Activity

• 1 Whole

• Make a Family tree using a graphic

organizer. Tracing your origin from your
grandparents to grand children.
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Section:
 Classificati
on

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Section:
 The Challenge
• Biologists have identified and
named approximately 1.5 million
species so far.
• They estimate that between 2 and
100 million species have yet to be
identified.
 Finding Order in Diversity
• 1. Why Classify?
– To study the diversity of life
– To organize and name organisms
• 2. Why give scientific names?
– Common names are misleading

jellyfish silverfish star fish

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None of these animals are fish!
Section:
• Different levels of classification are
analogous to a postal address. 1st sorted by
country, then provinces, followed by
municipality, and by district or barangay.
The mailman then finds the street and house
number until the letter reaches the recipient.
 Philippines Kingdom

Isabela Phylum/Division

Quezon Class

Order
Samonte District

23 Rizal St. Family

Bucaneg Genus

Pedro Species
 Kingdom Animalia

Phylum/Division Chordata

Class Mammalia

Order Primata

Family Hominidae

Genus Homo

Species Sapiens
 Why Scientists Assign Scientific Names to Organisms

Some organisms have several common

This cat is commonly names
known as:
•Florida panther
•Mountain lion
•Puma
•Cougar
Scientific name: Felis concolor
Scientific name means “coat of one color”

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 Origin of Scientific Names
• By the 18th century, scientists realized that
naming organisms with common names was
confusing.
• Scientists during this time agreed to use a
single name for each species.
• They used Latin and Greek languages for
scientific names.
 Slide # 6

Linnaeus: The Father of Modern Taxonomy

1732: Carolus Linnaeus developed

system of classification – binomial
nomenclature
a. Two name naming system
b. Gave organisms 2 names
Genus (noun) and species (adjective)
Carolus
Linnaeus
Rules for naming organisms
1. Written is Latin (unchanging)
2. Genus capitalized, species lowercase
3. Both names are italicized or underlined
EX: Homo sapiens: wise / thinking man
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 Linnaeus’s System of Hierarchy

Least Kingdom
specific 1. Which of the following contains all of the
Phylum others?
a. Family c. Class
Class b. Species d. Order
2. Based on their names, you know that
the baboons Papio annubis and Papio
Order cynocephalus do not belong to the
same:
Family a. Family c. Order
b. Genus d. Species
Genus
Most
specific
Species
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Section:
Binomial Nomenclature Example
• For example, the polar bear is named
Ursus maritimus.

• The genus, Ursus, describes a group of

closely related bear species.
• In this example, the species, maritimus,
describes where the polar bear lives—on
pack ice floating on the sea.
 Modern Classification
• Linnaeus grouped species into
larger taxa, such as genus and
family, based on visible
similarities.
• Darwin’s ideas about descent
with modification evolved into
the study of phylogeny, or
evolutionary relationships
among organisms.
 Modern Classification
• Modern biologists group organisms into categories
representing lines of evolutionary descent.
• Species within a genus are more closely related to
each other than to species in another genus.
Genus: Felis Genus: Canis

Felis domistica Canis familiaris

 Similarities in DNA and RNA
• Scientists use similarities and differences in
DNA to determine classification and
evolutionary relationships.
• They can sequence or “read” the
information coded in DNA to compare
organisms.
 Kingdoms and Domains
• In the 18th century, Linnaeus originally
proposed two kingdoms: Animalia and
Plantae.
• By the 1950s, scientists expanded the
kingdom system to include five
kingdoms.
 The Five Kingdom System
Monera bacteria

Protista Amoeba, slime mold

mushrooms, yeasts, molds

Fungi
flowering plants, mosses, ferns,
Plantae cone-bearing plants

mammals, birds, insects, fishes,

Animalia
worms, sponges
• Organisms belonging to Kingdom Monera
are called PROKARYOTES because they
lack a true nucleus, cytoskeleton and
internal membranes.
• All other organisms are called
EUKARYOTES because their cell nuclei
and organelles are enclosed by membranes
and they contain a cytoskeleton
• Living organisms can be classified as:

[Link]- made up of single cell

[Link] – made up of more than one
cell

• Most monerans and protists are unicellular

organisms, while all fungi, plants and
animals are multicellular
 The Six Kingdom System
• In recent years, biologists have
recognized that the Monera are
composed of two distinct groups.
• As a result, the kingdom Monera has
now been separated into two
kingdoms: Eubacteria and
Archaebacteria, resulting in a six-
kingdom system of classification.
• Kingdom Eubacteria – includes the true
bacteria and cyanobacteria (phosynthetic
bacteria)

• Kingdom Archaea- includes bacteria-like

organisms that live in extremely harsh
environment such us hotsprings, volcanic
vents, sewage treatment plants, ocean floor
and swamp sediments.
 The Three-Domain System
• Scientists can group modern organisms
by comparing ribosomal RNA to
determine how long they have been
evolving independently.
• This type of molecular analysis has
resulted in a new taxonomic category
—the domain.
 The Three Domains
• The three domains, which are larger than
the kingdoms, are the following:
• Eukarya – protists, fungi, plants and
animals
• Bacteria – which corresponds to the
kingdom Eubacteria.
• Archaea – which corresponds to the
kingdom Archaebacteria.
 Archaea Eukarya
Bacteria

Prokaryotic
ancestor (2
Billion years ago)

Non of the three groups are

Prokaryotic
ancestor (3 ancestral or primitive to the
Billion years ago) other, and each domain shares
certain features with the
others as well as having
unique characteristics of its
own. Biologist believe that
Origin of Life the three domains share a
common prokaryotic ancestor
 Classification of Living Things
The three-domain system

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

The six-kingdom system

Archae-
Eubacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia
bacteria
 Hierarchical Ordering of Classification

Grizzly bear Black bear Giant Red fox Abert Coral Sea star
panda squirrel snake

KINGDOM Animalia

PHYLUM Chordata

CLASS Mammalia
As we move from
the kingdom level ORDER Carnivora
to the species level,
more and more FAMILY Ursidae
members are
removed. GENUS Ursus

Each level is more

specific. SPECIES Ursus arctos

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Section:
 Assignment
Notebook:
[Link] down the characteristics of the
following Kingdoms
a. Kingdom Eubacteria
b. Kingdom Archaea
c. Kingdom Protist
[Link] Fungi
e. Kingdom Plantae
f. Kingdom Animalia
Bird’s Eyeview of the Living
World

The Six Kingdom of Classifiction

 Kingdom Archaebacteria
Cell Type Prokaryote
Number of Cells Unicellular
Nutrition Autotroph or Heterotroph

Location Extreme Environments Volcanoes,

Deep Sea Vents, Yellowstone Hot
Springs

Examples Methanogens
Thermophiles

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Section:
 Kingdom Eubacteria
Cell Type Prokaryote
Number of Cells Unicellular
Nutrition Autotroph or
Heterotroph E. coli

Examples Streptococcus,
Escherichia coli
(E. coli)

Streptococcus

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Section:
 Kingdom Protista
Cell Type Eukaryote
Number of Cells Most Unicellular,
some multicellular
Paramecium
Nutrition Autotroph or
Heterotroph
Examples Amoeba,
Paramecium,
Euglena, Green algae

The “Junk-Drawer”
Kingdom
Amoeba
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Section:
 Kingdom Fungi
Cell Type Eukaryote
Number of Cells Most multicelluar,
some unicelluar
Nutrition Heterotroph Mildew on Leaf

Example Mushroom, yeast,

mildew, mold

Most Fungi are

DECOMPOSERS
Mushroom

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Section:
 Kingdom Plantae
Ferns :
Cell Type Eukaryote seedless
vascular
Number of Cells Multicellular
Nutrition Autotroph
Examples Mosses, ferns,
Douglas fir:
conifers, seeds in cones
flowering plants

Sunflowers:
Mosses growing
seeds in
on trees
flowers
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Section:
 Kingdom Animalia
Cell Type Eukaryote Bumble bee
Jellyfish
Number of Cells Multicellular
Nutrition Heterotroph
Examples Sponges,
worms, insects, Sage grouse
Hydra
fish, mammals

Poison dart frog

Sponge
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Section:
CELL WALL
1. PEPTIDOGLYCAN: contain peptidoglycan, a
complex web-like molecule; found only in the Eubacteria
2. UNCOMMON LIPIDS: nonpeptidoglycan, contains
uncommon lipids, found only in Archaebacteria
3. PECTIN: contain pectin a complex polysaccharide,
found in most Protista
3. CELLULOSE: contain cellulose a complex
polysaccharide; found in Plantae
3. CHITIN: contain chitin, a tough material like that
making up crab shells; found only in the Fungi
MODE OF NUTRITION (how obtain
energy/gets food)
A. AUTOTROPHIC: make own food,
contain chlorophyll (photosynthetic), (some
without chlorophyll are chemotrophic)
B. HETEROTROPHIC: get food from
other organism, no chlorophyll, ingestion or
absorption (free living, parasitic,
saprophytic)