Static Fluids
Matter is classified in three states: solid, liquid, or gas. Solid has a
definite volume and shape, a liquid has a definite volume but no definite
shape, and an unconfined gas has neither a definite volume nor a definite
shape.
A fluid is a collection of molecules that are randomly arranged and held
together by weak cohesive forces and by forces exerted by the walls of a
container. Both liquids and gases are fluids
1- Density ( )
Density is a physical property of matter. Density of any substance is
defined as its mass per unit volume.
Example
A solid cube of Aluminum (density 2700 Kg/m3) has a volume of
200000 m3. Find the mass of the cube
Solution
m= V = (2700 Kg/m3) (200000 m3) = 5.4 × 108 Kg
Relative Density (Specific Gravity)
Relative density of a substance is the ratio of the substance to
the density of water at the same temperature.
Example
A container can be filled by 45 kg of water and also can be filled by 36
kg of oil, calculate the relative density of the oil and the volume of
container.
2- Pressure inside a liquid
Now consider a liquid of density ( ) at
rest as shown in the figure. We assume
( ) is uniform throughout the liquid,
which means the liquid is incompressible.
Let us select an element of the liquid
contained within an imaginary block of
cross-sectional area extending from
liquid surface to depth ( ). The pressure
exerted by the liquid on the bottom face
of the element is , and the pressure on
the top face is (atmospheric pressure).
Therefore:
The upward force on the bottom = ,
The downward force exerted on the top = ,
The force due to weight (downward) is .
Because the parcel is in equilibrium, the net force acting on it must be
zero. So:
It is quite clear that the pressure inside a liquid depends on:
1- The depth ,
2- Atmospheric pressure ,
3- Density of the liquid , and
4- Acceleration of gravity .
3- Atmospheric Pressure .
Atmospheric pressure is arising from the weight of air surrounding the
earth. Air which is surrounding the earth has a thickness of about 60 km
with density of 1.29 kg/m3. The value of it can be affected by:
1- Latitude (Height),
2- Temperature,
3-
4- Air currents and amount of water vapors.
5
Atmospheric pressure P0 = 1.00 atm = 1.013× 10 Pascal
Example
A swimming pool has dimensions 30 m 10 m and a flat bottom. When
the pool is filled to a depth of 2 m with fresh water, what is the force
exerted by the water on the bottom? (density of water = 1000 Kg/m3)
Solution:
P = ( 1000 × 9.8 × 2 ) + (1.013 ×105)
P = 1.209 × 10 5 N/m2
Then the force exerted by the water on the bottom will be:
Example: A submarine is designed to be at pressure of 11.793 105
N/m2, find the maximum depth which can be achieved by the submarine.
Find also the force that acting on it door which has dimensions of 80 cm
50 cm (atmospheric pressure is 1.013 105 N/m2, density of water is
1000 kg/m3)
Solution:
Dynamic Fluids
When fluid is in motion, its flow can be characterized as being one
of two main types.
1- Steady or Laminar
In steady flow, each particle of
the fluid follows a smooth path
such that the paths of different
particles never cross each other
as shown in the figure. In steady
flow, every fluid particle
arriving at a given point has the
same velocity.
2- Turbulent
Above a certain critical speed, fluid flow becomes turbulent.
Turbulent flow is irregular flow characterized by small whirlpool-
like regions.
Because the motion of real fluids is very complex and not fully
understood, we make some simplifying assumptions in our approach. In
our model of ideal fluid flow, we make the following four assumptions:
1. The fluid is non-viscous.
In a non-viscous fluid, internal friction is neglected. An object
moving through the fluid experiences no viscous force.
2. The flow is steady.
In steady (laminar) flow, all particles passing through a point have
the same velocity.
3. The fluid is incompressible.
The density of an incompressible fluid is constant.
4. The flow is irrotational.
In irrotational flow, the fluid has no angular momentum about any
point. If a small paddle wheel placed anywhere in the fluid does
Consider ideal fluid flow through a
pipe of non-uniform size as
illustrated in the figure.
This expression is called the equation of continuity for fluids. The
product , which has the dimensions of volume per unit time, is called
either the volume flux or the flow rate.
The speed of water spraying from
the end of a garden hose increases
as the size of the opening is
decreased with the thumb.
Note:
If the tube is branched to a number of branches as represented in the
next figure, the continuity equation will be:
For identical branches
Example
A pipe of cross-sectional area 4 cm2 is used to irrigate a field, ends with
100 holes of cross-sectional area of 1 mm2. Calculate the velocity of
water flowing from the holes knowing that the velocity of water in the
pipe is 10 m/s.
Example
The blood is distributed from Aorta with velocity of 0.35 m/s. Calculate
the number of arteries if the blood is flowing through them with velocity
of 0.044 m/s, knowing that the radii of Aorta and artery are 0.7 cm and
0.3 cm respectively.
As a fluid moves through a region where its speed or elevation above the
surface changes, the pressure in the fluid varies with these
changes. The relationship between fluid speed, pressure, and elevation
was first derived in 1738 by Swiss physicist Daniel Bernoulli. This
situation can be represented as shown in the next figure. The height,
pressure and velocity at the narrow part are changed from , and
to , and at the wide part. For a liquid of density the Bernoulli
equation will be:
This equation is applicable for incompressible fluids, nonviscous fluids
(where no energy loss), laminar flow, and for steady state flow (when
the flow speed at any point is constant with time).
Viscosity
Viscosity is an internal property of a fluid that offers resistance to
flow. It may also be thought of as internal friction between the
molecules.
For example, pushing a spoon with a small force moves it easily
through a bowl of water, but the same force moves honey very
slowly. Also, pouring of water is much easier than pouring of
honey.
There are many ways to measure viscosity, including the oldest
and easiest way we will simply see
how fast a sphere falls through a fluid. The faster the sphere falls,
the lower the viscosity. The measurement involves determining the
velocity of the falling sphere. This is accomplished by dropping
each sphere through a measured distance of fluid and measuring
how long it takes to traverse the distance. Thus, you know distance
and time, so you also know velocity, which is distance/time.
It is well known that the viscosity of liquids decreases rapidly with
an increase in temperature, while that of gases increases with an
increase in temperature.
It is well known also that the
liquid velocity inside tubes
will be a maximum in the
middle and decreases by
going to the tube walls.
Viscosity Coefficient ( )
The viscosity can be evaluated where the fluid of interest is
sheared between two flat layers of liquid which are parallel (see
illustration). The tangential force needed to maintain the
difference in velocity between two layers separated by a separation
distance of at a constant velocity to the upper layer area .
The force is observed to be proportional to the area and to
the velocity difference and inversely proportional to separation
distance .
Where is a constant called the viscosity coefficient and the SI unit
for it is the Newton-second per square meter (N.s/m2 or Pa.s).
The viscosity coefficient can be defined as the tangential force
acting on a unit of area of liquid to make a difference in velocity
equals to one between two layers separated by a normal distance
equals to one meter