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Potassium-Argon Dating and Oscillations

The document outlines exercises related to potassium-argon dating and electric oscillations, including calculations for mass defect, energy liberation, and resonance in oscillators. It covers the principles of mechanical oscillations, energy conservation, and the effects of damping. Detailed equations and results are provided for various physical scenarios, demonstrating the application of physics concepts.

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3 views3 pages

Potassium-Argon Dating and Oscillations

The document outlines exercises related to potassium-argon dating and electric oscillations, including calculations for mass defect, energy liberation, and resonance in oscillators. It covers the principles of mechanical oscillations, energy conservation, and the effects of damping. Detailed equations and results are provided for various physical scenarios, demonstrating the application of physics concepts.

Uploaded by

physpro.sv.sg
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© All Rights Reserved
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Exercise I- Potassium - argon dating of rocks

Q Pts
1.  + . According to the conservation laws of the charge number and mass number: 1½
A = 0 and z = -1   + +
+  + + R.X.
2. 1) It resembles the + disintegration because, in the nucleus, a proton transforms to neutron. ¾
3. 2) Mass defect : m = m( ) – m( ) – m( ); 3
m = 39.953576 – 39.951619– 5.48610-4 = 1.40810-3 u ;
The liberated energy: mc2 = 1.40810-3931.5 = 1.31 MeV.
KE(-) = mc2 + KE(K) – KE(Ca) – E( ) ; KE(-) is maximum for E( ) = 0 , KE(K) = 0 and
KE(Ca) = 0 so : KE(-) max = mc2 = 1.31 MeV.
4. 3) Mass defect : m = m( ) + m( ) – m( ); 2¼
m = 39.953576 + 5.48610 – 39.952509= 1.61610-3 u ;
-4

The liberated energy: mc2 =1.61610-3931.5 = 1.505 MeV.


5. 4) Mass of potassium 40 that transformed into argon = mass of argon = 0.0218 mg , representing 2¼
10.7% of the mass m' of potassium that disintegrated. So m' = 0.0218 = 0.2037 mg.
6. The total initial mass of potassium 40 at the instant of eruption is : 2¼
m0 = 0.2037 + 1.4900 = 1.6937 mg.
We know that m = m0e-t  ℓn = – t  – 0.12814 = – t  – 0.12814 = – 0.693
 t = 0.1849 T = 2.33108 years
12

II- A) Study of the exciter


Q Pts
1.a 3
uBM = uBN  uC = L + ri, but i = - = -C et = -C

Et uC = -LC -rC  differential equation : + + uC = 0

1.b The energies stored in the capacitor: 3


W(t0) = ½ 310-316 = 2410-5 J
and W(t1) = ½ 310-3(2.7)2 = 10.9410-5 J.
2.a According to addition of voltages : uBM = uBA + uAN 2¼

 uC = – L C + ri + uAN = 0 so, to obtain driven oscillations,

we should have ri + uAN = 0  uAN = –ri.


2.b 3
weak damping : T  T0 = 2 ; = L310-3  L = 0.76 H.
2.c The average power furnished by D to compensate the power lost in the circuit: 2¼
Pav.= Pav.= (2410-3 – 10.9410-5 )/0.310-3 = 4.3510-2 W.
13½

II- B) Study of the oscillator


Q Pts
1. 4½
According to Newton’s second law : : = – kx – h +

sin(ω' t) + + , by projection : + + x= sin(ω't)

Or ME = ½ mv2 + ½ kx2 ; P = =  mv + kx = F0vsin't – hv2

 + + x= sin(ω't)
2.a 2¼
maximum amplitude,, so it is the resonance amplitude: ω' =  0 = = = 13.96 rad/s.
2.b 3¾
= Acos(t + ) and = – A2sin(t + ), By replacing in the differential equation:

–A2sin(t + ) + Acos(t + )+ Asin(t + ) = sin(ωt),

But – A2sin(t + ) + Asin(t + ) = 0, because 2 = . So Acos(t + ) = sin(ωt)

This relation is valid for any t: the amplitude A = = = 0.113 m = 11.3 cm and

The phase difference  is - rad.


10½

Exercise III - A Electric Oscillations


Q Pts
1. According to the law of addition of voltages: uAM = uAB + uBM ; 2¼
E = Ri + uC; i = =C ; E = RC + uC  + uC = .
2. 2¼
= A : A + A(1– )=  A = E and  = RC.
3. 1½
3 = 6(1– ) – = –0.693  t1 = 6.9310-7 R.
4.a 3
According to the law of addition of voltages: uAM = uAB + uBM ; - E = RC + uC;

uC = a + bet ; =  bet ;  bet + + =–

 a = – E ; and  = – ; t0 = 0  uC0 = 3 V = –E + b  b = E + 3  uC = –E + (E + 3)
4.b 1½
–3 = –6 + (6+3)  =  1.099 =  t2 = 1.09910-6 R.

5 6.9310-7 R + 1.09910-6 R = 0.60 s  R = 3.35105 . ¾


11¼

III- B – Mechanical oscillations


Q Pts
1. Barycenter formula : (M + m) =M +m , by projection : 1½
(M + m)OG = Md– mx  (M + m)a = Md– mx;
and I = mx2 + Md2 because m and M are particles and the rod is of negligible mass.
2.a The mechanical energy of the system [(P), spring, Earth] : ME = KE+ PEel + PEg ; 3
PEg = – (M+m)OGcos;  ME = ½ (mx2 + Md2) + ½ k2 – (M + m) g a cos.
= 0, ½ (mx2 + Md2)2 + ½ k2  + (M + m) g a sin = 0. with  0,

We obtain: (mx2 + Md2) + k + (M + m) g a  = 0.  +  = 0.


2.b.i 1½
But > 0  k+(Md–mx)g >0  mx < +Md
 x < (210-3/9.8 +2510-332.610-3)/ 610-3  x < 0.17 m
[Link] ¾
The expression of proper period T0 = 2 .

[Link] 2¼
Calculate x for T0 = 0.60 s  = .
 9.1210-3 [2+(0.815 – 6x)9.8]10-3 = 6x2 +0.0265710-3
 6x2+0.536x– 0.0645= 0  x1 = 0,0682 m = 6.82 cm (accepted) and x2 = – 0.157 (rejected).
3.a The power of the forces of friction : P =  = - 2. ¾
3.b 1½
The differential equation: = – 2 ; (mx2 + Md2) + k  + (M + m) g a  = – 2. 
(mx2 + Md2) +  + [k + (Md – mx)] g  = 0.

3.c 1½
= e-(/2I)10T  0.6 =  –0.51 = –5 ; T = 0.6 s and I = 2510-3(3.26)210-4

+610-3(6.8)210-4 = 0.54310-4 kgm2. = = 9.2310-6 mN/s.


12¾

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