1- INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE LEARNING

Introduction to Machine Learning:

Python has a crucial role in Machine Learning because Python provides libraries
like NumPy, Pandas, Scikit-learn, TensorFlow, and Keras. These libraries offer tools
and functions essential for data manipulation, analysis, and building machine learning
models. It is well-known for its readability and offers platform independence.

Machine learning (ML) is a type of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that allows

computers to learn without being explicitly programmed. It involves feeding data into
algorithms that can then identify patterns and make predictions on new
data. Machine learning is used in a wide variety of applications, including image and
speech recognition, natural language processing, and recommender systems.

Machine learning (ML) is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI) that focuses on

developing algorithms that improve automatically through experience and by using the
hidden patterns of the data.

Classification of Machine Learning:

Machine learning implementations are classified into four major categories,

depending on the nature of the learning “signal” or “response” available to a learning
system which are as follows:

1. Supervised learning:
In supervised learning, the algorithm is trained on labeled data i.e., the correct
answer or output is provided for each input. Supervised learning is the machine
learning task of learning a function that maps an input to an output based on example
input-output pairs. The given data is labeled.
Both classification and regression problems are supervised learning problems.

 Example – Consider the following data regarding patients entering a clinic . The
data consists of the Gender and Age of the patients and each patient is labeled as
“Healthy” or “Sick”. Label means Output data.
 1- INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE LEARNING

Gender Age Label

M 48 sick

M 67 sick

F 53 healthy

M 49 sick

F 32 healthy

M 34 healthy

2 Unsupervised learning:
In unsupervised learning, the algorithm is trained on unlabeled data i.e., the
correct output or answer is not provided for each input. Unsupervised learning is a
type of machine learning algorithm used to draw inferences from datasets consisting
of input data without labeled responses. In unsupervised learning algorithms,
classification or categorization is not included in the observations.

Example: Consider the following data regarding patients entering a clinic. The
data consists of the gender and age of the patients. Not Label data

Gender Age

M 48

F 53

M 49

F 34
 1- INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE LEARNING

3 Reinforcement Learning:
In reinforcement learning, the algorithm learns by receiving feedback in
the form of rewards or punishments based on its actions. Reinforcement learning
(RL) is a machine learning (ML) technique that trains software to make decisions
to achieve the most optimal results.

Reinforcement learning is a machine learning approach where an agent

(software entity) is trained to interpret the environment by performing actions
and monitoring the results. For every good action, the agent gets positive
feedback and for every bad action the agent gets negative feedback. It's inspired
by how animals learn from their experiences, making decisions based on the
consequences of their actions.

The following diagram shows a typical reinforcement learning model.

4 Semi-supervised Learning :
In semi-supervised learning, the algorithm is trained on combined labeled
and unlabeled data. In this way, as the name suggests, it is a hybrid technique
between supervised and unsupervised learning.

Semi-supervised learning is generally used when we have a huge set of

unlabeled data available. Semi-supervised learning is a machine learning approch
or technique that works in combination of supervised and unsupervised learning.
In semi-supervised learning, the machine learning alogrithms are trained on a
small amount of labeled data and a large amount of unlabeled data.
 1- INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE LEARNING

Components of ML:

The basic components of a Machine Learning system are as below.

 Data: It is the raw information used to train and test the model.
 Model: It is a mathematical representation that learns from the input data.
 Features: These are the input variables or attributes used by the model to make
predictions.
 Training: Process of feeding data into the model to make accurate predictions
by adjusting its internal parameters.
 Evaluation: Process of assessing the performance of model on separate dataset.
 Prediction: Process of using the trained model to make predictions on new data.

Relation of ML with AI and DL:

ML is a subset of AI that uses algorithms to learn patterns from data. DL is a

subset of ML that employs artificial neural networks for complex tasks. AI may or may
not require large datasets; it can use predefined rules. ML heavily relies on labeled data
for training and making predictions.

Machine learning and deep learning are both types of AI. In short, machine
learning is AI that can automatically adapt with minimal human interference. Deep
learning is a subset of machine learning that uses artificial neural networks to mimic
the human brain's learning process.

Application of Machine Learning:

Machine learning is one of the most exciting technologies that one would have
ever come across. As is evident from the name, it gives the computer that which
makes it more similar to humans: The ability to learn. Machine learning is actively
being used today, perhaps in many more places than one would expect.

 Image Recognition
 Speech Recognition
 Recommender Systems
 Fraud Detection
 Self Driving Cars
 Medical Diagnosis
 Stock Market Trading
 1- INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE LEARNING

1) Image Recognition:

Image Recognition is one of the reasons behind the boom one could have
experienced in the field of Deep Learning. The task which started from classification
between cats and dog images has now evolved up to the level of Face Recognition and
real-world use cases based on that like employee attendance tracking.
Also, image recognition has helped revolutionized the healthcare industry by
employing smart systems in disease recognition and diagnosis methodologies.

2) Speech Recognition:

Speech Recognition based smart systems like Alexa and Siri have certainly come
across and used to communicate with them. In the backend, these systems are based
basically on Speech Recognition systems. These systems are designed such that they
can convert voice instructions into text. (Voice Search)
One more application of the Speech recognition that we can encounter in our day-
to-day life is that of performing Google searches just by speaking to it.
3) Recommender Systems:

This application is possible just because of the recommender systems which can
analyze a user’s preferences and search history and based on that they can
recommend content or services to them.
An example of these services is very common for example YouTube. It
recommends new videos and content based on the user’s past search patterns. Netflix
recommends movies and series based on the interest provided by users when
someone creates an account for the very first time.
4) Fraud Detection:

In today’s world, most things have been digitalized varying from buying
toothbrushes or making transactions of millions of dollars everything is accessible
and easy to use. But with this process of digitization cases of fraudulent
transactions and fraudulent activities have increased. Identifying them is not that
easy but machine learning systems are very efficient in these tasks.
Due to these applications only whenever the system detects red flags in a user’s
activity than a suitable notification be provided to the administrator so, that these
cases can be monitored properly for any spam or fraud activities.
 1- INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE LEARNING

5) Self-Driving Cars:

It would have been assumed that there is certainly some ghost who is driving a car
if we ever saw a car being driven without a driver but all thanks to machine learning
and deep learning that in today’s world, this is possible and not a story from some
fictional book. Even though the algorithms and tech stack behind these technologies
are highly advanced but at the core it is machine learning which has made these
applications possible.
The most common example of this use case is that of the Tesla cars which are well-
tested and proven for autonomous driving.
6) Medical Diagnosis:

If you are a machine learning practitioner or even if you are a student then you
must have heard about projects like breast cancer Classification, Parkinson’s Disease
Classification, Pneumonia detection, and many more health-related tasks which are
performed by machine learning models with more than 90% of accuracy.
Not even in the field of disease diagnosis in human beings but they work perfectly fine
for plant disease-related tasks whether it is to predict the type of disease it is or to
detect whether some disease is going to occur in the future.
7) Stock Market Trading:

Stock Market has remained a hot topic among working professionals and even
students because if you have sufficient knowledge of the markets and the forces
which drives them then you can make fortune in this domain. Attempts have been
made to create intelligent systems which can predict future price trends and market
value as well.
This can be considered as one of the applications of time series forecasting because
stock price data is nothing but sequential data in which the time at which data has
been taken is of utmost importance.