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Understanding Referents and Sense Relations

The document discusses various linguistic concepts including unique and non-unique referents, sense relations such as polysemy and homonymy, and types of antonyms. It also covers ambiguity in language, including lexical and referential ambiguity, and explores transference of meaning through metonymy, metaphor, hyperbole, and euphemism. Each concept is illustrated with examples to clarify their meanings and relationships.

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5 views3 pages

Understanding Referents and Sense Relations

The document discusses various linguistic concepts including unique and non-unique referents, sense relations such as polysemy and homonymy, and types of antonyms. It also covers ambiguity in language, including lexical and referential ambiguity, and explores transference of meaning through metonymy, metaphor, hyperbole, and euphemism. Each concept is illustrated with examples to clarify their meanings and relationships.

Uploaded by

ifyfrombelgium
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

REFERENCE

a. unique and non-unique referents (constant vs variable referents)

- unique/constant: a referrinng experession has fixed reference when the


reference is a unique entity.

Ex: gaza/the dead sea.

- non unique/variable: the referring expression which has variable reference

Ex: she swam in a lake

SENSE RELATIONS

Polysemi: Poly: many//semi: meaning

-> nghĩa có liên quan

Ex: foot: She was tapping her foot impatiently

Homonymy:

-> nghĩa ko dc liên quan đến nhau nhưng biểu chữ hoặc biểu âm liên quan
(đồng âm)

Tell me something that conducts electricity

Why, er

Yes, wire. Now name a unit of electrical power

A what?

Yes, a watt. Very good.

+ homophones: đồng thanh

+ homograph: đồng hình

+ kết hợp 2 loại trên = homonym

Synonym: từ đồng nghĩa

Antonym: từ trái nghĩa

- binary/complementary/contradictory/simple antonyms

binary: nhị phân (chia làm 2 thái cực rõ ràng, đối lập hoàn toàn

- gradable antonyms: hot >< cold (có nhiều cấp độ) hot warm cool cold
- converses/ relational antonyms: trái nghĩa nhưng có quan hệ

Sell >< buyown >< belong to employer >< employee

- reverses / directional antonyms (trái nghĩa về mặt phương hướng)

Fill >< empty right >< left

Hyponymy: A is a type of B

A relationship of inclusion: a general term (superordinate or hypernym)


covers terms that are more specific (its hyponyms)

Hyponym = Rose <- flowers = hypernym = quan hệ bao trùm –


superordinate

Meronym: A is a part of B

Car: wheel, engine, door, window, petrol,…

AMBIGUITY

- Lexical ambiguity: mơ hồ về ngữ nghĩa: cùng âm, cùng form nhưng khác
nghĩa

I promise I’ll give you a ring tomorrow.

Lexical ambiguity: mơ hồ về từ

- How do you make a turtle fast?

Take away its food.

Homonymy: I saw bats. (con dơi/cái vợt)

Polysemy: The fish is smelling (ngửi/bốc mùi)

Referential ambiguity: mơ hồ về sự chỉ định

- Xảy ra với he, she, it, they…

+ “If you want to get promoted, you have to work hard”

“you” rất mơ hồ, ko rõ chỉ đối tượng nào và có thể thay đổi

+ I’m buying a frink for everybody here (one drink for all or one drink for
each)

Structural ambiguity

I observed John in the garden (John is in the garden or “I” in the garden”
TRANSFERENCE OF MEANING

Metonymy

- Part for whole: lấy cái nhỏ nói cái tổng: The movie is full of famous roles

- Whole for part: Argentina won the World Cup

Metarphor

Comparison between 2 things, but has a same meaning which can carry over
to another (nghĩa bóng)

It’s raining cats and dogs.

Hyperbole

Nói quá

Euphemism

Nói giảm nói tránh

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