
 D2 – 11
and y = D = – 11 = 1
 x = 1 and y = 1
2. Solve the given equations by Cramer's rule: 2(x + y) 3x and 7x = 2(3y + 7)
Soln: Given, 2(x + y) = 3x
or, 2x + 2y = 3x or, 2x – 3x + 2y = 0
 –x + 2y = 0 ............................................... (i)
and 7x = 2(3y + 7)
or, 7x = 6y + 14
or, 7x – 6y = 14 ............................................... (ii)
Coefficient of x Coefficient of y Constant
a1 = –1 b1 = 2 c1 = 0
a2 = 7 b2 = –6 c2 = 14
a1 b1   –1 2 
D=  a2 b2  =  7 –6  = (–1) × (–6) – 2 × 7 = 6 – 14 = –8
c1 b1   0 2 
D1 =  c2 b2  =  14 –6  = 0 × (–6) – 2 × 14 = 0 – 28 = –28
a1 c1   –1 0 
D2 =  a2 c2  =  7 14  = (–1) × 14 – 0 × 7 = –14 – 0 = –14
D1 – 28 7
Now, x = D = – 8 = 2
D2 – 14 7
and y = D = – 8 = 4
7 7
 x = 2 and y = 4
x 2y 3x
3. Solve the given equations by Cramer's rule: – = –1, + 7y = 1
7 7 5
x 2y x – 2y
Soln: Given, 7 – 7 = –1 or, 7 = –1
 x – 2y = –7 ........................................... (i)
3x 3x + 35y
and 5 + 7y = 1 or, 5 =1
 3x + 35y = 5 ........................................ (ii)
Coefficient of x Coefficient of y Constant
a1 = 1 b1 = –2 c1 = –7
a2 = 3 b2 = 35 c2 = 5
a b 1 –2
D=   
1 1
 a2 b2  =  3 35  = 1 × 35 – (–2) × 3 = 35 + 6 = 41
c1 b1   –7 –2 
D1 =  c2 b2  =  5 35  = (–7) × 35 – (–2) × 5 = –245 + 10 = –235
a1 c1   1 –7 
D2 =  a2 c2  =  3 5  = 1 × 5 – (–7) × 3 = 5 + 21 = 26
D1 – 235
Now, x = D = 41
D2 26
and y = D = 41
– 235 26
 x = 41 and y = 41

153
 6 3 4 3
4. Solve the given equations by Cramer's rule : + = 4 and – = 1
x y x y
6 3
Soln: Given, x + y = 4 .......................................... (i)
4 3
and x – y = 1 .......................................... (ii)
Coefficient of x Coefficient of y Constant
a1 = 6 b1 = 3 c1 = 4
a2 = 4 b2 = –3 c2 = 1
a b 6 3
D=   
1 1
 a2 b2  =  4 –3  = 6 × (–3) – 3 × 4 = –18 – 12 = –30
c1 b1   4 3 
D1 = 
 c2 b2  =  1 –3  = 4 × (–3) – 3 × 1 = –12 – 3 = –15
a1 c1   6 4 
D2 = 
 a2 c2  =  4 1  = 6 × 1 – 4 × 4 = 6 – 16 = –10
1 D1 – 15 1
Now, x = D = – 30 = 2
1 1
 x=2  x=2
1 D2 – 10 1
and y = D = – 30 = 3
1 1
 y=3  y=3
 x = 2 and y = 3
10 4
5. Solve the given equations by Cramer's rule: – 2y = –1 and + 3y = 11
x x
10
Soln: Given, x – 2y = –1 .......................................... (i)
4
and x + 3y = 11 .............................................. (ii)
Coefficient of x Coefficient of y Constant
a1 = 10 b1 = –2 c1 = –1
a2 = 4 b2 = 3 c2 = 11
a1 b1   10 –2 
D=  a2 b2  =  4 3  = 10 × 3 – (–2) × 4 = 30 + 8 = 38
c1 b1   –1 –2 
D1 = 
 c2 b2  =  11 3  = (–1) × 3 – (–2) × 11 = –3 + 22 = 19
a1 c1   10 –1 
D2 = 
 a2 c2  =  4 11  = 10 × 11 – (–1) × 4 = 110 + 4 = 114
1 D1 19 1
Now, x = D = 38 = 2
1 1
 x=2  x=2
D2 114
and y = D = 38 = 3
 y=3
 x = 2 and y = 3

154