CHAPTER THREE
DATA PRESENTATION
Data can be presented in either tabular form (table) or diagrams.
3.1 Tabular presentation
This is the presentation of data in tables which is arranged in rows and columns. This method of
data presentation makes it easier to read, understand and compare values.
A good table must have the following components:
Table number: For easy reference.
Title: A brief description of the data presented.
Head note: Provides additional context for the data.
Stubs: The row headings, which describe the data in that row.
Caption: The column headings that describe the data in that column.
Body: The main part of the table where the data is organized into rows and columns.
Source: Indicates where the data came from.
Footnotes: For any specific notes or clarifications.
Benefits of tabular presentation
Simplicity: Condenses large amounts of complex data into a simple, easy-to-read format.
Comparison: Allows for easy comparison of different data points by placing related
information close to each other.
Analysis: Facilitates statistical analysis and interpretation by providing a clear, concise
structure.
Efficiency: Saves space and time by presenting information compactly.
Clarity: Reduces confusion and helps in identifying trends and patterns more quickly.
A table can take different forms depending on the nature and complexities of such tables. While
some tables may contain only two columns, other may take three columns and so on. The
example below illustrates.
Six months sales for 2024
Month Sales (N)
January 45,000
February 51,000
April 55,000
May 60,000
June 75,000
Source: Virgin Energy Global Resources Ltd
Tables can also be in the form of frequency distribution as illustrated below
Given the score obtained by students offering STA 101 as follows
58 15 81 79 92 58 69 32 45 56 41 85 43
52 61 75 85 69 56 49 57 87 89 49 85 45
69 75 65 61 25 72 67 58 84 60 32 57 69
68 73 42 65 55 74 58 36 78 68 79
The data can first be arranged in ascending or descending order. The data is now arranged in
ascending order
15 25 32 32 36 41 42 43 45 45 49 49 52
55 56 56 57 57 58 58 58 58 60 61 61 65
65 67 68 68 69 69 69 69 72 73 74 75 75
78 79 79 81 84 85 85 85 87 89 92
From the figures it is clear that the least score is 15 and the highest score is 92. It can also be
seen that the number of students who score 58 were 4. Other information can easily be obtained.
Assuming that the class interval is between 10 – 19, 20 – 29, etc the frequency distribution table
can easily be constructed
Frequency distribution table
Class interval Tally Frequency
10 – 19 | 1
20 – 29 | 1
30 – 39 ||| 3
40 – 49 |||| || 7
50 – 59 |||| |||| 10
60 – 69 |||| |||| || 12
70 – 79 |||| ||| 8
80 – 89 |||| || 7
90 – 99 | 1
The marks below is the examination results of students offering STA 101.
31 46 22 76 46 54 56 41 55 42 27 9 22
67 65 43 17 44 51 13 15 52 63 48 18 3
63 56 46 1 68 48 21 27 38 15 13 33 10
63 24 34 29 41 26 16 25 60 33 36 10 53
18 61 10 51 22 26 54 19 14 78 36 43 47
54 42 65 43 25 41 70 37 21 72 33 49 71
68 58 68 35 42 25 68 47 18 28 56 57 25
48 16 17 38 10 57 33 31 67 24 74 3 12
58 50 15 71 26 50 54 29 27 27 28 55 59
62 3 74 54 35 67 59 61 59 26 56 43 58
Construct a frequency distribution table for the above using an interval of 1 – 10, 11-20, 21 – 30,
etc.
3.2 Pictogram
Data presented in the form of pictures are generally referred to as pictogram. A pictograph is a
visual representation of data employing images or symbols. It depicts the frequency or
occurrence of data by utilising relevant symbols or images. Pictographs provide a
straightforward method to convey statistical information. A pictograph is a way to show
information using pictures and symbols instead of just numbers. It helps make data easier to
understand compared to looking at the plain numbers. The scaled-up image represents the
magnitude of the data point.
How to create a Pictograph?
(a) Understand the data: The first and foremost step to creating a pictograph is to
understand the data i.e. the type of data given to create a pictograph.
(b) Choose icons or symbols: To create your pictograph you need to select an icon or
image by which you are going to represent the data.
(c) Provide a scaling factor: You need to provide a scaling factor that represents the
quantity or value of the icon.
(d) Use colours: This is the optional step that is used to enhance your pictograph.
(e) Present your Pictograph: After performing the above steps you can present it as a
presentation.
3.3 Pie Chart
A pie chart is a circular graph that is divided into slices and each slice is a representation of the
whole. The chart is made up of 360 o. The slices or component is the drawn according to its
size on the chart.
Construct a pie chart for the information below
Yearly Sales from 2019 to
2024
Year Sales
2019 2000
2020 1000
2021 2000
2022 5000
2023 5000
2024 1000
16,000
2000 2000
x 360 x 100
Year 2019 16000 (for degree) 45o 16000 (for percentage) 13.5%
1000 1000
x 360 x 100
Year 2020 16000 = 22.5o 16000 = 6.2%
2000 2000
x 360 x 100
Year 2021 16000 = 22.5o 16000 = 12.5%
5000 5000
x 360 x 100
Year 2022 16000 = 112.5o 16000 = 31.25%
5000 5000
x 360 x 100
Year 2023 16000 = 112.5o 16000 = 31.25%
1000 1000
x 360 x 100
Year 2024 16000 = 22.5o 16000 = 6.2%
The graph is plotted by rounding off numbers to the nearest whole number
Sales
6; Sales; 1000; 6% 1; Sales; 2000; 13%
1
2; Sales; 1000; 6% 2
5; Sales; 3
5000; 3; Sales; 2000; 4
31% 13% 5
4; Sales; 6
5000;
31%
3.4 Bar Chart
A bar chart (or bar graph) is a visual tool that uses rectangular bars, either vertical or horizontal,
to represent and compare data across different categories, with the length/height of each bar
showing the value or frequency for that category. It's excellent for displaying quantities of
qualitative (categorical) data, making comparisons easy at a glance.
A bar chart takes the form of
(a) Simple Bar Chart
(b) Component Bar Chart
(c) Multiple Bar Chart
A simple bar chart uses rectangular bars to represent data, where the height or length of each bar
corresponds to its value. For example, a bar chart could show the number of students who prefer
different types of cars. The x-axis would list the cars and the y-axis would show the number of
students, with each bar's height indicating how many students chose that car
Simple Bar Chart
Component Bar Chart
A component bar chart (or stacked bar chart) shows parts of a whole within a single bar, useful
for comparing total magnitudes and their internal breakdowns, like showing wheat, barley, and
oats production for different years in one bar per year, or sales by product line within total annual
sales, with each component segmented by color/pattern and labeled with a legend.
Quarterly Sales Soap 1 Soap 2 Soap 3
April 150 210 315
May 250 350 440
June 320 430 550
Solution
Quarterly Sales Soap 1 Soap 2 Soap 3 Total
April 150 210 315 675
May 250 350 440 1040
June 320 430 550 1300
Component Bar Chart
Multiple Bar Chart
A multiple bar chart is the representation of many components in a particular year. Each year or
item being represented on the side of the other. It compares two or more variables for different
categories, such as comparing the number of male and female students in different courses, or
comparing sales of different products over several months. Each category on the x-axis has a
group of bars, with each bar in the group representing a different variable, distinguished by
different colors or shades.
Quarterly Sales Soap 1 Soap 2 Soap 3
April 150 210 315
May 250 350 440
June 320 430 550
Multiple Bar Chart
3.5 Histogram
A histogram is a graphical representation of a frequency distribution of a set of rectangles in a
such a way that a gap or boundary does not exist between rectangles. A histogram is a bar chart
that shows the frequency distribution of continuous data by grouping it into ranges, or "bins".
For example, a histogram could show the number of students who scored within specific mark
ranges (e.g., 40-50, 50-60) or the number of people whose ages fall into specific decades (e.g.,
20-30, 30-40). The height of each bar represents the frequency or count of data points within that
bin, with no gaps between the bars.
Example
Construct a histogram from the information below
Class Interval 1 – 10 11 – 20 21 – 30 31 – 40 41 – 50 51 – 60 61 – 70 71 - 80
Frequency 9 15 23 14 22 24 18 7
0+1
=0 .5
First is calculate the class boundary 2
Deduct 0.5 from the lower class limit and add 0.5 to the upper class limit. The next table explains
Class 0.5 – 10.5 – 20.5 – 30.5 – 40.5 – 50.5 – 60.5 – 70.5 –
boundary 10.5 20.5 30.5 40.5 50.5 60.5 70.5 80.5
Frequency 9 15 23 14 22 24 18 7
30
25
20
15
10
0 10.5 20.5 30.5 40.5 50.5 60.5 70.5 80.5
3.6 Frequency Polygon
A frequency polygon is a line graph that displays the distribution of quantitative data, created by
plotting points at the midpoints (class marks) of data intervals (bins) against their frequencies
(counts) and connecting these points with straight lines, forming a closed shape by extending to
the x-axis at zero frequency points, effectively showing the data's shape and useful for
comparing multiple datasets.
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