PHYSICS A freely falling body is one that is acted on by no forces of

appreciable magnitude other than its weight.

Prepared by: Engr. Henry T. Amado
Force is defined as any influence capable of producing a change in 𝟏
the motion of a body. 𝒉 = 𝟐𝒈𝒕𝟐
Scalars are quantities that have only magnitude.
Vectors are quantities that are specified by magnitude and 𝒗 = 𝒈𝒕
direction.
Resultant of a force is that single quantity of the same physical
A projectile is an object which is given an initial velocity and which
make up that would produce the same effect on a body.
is then allowed to move under the action of gravity.
Rectangular components of a force

Vy=Vosinθ-gt V Vx
R Vx
P(x,y) Vx =V0x
Vy V H
Ry V0
θ V0y
θ V0x
Rx V0x
R V0y
V0
Trajectory of a projectile is parabolic.

𝒗𝒙 = 𝒗𝟎𝒙 = 𝒗𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 → (𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕)

𝑹𝒙 = 𝑹𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝒗𝒚 = 𝒗𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 − 𝒈𝒕
𝑹𝒚 = 𝑹𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝒙 = (𝒗𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽)𝒕
𝑹 = √𝑹𝒙 𝟐 + 𝑹𝒚 𝟐
𝟏
𝒚 = (𝒗𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)𝒕 − 𝟐𝒈𝒕𝟐

𝒙
𝒕=
𝒗𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

A R β 𝒗𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒆 =
𝒈
θ α
B
𝒗𝟎 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽
𝑯=
𝟐𝒈

𝒗𝟎 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝜽
𝑹=
𝒈
𝑹𝟐 = 𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 − 𝟐𝑨𝑩𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶

𝑹 𝑨 𝑩 For θ = 0, the body is projected horizontally,

= =
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷
𝒗𝒙 = 𝒗𝟎
The speed of a moving body is the distance it moves per unit of
time. 𝒗𝒚 = 𝒈𝒕
Velocity is defined as the time rate of change of displacement.
Uniformly Accelerated Motion is defined as motion in a straight 𝒙 = 𝒗𝟎 𝒕
line in which the direction is always the same and the speed
changes at a constant rate. 𝟏
𝒚 = 𝟐𝒈𝒕𝟐
̅̅̅
𝒔 = 𝒗𝒕

𝒗𝟏 − 𝒗𝟎 = 𝒂𝒕

𝒗𝟎 + 𝒗𝟏
̅=
𝒗
𝟐

𝟏
𝒔 = 𝒗𝟎 𝒕 + 𝟐𝒂𝒕𝟐

𝟐𝒂𝒔 = 𝒗𝟏 𝟐 − 𝒗𝟎 𝟐

1|
Uniform circular motion
Horizontal circle o

L θ
v1 A
T
B Tcosθ
v2 r
r θ m Tsinθ c
r
C

W=mg

𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝑻𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 =
𝒓
𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝑪. 𝑭. = 𝑻𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒎𝒗 𝟐
𝒓
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 = = 𝒓
𝑻𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒎𝒈
𝟏
𝑻=
𝒏 𝒗 = √𝒓𝒈 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽
𝟐
𝟒𝝅 𝒓
𝒂= 𝒗 = √𝑳𝒈 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽
𝑻𝟐

𝒂 = 𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝒓𝒏𝟐 Banking Curves

N
θ Ncosθ

Vertical circle
C.F.=Nsinθ

m B mg
v θ
W T1

𝑵𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝒎𝒈

𝒎𝒗𝟐
T2 𝑵𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 =
𝒓
m
v
A
𝒗𝟐
W 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 =
𝒓𝒈

Newton’s Laws of Motion

Tension at the lowest point Inertia is the property of a body which measures its resistance to a
change in its state of rest, or of constant velocity along a straight
𝒗𝟐 line.
𝑻𝟐 = 𝒎 [ + 𝒈] First Law of Motion:
𝒓
A body at rest remains at rest, and a body in motion continues to
move with constant speed in a straight line, unless acted upon by a
At the highest point, net external force.
Second Law of Motion:
𝒗𝟐 The unbalanced external force acting on a body imparts an
𝑻𝟏 = 𝒎 [ − 𝒈] acceleration which is proportional to the applied force, the direction
𝒓
of the acceleration being the same as that of the force.
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
Critical velocity Third Law of Motion:

𝒗𝒄 = √𝒓𝒈 For every force that acts on a body, there is a second force equal in
magnitude but opposite in direction that acts upon another body.
Conical Pendulum

2|
Friction Kinetic energy is the energy in motion.

Frictional force is a force acting on the body whenever it moves 𝟏

𝑬𝒌 = 𝟐𝒎𝒗𝟐
while in contact with another body. This force always opposes the
direction of the motion. The frictional force is proportional to the
normal force and is directed parallel to the surface. Law of Conservation of Energy

𝐹 = 𝜇𝑁 Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it merely changes

from one form to another.
Coefficient of kinetic friction is the ratio of the frictional force to
the perpendicular force pressing the two surfaces together. Transformation of Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy
𝐹
𝜇𝑘 = 𝑬𝒑 = 𝑬𝒌
𝑁

Coefficient of static friction is the ratio of the limiting frictional force 𝟏

𝒎𝒈𝒉 = 𝟐𝒎𝒗𝟐
to the normal force.

𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝒗 = √𝟐𝒈𝒉
𝜇𝑠 =
𝑁
Transformation of Work and Kinetic Energy
Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
𝑾 = 𝑬𝒌
Every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a
force that is directly proportional to the product of the masses of 𝟏
the two particles and inversely proportional to the square of the 𝑭𝒔 = 𝟐𝒎𝒗𝟐
distance between their centers of mass.

Power is the time rate of doing work or the amount of work done
per unit time.

𝑾
F 𝑷=
m1 m2 𝒕

Momentum is the product of the mass and velocity of a body.

s 𝒑 = 𝒎𝒗

Impulse is the product of the force and the time during which it acts.
𝑮𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐 Impulse is equal to the change in momentum.
𝑭=
𝒔𝟐
𝑰𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒔𝒆 = 𝑭∆𝒕
where:
𝑰𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒔𝒆 = 𝒑𝟐 − 𝒑𝟏 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐 − 𝒎𝒗𝟏
G=gravitational constant
G= 6.673 x 10-11 N.m2/kg2 Rotational motion of rigid bodies
G = 6.673 x 10-8 cm3/g. s2
G = 3.436 x 10-8 lbf-ft2/slug2 𝝎𝟐 = 𝝎𝟏 + 𝜶𝒕
G = 3.320 x 10-11lbf-ft2/lbm2
Work refers to the process of changing the energy of a particle, 𝟏
body, or system. ̅ = 𝟐(𝝎𝟏 + 𝝎𝟐 )
𝝎

𝟏
𝑾 = 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒙 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝑭𝒔 𝜽 = 𝝎𝟏 𝒕 + 𝟐𝜶𝒕𝟐

Energy is the property of the body or system of bodies by virtue of 𝝎𝟐 𝟐 = 𝝎𝟏 𝟐 + 𝟐𝜶𝜽

which work can be done.
where:
Potential energy is the energy of position or configuration or 𝜔 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠.
gravitational energy. 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠.
𝛼 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 2 .
𝑬𝒑 = 𝑾𝒉 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠.

3|
 Hydraulic Press
PHYSICS

d D
Prepared by Engr. Henry T. Amado
• Density of a substance is mass per unit volume.
𝑚
f
𝜌= 𝑉
a A
• Weight-density is weight per unit volume.
𝑊
𝐷= 𝑉 a F=f(A/a)
• Specific gravity or relative density of a substance
is the ratio of the density of the substance to the
density of water.
𝜌 𝐷
𝜌𝑟 = 𝜌 =
𝑤 𝐷𝑤 (1) 𝑓 = 𝑝𝑎
• Relation between density and weight-density.
𝑓
𝐷 = 𝜌𝑔 𝑝=𝑎
• Pressure is normal force per unit area.
𝐹
𝑝=𝐴 (2) 𝐹 = 𝑝𝐴

𝑓
𝐹 = (𝑎 ) 𝐴

𝐴
W 𝐹 = 𝑓 (𝑎 )

F h
A
• Boyle’s Law

𝑝𝑉 = 𝑘
• Pressure due to the weight of a liquid
𝐹 = 𝑊 = 𝑉𝜌𝑔 = 𝐴ℎ𝜌𝑔 𝑝1 𝑉1 = 𝑝2 𝑉2
The pressure P due to the liquid is,
𝐹 • Archimedes Principle:
𝑝 = 𝐴=𝐴ℎ𝜌𝑔
𝐴

𝑝 = ℎ𝜌𝑔 “A body partially or totally immersed in a liquid is

• Pressure due to the liquid and surface buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the liquid
𝑝 = 𝑝𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒+ 𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 displaced by the solid.”
𝑝 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚+ℎ𝜌𝑔

• Pascal’s Principle:
P1 h1
“If any external pressure is applied to a confined
fluid, the pressure will be increased at every point in the
h2
fluid by the amount of the external pressure.” L

A
P2

• Buoyant Force = weight of liquid displaced

𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑃2 𝐴 − 𝑃1 𝐴

= (ℎ2 𝜌𝑔 − ℎ1 𝜌𝑔)𝐴

4|
 = (ℎ2 − ℎ1 )𝐴𝜌𝑔 1 𝑣2 2
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 𝜌 [ 2 − 1] 𝑣1 2
2 𝑣1
= (𝐿𝐴)𝜌𝑔 𝐴1 𝑣2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, = , ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐴2 𝑣1
= (𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒)(𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦) 2
1 𝐴1
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 𝜌 [ 2 − 1] 𝑣1 2
𝐵. 𝐹. = 𝑉𝜌𝑔 2 𝐴2
• Torricelli’s theorem
• Bernoulli’s Theorem 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣
𝑣 = √2𝑔ℎ
𝑄 = 𝐴√2𝑔ℎ
𝐹1= 𝑃1 𝐴1 𝑣1
𝑣2 𝐹2= 𝑃2 𝐴2 • Wave
Waves are a periodic disturbance.
𝑥1 Transverse wave is a wave in which the vibration direction is
perpendicular to the direction of the wave propagation.
𝑣1 Longitudinal wave is a wave in which vibration direction is parallel
𝐹1 𝑣2 𝐹2
to the direction of propagation.
𝑥2 Period of vibration (T) is the time taken for a particle to move
through in one complete cycle.
Frequency of vibration (f) is the number of such vibrations
𝐹1 = 𝑃1 𝐴1 executed by the particle each second.
𝐹2 = 𝑃2 𝐴2 Crest is the top points on the wave.
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝐹1 𝑥1 = 𝑃1 𝐴1 𝑥1 Trough is the bottom points on the wave.
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝐹2 𝑥2 = 𝑃2 𝐴2 𝑥2 Amplitude (A) is the maximum displacement from their normal
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝑃1 𝐴1 𝑥1 − 𝑃2 𝐴2 𝑥2 position of the particles that oscillate back and forth.
𝐴1 𝑥1 = 𝐴2 𝑥2 = 𝑉 Wavelength (λ) is the distance between two successive points in a
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = (𝑃1 − 𝑃2 )𝑉 wave.
(𝑃1 − 𝑃2 )𝑉 = 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 Standing wave is a stationary wave pattern formed in a medium
Let m = mass of liquid when two sets of identical wave pass through the medium in
1 1 opposite directions.
(𝑃1 − 𝑃2 )𝑉 = 𝑚𝑣2 2 − 𝑚𝑣1 2 Wave properties
2 2
For horizontal pipe: Reflection is the property of waves which occurs when a wave
1 1 strikes an object or comes to a boundary or another medium and
𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑣1 2 = 𝑃2 + 𝜌𝑣2 2 is at least diverted back into the original medium.
2 2
Refraction is the wave which occurs when a wave crosses a
For elevated pipe:
boundary into another medium its speed generally changes
1 1
𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑣1 2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦1 = 𝑃2 + 𝜌𝑣2 2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦2 because the new material has a different characteristic.
2 2
Diffraction is the property of waves to bend around and edge of an
object but is unrelated to refraction.
Dispersion is the property of waves whereby waves of different
• Venturimeter
frequency spread apart from one another.
Interference is the wave phenomena that occurs when two or more
waves overlap in the same region of space.
ℎ
1 Velocity of a transverse wave
2
𝑣2
𝐴1 𝑣1 𝐴2 𝑇
𝑣=√
𝜇
where:
𝑚
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = ℎ𝜌𝑔 𝜇 = = 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐿
1 1 1
𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑣1 2 = 𝑃2 + 𝜌𝑣2 2 𝑓=
2 2 𝑇
1 𝜆
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 𝜌(𝑣2 − 𝑣1 2 )
2 𝑣=
𝑇
2
𝑣 = 𝑓𝜆

5|
 𝑣
Velocity of longitudinal wave (b) 𝜆 = 𝐿, 𝑓2 =
𝐿
2 3𝑣
(c) 𝜆 = 𝐿, 𝑓3 =
3 2𝐿
𝐸 𝐿 2𝑣
𝑣=√ (d) 𝜆 = , 𝑓4 =
𝜌 2 𝐿
Vibrating air column in a closed pipe

where:
𝐸 = 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 L
For a rod, E is Young’s modulus
For fluids, E is bulk modulus (a)
Standing waves

L
(b)

(a)
L/2

(c)
(b)
L/3

(c) (d)
L/4

(d)

𝐸
(a) 𝜆 = 2𝐿, 𝑓1 =
1 𝑇 𝑣=√
√
2𝐿 𝜇 𝜌
1 𝑇
(b) 𝜆 = 𝐿, 𝑓2 = √ 𝑣
𝐿 𝜇 (a) 𝜆 = 4𝐿, 𝑓1 =
4𝐿
2 3 𝑇
(c) 𝜆 = 𝐿, 𝑓3 = √𝜇
3 2𝐿 4 3𝑣
(b) 𝜆 = 𝐿, 𝑓2 =
𝐿 2 𝑇 3 4𝐿
(d) 𝜆 = , 𝑓4 = √
2 𝐿 𝜇
4 5𝑣
Vibrating air column in an open pipe (c) 𝜆 = 𝐿, 𝑓3 =
5 4𝐿

4 7𝑣
(d) 𝜆 = 𝐿, 𝑓4 =
7 4𝐿

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

𝐸
𝑣=√
𝜌
𝑣
(a) 𝜆 = 2𝐿, 𝑓1 =
2𝐿

6|