SKELETAL SYSTEM

BANITA MOHANTY
NURSING TUTOR
ANMTC TARAPUR, MUNGER
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
 The adult human skeleton is consists of 206 bones.
The human skeleton is divided into two main divisions:-
1. Axial skeleton
2. Appendicular skeleton
Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton
Skull Pectoral Gridle/ Shoulder Gridle
1. Cranium 2. Face 3. Hyoid bone 1. Scapula 2. Clavicle
Vertebral column Pelvic Gridle/ Hip Gridle
1. Cervical vertebrae 2. Thoracic vertebrae 1. Innominate bone
3. Lumbar vertebrae 4. Sacrum 5. Coccyx
Sternum Fore limbs
1. Humerus 2. radius and ulna 3. carpals
4. Metacarpals 5. Phalanges
Ribs Hind limbs
1. Femur 2. Tibia & Fibula 3. Tarsal
4. Metatarsals 5. Phalanges
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
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TYPES OF BONE

1. Long Bone

2. Short Bone

3. Flat Bone

4. Irregular Bone

5. Sesamoid Bone

LONG BONE:-

• A long bone is one that is cylindrical in shape, being longer than it is wide.

• Long bones are found in the arms (humerus, ulna, radius) and legs (femur, tibia, fibula), as well as in the fingers
(metacarpals, phalanges) and toes (metatarsals, phalanges).

• Long bones function as levers; they move when muscles contract. They are responsible for the body's height.
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TYPES OF BONE

SESAMOID BONE:-
•A sesamoid bone is a small, round bone that, is shaped like a sesame seed.

•These bones formed by the ossification of tendons near the surface of joints, where a great deal of pressure is
generated.

•Sesamoid bones function is to protect the tendon from stress and wear. It relieve tension within
muscles and tendons and allow for increased weight-bearing and tolerance by redistributing forces
throughout a muscle or tendon, thereby protecting them from significant strain and injury.
•Sesamoid bones are typically found in tendons associated with the feet, hands, and knees.

•The only type of sesamoid bone that is common to everybody is the kneecap (patella, pl. patellae) which is also
the largest of the sesamoid bones.
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TYPES OF BONE
SHORT BONE:-
•A short bone is one that is cube-like in shape, being approximately equal in length, width, and thickness.
• The only short bones in the human skeleton are in the carpals of the wrists and the tarsals of the ankles.
• Short bones provide stability and support as well as some limited motion.
FLAT BONE:-
•The term “flat bone” is typically thin, flat in shape and not rounded, it is also often curved.
•Examples include the cranial (skull) bones, the scapulae (shoulder blades), the sternum (breastbone), and the ribs.
Flat bones serve as points of attachment for muscles and often protect internal organs.
•Flat bones do not have a medullary cavity because they are thin.
IRREGULAR BONE:-
•An irregular bone is one that does not have an easily classified shape and defies description.
•These bones tend to have more complex shapes, like the vertebrae that support the spinal cord and protect it from
compressive forces.
•Many facial bones, particularly the ones containing sinuses, are classified as irregular bones
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 BONE MARKINGS
1. Angles:- Sharp bony angulations that may serve as bony or soft tissue attachments but often are
used for precise anatomical description. Examples include the superior, inferior, and acromial
angles of the scapula and the superior, inferior, lateral angles of the occiput.
 BONE MARKINGS
1. Articulating surface:- The part of the bone that enters into the formation of a joint.
2. Condyle:- A rounded knob that articulates with another bone which forms part of a
joint.
3. Facet:- A smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface
4. Head:- The prominent expanded end of a bone, sometimes rounded.
5. Crest:- A narrow ridge
6. Epicondyle:- A projection superior to a condye.
7. Process:- Any bone prominence
8. Protuberance:-A bony outgrowth or protruding part
9. Spine:- Sharp bony prominence
10. Tubercle:-A small, rounded process
 BONE MARKINGS
1. Tuberosity:-A rough elevated surface

2. Alveolus:-A pit or socket

3. Fossa:-A shallow, broad, or elongated basin

4. Fovea:-A small pit

5. Canal :-A tubular passage or tunnel in a bone

6. Fissure:- A slit through a bone

7. Foramen:-A hole through a bone, usually round

8. Meatus: An opening into a canal

9. Sinus:-An air-filled space in a bone

 AXIAL SKELETON
 The axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage.
SKULL:-
The skull has made of two parts i.e cranium and face.
Cranium:-
The cranium consists of 8 cranial bones which forms the
cranial cavity to protect the brain.
The joints between the cranial bones are immovable
fibrous joint called sutures.
The names of cranial bones are:-
a.1 frontal bone b. 2 Parietal bone c. 2 temporal bone d. 1 occipital bone
e. 1 sphenoid bone . 1 ethmoid bone
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 Frontal Bone:-
The frontal bone is a shell-shaped, unpaired, flat bone of the skull located in the forehead region.
The main function of the frontal bone is to create the smooth curvature of the forehead and to provide
protection for the frontal lobe of the brain.
In addition, it participates in the formation of several cavities of the skull such as the orbit cavity and
the anterior cranial fossa.
The frontal bone is joined with the parietal bone by a suture called as coronal suture.
Parietal Bone:-
 These bone form the side and roof of the skull.
Both the parietal bone is joined with each other by sagittal suture.
It is joined with the frontal bone by coronal suture and joined with the occipital bone by lamboid
suture.
It is joined with the temporal bone with squamous suture.
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Temporal Bone:-
The temporal bones are two major bones in the skull, or cranium. They help form the sides and base of
the skull, where they protect the temporal lobe of the brain and surround the ear canal.
Temporal comes from the Latin word tempus, which means time. This name reflects the fact that gray
hairs, which mark the passage of time, often start appearing around the temporal area of the head.
The temporal bone surrounds the ears and protects nerves and structures that play a role in controlling
hearing and balance.
The temporal bones comprise four regions:
the squamous region, which is the largest
the mastoid region
the petrous region
the tympanic region
 the squamous part is the largest and superior of the three parts. It is a thin fan shaped area that
articulates with the parietal bone.
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 Petrous- forms part of the base of the skull and
contains the organs of hearing and balance.
•Mastoid-it is located behind and below the
external auditory meatus. It contains mastoid
process, which provides attachment of several neck
muscle and helps in moving of head.
The zygomatic process projects from the lower
part of squamous portion of the temporal bone
and articulates with zygomatic bone of the face
and form zygomatic arch.
Occipital Bone:-
• Occipital bone forms the back of the head and part of the base of the skull. It joins the parietal bones superiorly
by the lambdoid suture.
•The inferior portion of the bone form part of the base and it has a large opening called foramen of magnum
through which the spinal cord connects with the brain.
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SPHENOID BONE:-
• An unpaired bone located in the cranium (or skull), the sphenoid bone, also known as the “wasp bone,”
is located in the middle and toward the front of the skull, just in front of the occipital bone.
•The shape of sphenoid bone resembles a bat with outstretched wings.
•The body of the sphenoid bone contains sphenoidial sinuses that open into the nasal cavity.
•The middle portion of the bone has a little saddle shaped depression where the pituitary gland rests.
•It also contain optic foramen through which optic nerve and opthalmic artery passes.
•ETHMOID BONE:-
•The ethmoid bone is one of the 8 bones of the cranium. It is situated at the roof of the nasal cavity, and
between the two orbital cavities.
•It contributes to the medial wall of the orbit and forms part of the anterior cranial fossa, where it
separates the nasal cavity (inferiorly) from the cranial cavity (superiorly). It also forms a significant
portion of the nasal septum and lateral nasal wall.
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•The ethmoid bone is made up of three parts – the cribriform plate, the perpendicular plate, and the ethmoidal
labyrinth.
•The cribriform plate forms the roof of the nasal cavity. It is pierced by numerous olfactory nerve fibres.
•Another projection of bone descends from the cribriform plate – the perpendicular plate. It forms the superior two-
thirds of the nasal septum.
•Lastly, the ethmoid bone contains two ethmoidal labyrinths.
•These are large masses located at either side of the perpendicular plate, which contain the ethmoidal air cells
(sinuses).
•Two sheets of bone form each labyrinth:-
1. Orbital plate – the lateral sheet of bone, which also forms the medial wall of the orbit.
2. Medial sheet – forms the upper lateral wall of the nasal cavity, from which the superior and middle conchae
extend into the nasal cavity.
Articulations
The ethmoid bone articulates with 13 others:
Paired – nasal bones, maxillae, lacrimal bones, palatine bones, inferior conchae.
Unpaired – frontal, vomer and sphenoid bones.
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HYOID BONE:-
It is a single horse shoe shaped bone.
It is located in front of the neck between
mandible and the larynx.
It act as a support for the tongue.
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FACIAL BONE:-
The face is formed by 14 bones.
The bone names are:
I. 2 Zygomatic / cheek bone
II. 2 maxilla
III. 2 Nasal Bone
IV. 2 Lacrimal Bone
V. 1 Vomer
VI. 2 Palatine Bones
VII. 2 Inferior conchae
VIII. 1 mandible ( originated as 2)
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FACIAL BONE:-
1. ZYGOMATIC BONE:-
The zygomatic bone (zygoma) is an irregularly shaped bone of the face. It is often referred to as the
cheekbone, and it comprises the prominence just below the lateral side of the orbit.
The zygomatic bone is nearly quadrangular in shape and it features three surfaces, five borders and
four processes.
The zygomatic bone is a paired facial bone.
Both zygoma or cheek bones are irregular and articulate with other bones of the cranium and face.
 They are important contributors to mastication or chewing, providing an attachment point for the
masseter muscle – a jaw adductor that closes the jaw.
 It articulates with the maxilla, the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone.
It forms zygomatic arch by articulation with the temporal bone.
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Parts of zygomatic bone
Three surfaces Four processes Articulations
• Frontal processes • Zygomaticomaxillary suture
 Facial / malar surface • Temporal processes
Temporal surface • Zygomaticosphenoidal suture
• Maxillary processes
Orbital surface • Zygomaticofrontal suture
• Orbital Processes
• Zygomaticotemporal suture
Five Border:-
Orbital Border- it forms the boundary of the eye orbit
•Maxillary Border- This border articulates with the upper jawbone, maxilla on both sides via the
zygomaticomaxillary suture.
•Temporal Border-The temporal fascia also attaches here.
•Posteroinferior border- It is rough and serves as the attachment site for the masseter muscle.
•Posteromedial border
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2. MAXILLA:-
•The maxilla is the bone that forms your upper jaw.
•The right and left halves of the maxilla are irregularly shaped bones that fuse together in the middle of
the skull, below the nose, in an area known as the intermaxillary suture before birth.
•The maxilla is a major bone of the face.
•It is involved in the formation of the orbit, nose and palate, holds the upper teeth and plays an
important role for mastication and communication.
•This bone consists of five major parts, one being the body and four being projections named processes.
1. Body
2. Alveolar process
3. Frontal process
4. Zygomatic process
5. Palatine process
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•Articulations:-
1. Superiorly: frontal bone

2. Posteriorly: sphenoid, palatine, lacrimal, ethmoid bones

3. Medially: nasal bone, vomer

4. Inferior: nasal concha

5. Laterally: zygomatic bone

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3. NASAL BONE:-
The nasal bone is a small, flat bone of the skull.
It makes up the facial skeleton along with the zygomatic bone, maxilla, palatine bones, lacrimal
bones, inferior nasal conchae, vomer and mandible.
The nasal bone is located medial to the frontal processes of the maxilla.
It is rectangle-shaped and thus has two surfaces and four borders.
Its superior borders and main bodies form the bridge of the nose while the inferior borders connect
with the nasal cartilage to form the superior margin of the nasal cavity.
The superior border of the nasal bone connects with the nasal part of the frontal bone forming the
frontonasal suture.
Laterally, the nasal bone is connected to the frontal process of the maxilla via the nasomaxillary
suture.
Its inferior border is attached to the lateral cartilage of the nose.
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Frontonasal Suture

Nasomaxillary Suture
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4. LACRIMAL BONE:-
•The lacrimal bone is a paired facial bone that makes up the most anterior part of the medial wall of the
orbital cavity.
•It is the size and shape of a fingernail and thus the smallest bone of the skull.
•“Lacrima” is latin for “tear”, so the name of the bone corresponds with its relation to the nearby
lacrimal structures.
•The lacrimal bone is a small and fragile bone of the facial skeleton.
•These rectangular bones consist of two surfaces and four borders.
•Among the two surfaces, the one facing the eye is called the lateral or orbital surface, and the one
facing the nose is called the medial or nasal surface.
•The lateral surface of the bone has a depression or fossa, which is the house of lacrimal sac or tear sac
and also has a foramen for the passage of nasolacrimal duct that caries tears from the eyes towards
the nasal cavity.
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•It articulates with 4 bones: frontal bone, ethmoid bone, inferior nasal concha, and maxilla.
•The main function of this bone is to provide structural support to the eye socket and lacrimal apparatus
or system.

• The orbicularis oculi muscle that closes the eyelids and helps with tear drainage gets inserted into this
bone.
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5. VOMER BONE:-
•The vomer is one of the unpaired facial bones and forms the posteroinferior part of the bony nasal
septum, lying in the midline between the two nasal cavities.
•Superiorly it articulates with the perpendicular
plate of ethmoid bone.
• Inferiorly it articulates with palatine and
maxilla bone.
• It forms the inferior surface of the nasal septum.
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5. PALATINE BONE:-
•The two L shaped palatine bones contribute to the posterior part of the roof of the mouth and floor
and lateral walls of the nose, the medial wall of the maxillary sinuses and the orbital floors.
•It participates in building the three cavities within the skull; the oral cavity, nasal cavity and the orbits.
•It does so by articulating with five bones; maxilla, sphenoid, ethmoid, inferior nasal concha, and vomer.
•Palatine bone form two fossa:- the petrygopalatine and
petrygoid fossa and one fissure i.e the inferior orbital fissure.
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6. INFERIOR CONCHAE BONE:-
•The inferior nasal concha is a scroll-shaped, paired bone that rests at the lateral wall of the nasal
cavity.
•It helps to filter and humidify the air that we breathe. The nasal conchae (plural of concha) are also
sometimes called turbinates.
•The inferior nasal conchae are a pair of bones, with one concha on either side, that separates the
middle and lower nasal meatus, or nasal cavity.
•They are often described as being "spongy" bones. While the superior and middle nasal conchae are
technically part of the ethmoid bone, the inferior nasal concha forms a completely separate bone.
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7. MANDIBLE BONE:-
•The mandible is the largest and strongest bone in the skull. It holds the lower teeth in place, it assists in
mastication and forms the lower jawline.
•It is the only movable bone of the skull.
•It originates as two parts that unite at the mid point.
•The mandible is composed of the body and the ramus. The body is a horizontally curved portion that
creates the lower jawline.
•The rami are two vertical processes located on either side of the body; they join the body at the angle
of the mandible.
•At the superior aspect of each ramus, the coronoid and condylar processes articulate with the temporal
bone to create the temporomandibular joint which permits mobility.
•Other than the ossicles of the ear, the mandible is the only skull bone that is mobile, allowing the bone to
contribute to mastication.
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 FONTANELLES OF SKULL
•Fontanelles, often referred to as "soft spots," are one of the most prominent anatomical features of the
newborn's skull.
•The major fontanelle present at skull is anterior and posterior fontanelle.
•Anterior fontanelle is located between parietal bone and frontal bone. It is diamond shape and closes
during 18 to 24 months after birth.
•Posterior fontanelle is located between parietal bone and occipital bone. It generally closes 2 months
after birth.
FUNCTIONS OF SKULL