Cancer Investigatory Project
Biology (Birla Public School)
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GVN The Global School
Biology Investigatory Project
Topic- CANCER By-
Devraj Singh Tomar
Class- 12th
Roll no.-
Submitted to- Mrs. Akanksha Tripathi
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CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT DEVRAJ SINGH
TOMAR OF CLASS 12TH OF GVN THE GLOBAL
SCHOOL HAS COMPLETED HIS PROJECT UNDER
MY SUPERVISION. HE HAS TAKEN PROPER CARE
AND UTMOST SINCERITY IN COMPLETION OF
THIS PROJECT.
I CERTIFY THAT THIS PROJECT IS UP TO MY
EXPECTATION AND AS PER GUIDELINES ISSUED
BY CBSE.
APPROVED BY- MRS. AKANKSHA TRIPATHI
PERMITTED BY- (PRINCIPAL)
EXTERNAL SIGNATURE-
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S.N CONTENTS PAGE
O NO
1, WHAT IS CANCER ACTUALLY? 5
2, COMMON TYPES OF CANCER 5
3, SIGN AND SYMPTOMS 6
4, DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NORMAL CELL 7
AND CANCER CELL
5, HOW DOES CANCER CELLS ACTIVATE? 8
6, PREVENTION STEPS 9
7, DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER 10
8, MAIN CAUSES OF CANCER 11
9, TREATMENT OF CANCER 12
10, BIBLIOGRAPHY 15
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STUDY OF CANCER
1, What is Cancer actually?
Cancer is a disease involving abnormal cell growth with a
potential to invade to other parts of the body. In contrast benign
tumors do not spread to other parts of the body.
They form a subset of neoplasm. A neoplasm or tumor is a group
of cells that have undergone unregulated growth and will often
form a mass or lump, but may be distributed diffusely.
Cancer cells stealing energy from normal
healthy cells.
Cancer develops when the cell’s genetic
material gets damaged or mutated.
2, Common types of Cancer
Bladder Cancer
Breast Cancer
Colorectal Cancer
Kidney Cancer
Lung Cancer
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Lymphoma- Non Hodge skin
Melanoma
Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer
Pancreatic Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Thyroid Cancer
Uterine Cancer
Brain Cancer
3, Signs and Symptoms
It produces no symptoms at the beginning of cancer, the actual
symptoms starts when there is a mass growth or Ulcerates.
People may become anxious or depressed post-diagnosis. The
risk of suicide in people with cancer is approximately double.
Mass effects from lung cancer can block the bronchus resulting in
cough or Pneumonia; Esophageal Cancer can cause narrowing of
the Esophagus, making it difÏcult or painful to swallow; and
Colorectal Cancer may lead to narrowing or blockages in the
Bowel, affecting bowel habits. Masses in breasts or testicles may
produce observable lumps. Ulceration can cause bleeding that, if
it occurs in the lung, will lead to coughing up blood, in the
bowels
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to anemia or rectal bleeding, in the bladder to blood in the urine
and in the uterus to vaginal bleeding.
These are some local symptoms which can show up the growth
of cancer cells.
Ulcerates: Sore on the skin or a mucous
membrane accompanied by
disintegration of tissue. Results in
complete loss of epidermis.
4, Difference between Normal Cells and Cancer Cells
NORMAL CANCER CELLS
CELLS
CELL REPRODUCTION
Cell reproduction is needed to These cells may have gene
replenish the cell population mutations or chromosome
that ages or becomes mutations that affect the
damaged or destroyed. reproductive properties the
Normal cells reproduce cells. They don’t experience
properly. biological aging and maintain
their ability to replicate and
grow.
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5, How Does Cancer cells activate?
It is well known that cancer is preceded by damaged DNA.
Because DNA is encoded with the instructions for cell behavior,
damaged DNA can alter cell processes including those that
regulate growth and division. This is supported by the fact that
tissues which have a high cell-division rate, such as bone and
lymph, are the most common sites for cancer.
Some genes, encoded on DNA, act as a switch that can be turned
on or off depending on cell needs. Free radicals have the ability
to break DNA strands which can result in some genes being
permanently switched on, such is the case with cancerous cell
growth. Although it is often taught that the DNA mutations that
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lead to cancer happen at random, research suggests there are
epigenetic triggers that may increase prevalence of DNA damage.
6, Prevention Steps:
DNA is vital for cell function and the body has
mechanisms by which it protects DNA from being
damaged. One of the most important mechanisms is the
one responsible for the production of antioxidants. A
major step in the prevention of DNA damage, and
therefore cancer, would be to optimize antioxidant
activity. Research has suggested that this can be achieved
through the adoption of a diet that incorporates
antioxidant rich foods or extracts.
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Glutathione plays a major role in the antioxidant activities
of the body. Evidence shows that this molecule alone has
the ability to influence cancer risk in a directly correlative
manner. This means that by increasing your body’s supply
of glutathione, you are drastically improving its ability to
control free radicals before they damage cells. There are
several ways in which you can increase your supply of
glutathione.
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7, Development of Cancer
8, Main Causes of Cancer:
Tobacco use is the cause of about 33% of cancer deaths.
Another 10% is due to obesity, poor diet, lack of physical
activity, excessive drinking of alcohol.
Nearly 20% of cancer cause is due to hepatitis B, hepatitis C
and human papillomavirus.
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Approximately 5-10% of cancer is due to inherited genetic
defect from person’s parents.
9, Treatment of Cancer:
SURGERY
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Generally a tumor is surgically removed wherever possible.
This may also called ‘Resection’.
Doctor usually takes out the tumor and some of the
healthy tissues around it.
RADIATION THERAPY
Tumor cells are irradiated lethally by
gamma radiations taking proper care of
the normal tissues surrounding the
tumor mass or neoplasm.
E.g.- use of I131 for thyroid cancer.
CHEMOTHERAPY
Several chemotherapeutic drugs are used to kill
cancerous cell. Some of these are specific for
particular tumor e.g. two anticancer drugs, vincristine
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and vinblastine, used in the treatment of leukaemia
are obtained from common weed Catharanthus
roseus. Majority of drugs have side effects like hair
loss anemia.
IMMUNOTHERAPY
Sometimes tumor cells are seen to avoid detection and
destruction by immune system. So the patients are given
substances called Biological response modifiers such as α -
interferon which activate their immune system and help in
destroying the tumor.
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Conclusion
A plan for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer is a key
component of any overall cancer control plan. Its main
goal is to cure cancer patients or prolong their life
considerably, ensuring a good quality of life. In order for a
diagnosis and treatment programme to be effective, it
must never be developed in isolation. It needs to be
linked to an early detection programme so that cases are
detected at an early stage, when treatment is more
effective and there is a greater chance of cure. It also
needs to be integrated with a palliative care programme,
so that patients with advanced cancers, who can no
longer benefit from treatment, will get adequate relief
from their physical, psychosocial and spiritual suffering.
Furthermore, programmes should include a awareness-
raising component, to educate patients, family and
community members about the cancer risk factors and
the need for taking preventive measures to avoid
developing cancer.
THANK YOU!
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
➢ [Link]
➢ [Link]
➢ [Link]
➢ [Link]
➢ [Link]
➢ [Link]
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