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Programme Name – B. TECH(CSE)
Course Name – Probability & Statistics
Course Code – BBS00014
(Semester – III)
Module IV
PREPARED BY: Department of Mathematics
Content
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1 Sample questions and solutions 3-25
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Sample Question:
1. Let E(T1)=θ=E(T2),where T1,T2 are linear functions of the sample observations. Recognize, if
Var(T1)< Var(T2) then:
a. T1 is an unbiased linear estimator b. T1 is BLUE
Page | 3 c. T1 is a consistent linear unbiased a. T1 is consistent best linear unbiased
estimator. estimator.
2. In case of Poisson Distribution with parameter λ, Identify the sufficient estimator of parameter
a. λ(1-λ) b. ͞x/n
c. λ d. λ/n
3. Select the correct option unbiased estimator for population variance σ2 is
1
a. 𝛴(𝑥𝑖 − ͞𝑥 )2 1
𝑛
b. 𝛴(𝑥𝑖 − ͞𝑥)2
𝑛−1
𝑛
c. 𝛴(𝑥𝑖 − ͞𝑥)2
𝑛−1 d. None of these
4. Identify which of the following statement is correct?
a. Sampling error increases as we increase the b. Sampling error remains constant as we increase
sampling size. the sampling size.
c. Sampling error decreases as we increase the d. None of these.
sampling size.
5 The difference between a statistic and the parameter is called ________. Select the correct answer.
a. Random Error b.
Sampling error
c. Probabilistic Error d. Non-random
6 Consider a set of 18 samples from a standard normal distribution. We square each sample and sum all
the squares. Identify the number of degrees of freedom for a Chi Square distribution.
a17 b18
c.19 d.20
7 Identify the variance of a Chi Square distribution with 6 degrees of freedom.
a. 10 b. 12
c. 8 d. 6
8 For a normal distribution, Identify the unbiased estimator of the population mean.
a. Sample mean b. Sample standard deviation
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c. μ d. None of these.
9 Identify the number of possible samples of size 2 out of 5 population size in SRSWOR.
b.32
a.10
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c.25 d.7
10 Estimate the number of possible samples of size 2 out of 5 population size in SRSWR.
a.10 b. 32
c. 25 d. 7
11 If X ~ Bin(n, p) , Identify the MLE of p.
X i X i
n
Xi None of these.
12 Suppose 10 coin is tossed and the outcomes are: H, H, T, T, T, T, T, H, T, H. Estimate the MLE of p,
probability of success (getting head).
a. 0.4 b. 0.5
c. 0.7 d. 0.3
13 The confidence level for a confidence interval for a mean is _________.Select the correct answer.
b. The probability of making a Type 1 error if the
a. The probability the procedure provides an interval is used to test a null hypothesis about the
interval that covers the sample mean. population means.
c. The probability that individuals in the
d. The probability the procedure provides an
population have values that fall into the
interval that covers the population mean.
interval.
14. A 90% confidence interval for the population mean is (18,24). Identify the sample mean.
a. 18 b. 21
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c. 24 d. 6
15. Confidence intervals are useful when trying to estimate ________. Select the correct option.
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a. Unknown parameter b. Known parameter
c. Unknown statistic [Link] statistics
16. Suppose a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of Americans who exercise regularly is 0.29 to
0.37. Select which one of the following statements is FALSE?
a. It is reasonable to say that more than b. It is reasonable to say that fewer than
25% of Americans exercise regularly. 40% of Americans exercise regularly.
c. It is reasonable to say that more than d. The hypothesis that 33% of Americans
40% of Americans exercise regularly. exercise regularly cannot be rejected.
17. Identify which of the following is not a property of a good estimator.
a. Unbiasedness b. Sufficiency
c. Stationarity d. Consistency.
18. ‘Chi Square test’ is used to measure the ___________. Select correct option.
a. Mean Deviation b. Goodness of Fit
c. Trend d. Variation
19. The term 1-𝛼 refers to. Select the correct option.
a. Significance Level b. Confidence Level
c. Confidence Interval b. None of these
20. A 95% confidence interval for the population mean is calculated to be 75.29 to [Link] the confidence
level is reduced to 90% the Confidence interval will be. Select the correct option.
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a. Became Narrower b. Remain Same.
c. Became Wider d. Double in size
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21. A value of an estimator is called____________. Select the correct option
a. Estimation b. Variable
c. Estimate d. Constant
22. If the mean of the estimator is not equal to the population parameter, the estimator is said to
be__________. Select the correct option
a. Unbiased b. Biased
c. Positively biased d. Negatively Biased.
23. If E (t1) =𝜃1 + 𝜃2 and E(t2) = 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 , then identify the unbiased estimator of 𝜃1 ,
a. t1+t2 b. t1-t2
c. t1+3t2 d. None of these
24. Let E(T1) =θ where θ being an unknown parameter. if Var(T1)< Var(T2) for T2 to be any other
unbiased estimator, then select the correct option.
a. T1 is minimum variance unbiased b. T1 is BLUE
estimator.
b. T1 is consistent best linear unbiased
c. T1 is a consistent unbiased estimator. estimator.
25. The mean of a chi square distribution with n df is, select the correct option
a. √2𝑛 b.n2
c. √n d. n
26. The standard deviation of a chi square distribution with n df is, select the correct option
a. √2n b. 2n
c. √n [Link] of these
27. Sample is regarded as a subset of _______. Select the correct option.
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a. Data b. Set
c. Distribution d. Population
28. Describe what is a sampling distribution in statistics.
a. A distribution of a sample taken from a b. A distribution of population parameters
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c. A distribution of the sample means d. . A distribution of the sample variances
29. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample mean is equal to,select the correct answer
a. The population mean b. The sample size
c. The population standard deviation d. The standard error
30. By decreasing the sample size, the confidence interval becomes, select the correct answer
a. Narrower b. Remain same
c. Wider d. None of these.
31 If Tn be a consistent estimator of θ, then select the correct option.
a. Var(Tn) tends to 0 b. E(Tn2) tends to 0
c. E(Tn) tends to 0 d. None of these
32 If 0.117, 0.254, -0.233, -0.176 be 4 random samples from N(μ,2) distribution, then an unbiased
estimator of μ is computed as , Select the correct option.
a. -0.0085 b. -0.0075
c. -0.0095 d. 0
33 Select the correct option for a central Chi-square distribution with 3 degrees of freedom.
a. Variance: Mean = 3 : 2 b. Variance : Mean = 3 : 4
c. Variance: Mean = 1 : 2 d. Variance : Mean = 2 : 1
34 The best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE) should be, Select the correct option
a. only a linear function of sample b. linear function with minimum variance
c. linear function with minimum mean d. none of these
35 A sufficient estimator should be, select the correct option
a. necessarily unbiased b. unbiased with minimum variance
c. unbiased as well as consistent d. none of these
Short Answer Type:
1 Explain population and sample with example.
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The population includes all the elements of the data set and measurable terms of the population like mean, and
standard deviation which is known as parameters. Population refers to the entire group of people, objects, events,
etc. There are different types of populations that we will discuss in detail.
1. Finite population
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3. Existent population
4. Hypothetical population.
5. Now a detailed explanation about population and sample is given below.
The sample is part of the population. The sample includes one or two observations that are extracted from the
population. The characteristic that can be measured, of the sample, is called a statistic. The process of selecting
samples from the population is known as sampling. For example, some students in the class are the sample of the
population. The sampling process is divided into two types they are,
• Probability sampling,
• Nonprobability sampling.
We will discuss both types in detail and will try to understand them.
2 Explain parameter and statistics with example.
PARAMETER: It is a measure of a characteristic of an entire population (mass of all units under consideration
sharing common characteristics) based on all the elements within that population. For example all people living in
a city, all male teenagers of world and all items in a shopping bag.
STATISTICS: Statistics may be defined as a measure of characteristic saying something about a fraction ( a sample)
of population under study. A sample in statistic is a part or portion of a population. The goal is to estimate a
certain population parameter. One can draw multiple samples from a given population and the statistic (result)
will be obtained depending on the samples. So, using data about a sample or portion allows one to estimate the
characteristics of entire population. For example estimation of average height of women older than 20 years of
age, estimating amount of sodium consumed by children under the age of 10 years.
3 Explain BLUE.
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4 Explain MVUE.
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5 Explain all three types of sampling.
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6 If x1,x2,…xn is a random independent sample observations from Poisson population with parameter θ and
T1=Σxi/n, Analyze that T1 is an unbiased estimator of θ.
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7 A sample of 600 screws is taken from a large consignment and 75 are found to be defective. Estimate the percentage
of defectives in the consignment and assign limits within which the percentage lies.
Hint: p+3(S.E of p)
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8 Suppose a sample is taken from a normal distribution with mean ͞x =0.354 and population S.D= 0.048. If the sample
size is taken to be 15 ,estimate a 95% confidence interval for population mean(μ).
9 Suppose a sample is taken from a normal distribution with proportion p=0.354 and If the sample size is taken to be
15 ,estimate a 95% confidence interval for population proportion(P).
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10 Distinguish between point estimation and interval estimation.
11 Given a random sample X₁, X₂, ..., Xₙ from an exponential distribution with parameter λ, estimate the Maximum
Likelihood Estimator (MLE) of λ.
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12 Suppose a sample of size 10 is drawn from a normal distribution with unknown mean μ and variance σ². The
sample mean is 20 and the sample variance is 4. Estimate the 95% confidence interval for the population mean μ.
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13 A random sample X₁, X₂, ..., Xₙ is drawn from a Poisson distribution with parameter θ. Using the method of
moments, evaluate the estimator for θ.
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14 For a random sample of size n = 25 from a normal population with unknown mean and variance, the sample
variance is found to be 16. estimate a 90% confidence interval for the population variance σ².
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Long Answer Type Question:
1 The marks obtained by 17 candidates in an examination have a mean 57 and variance [Link] 99% confidence
limits for the mean of the population of marks assuming it to be normal .For 16 degrees of freedom t 0.01=2.9
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2 Suppose that a random sample of size 10 drawn from a Normal population, has mean 40 and s.d [Link] a 99%
confidence limits for the population mean.(Given t.005=3.25)
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3 A sample of size 600 persons selected at random from a large city shows that a percentage of male in the sample is
53%.It is believed that male to total population ratio in the city is ½. Estimate a 95% confidence limit for the
percentage of males in the whole city.
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4 Explain probabilistic and non-probabilistic sampling.
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Explain the process of selecting Random sample numbers from random sample number table. Also select
8 students from a class of 56 students without replacement.
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6 Explain the procedure of obtaining a confidence interval for mean. How will you interpret a confidence
interval?
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7 A random sample of 400 is taken from a large number of coins. The mean weight of the coins in the
sample is 28.57 gms and s.d is 1.25 gms. Estimate the limits which have a 95% chance of including the
mean weight of all the coins.
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8 Explain the method of maximum likelihood and its properties.
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9 1
Illustrate that 𝑛 𝛴(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ )2 is an biased estimator for population variance 𝜎 2 .Also find the unbiased
estimator for 𝜎 2 .
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10 If 𝑇1 , 𝑇2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇3 are three statistics with expectations 𝐸(𝑇1 ) = 3𝜃1 + 2𝜃2 + 𝜃3 , 𝐸(𝑇2 ) = 2𝜃1 + 3𝜃2 +
𝜃3 , 𝐸(𝑇3 ) = 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 + 𝜃3 . Estimate Unbiased Estimator of 𝜃1 , 𝜃2 , 𝜃3 .
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11 A random variable X follows a Poisson distribution. Using the method of moments, derive an estimator for
the parameter λ. Also, comment on the consistency of the estimator.
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12 Explain the concept of sufficiency of a statistic. Using the factorization theorem, show that the sample
mean is a sufficient statistic for the parameter μ of a Normal distribution with known variance σ².
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13 Let X₁, X₂, ..., Xₙ be a random sample from a population with the probability density function:
f(x; θ) = θ·x^(θ−1), 0 < x < 1, θ > 0
(a) Identify the Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE) of θ.
(b) Discuss whether the estimator is consistent.
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