ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

UNIT- 2

Topic:
Projection of Points
 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:
IT IS A TECHNICAL DRAWING IN WHICH DIFFERENT VIEWS OF AN OBJECT ARE
PROJECTED ON DIFFERENT REFERENCE PLANES
OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESPECTIVE REFERENCE PLANE

Different Reference planes are

Horizontal Plane (HP),
Vertical Frontal Plane (VP)
Side Or Profile Plane (PP)
And
Different Views are Front View (FV), Top View (TV) and Side View (SV)
FV is a view projected on VP
TV is a view projected on HP
SV is a view projected on PP
IMPORTANT TERMS OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:
1 Planes.
2 Pattern of planes & Pattern of views
3 Methods of drawing Orthographic Projections
 PLANES

PRINCIPAL PLANES
HP AND VP

AUXILIARY PLANES

Auxiliary Vertical Plane Auxiliary Inclined Plane Profile Plane

(A.V.P.) (A.I.P.) ( P.P.)

A.V.P.
 to Hp &  to Vp
 PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS (First Angle Method)

THIS IS A PICTORIAL SET-UP OF ALL THREE PLANES.

ARROW DIRECTION IS A NORMAL WAY OF OBSERVING THE OBJECT.
BUT IN THIS DIRECTION ONLY VP AND A VIEW ON IT (FV) CAN BE SEEN.
THE OTHER PLANES AND VIEWS ON THOSE CAN NOT BE SEEN.

PROCEDURE TO SOLVE ABOVE PROBLEM:-

TO MAKE THOSE PLANES ALSO VISIBLE FROM THE ARROW DIRECTION,
A) HP IS ROTATED 900 DOUNWARD
B) PP, 900 IN RIGHT SIDE DIRECTION.
THIS WAY BOTH PLANES ARE BROUGHT IN THE SAME PLANE CONTAINING VP.

VP PP
Y
FV LSV
X Y
X TV

HP

ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS

HP IS ROTATED DOWNWARD 900 PP IS ROTATED IN RIGHT SIDE 900 OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
AND AND DRAWN IN
BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP. BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP. FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS
 Projection of Points
• A “Point” may be situated, in space, in any one of the “four
quadrants” formed by the “two reference/ principal planes” or a
point may lie in any one or both of them,

• The projections of a “Point” are obtained by extending projectors

perpendicular to the reference/ principal planes,

• One of the reference/ principal planes is then rotated so that the first
and third quadrants are opened out,

• The projections of point are shown on a flat surface in their respective

positions either above or below or in xy line.
Projection of Points
 PROJECTIONS OF POINTS
TO DRAW PROJECTIONS OF ANY OBJECT (Eg. POINT),
ONE MUST HAVE FOLLOWING INFORMATION
A) OBJECT (POINT)
{ WITH IT’S DESCRIPTION, WELL DEFINED}
B) OBSERVER
{ ALWAYS OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESP. REF. PLANE}
C) LOCATION OF OBJECT
{ MEANS IT’S POSITION WITH REFFERENCE TO H.P. & V.P.}

TERMS ‘ABOVE’ & ‘BELOW’ WITH RESPECTIVE TO H.P.

AND TERMS ‘INFRONT’ & ‘BEHIND’ WITH RESPECTIVE TO V.P
FORM 4 QUADRANTS.
OBJECTS CAN BE PLACED IN ANY ONE OF THESE 4 QUADRANTS.

IT IS INTERESTING TO LEARN THE EFFECT ON THE POSITIONS OF VIEWS ( FV, TV )

OF THE OBJECT WITH RESP. TO X-Y LINE, WHEN PLACED IN DIFFERENT QUADRANTS.

TO MAKE IT EASY, HERE A POINT A IS TAKEN AS AN OBJECT. BECAUSE IT’S ALL VIEWS ARE
JUST POINTS.
Types of Views
Positions of Points
 NOTATIONS

FOLLOWING NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED WHILE NAMEING

DIFFERENT VIEWS IN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS.

OBJECT POINT A LINE AB

IT’S TOP VIEW a ab

IT’S FRONT VIEW a’ a’ b’

IT’S SIDE VIEW a” a” b”

SAME SYSTEM OF NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED

INCASE NUMBERS, LIKE 1, 2, 3 – ARE USED.
 VP
2nd Quad. 1ST Quad.

Y
Observer

X Y HP
X

3rd Quad. 4th Quad.

THIS QUADRANT PATTERN,

IF OBSERVED ALONG X-Y LINE ( IN RED ARROW DIRECTION)
WILL EXACTLY APPEAR AS SHOWN ON RIGHT SIDE AND HENCE,
IT IS FURTHER USED TO UNDERSTAND ILLUSTRATION PROPERLLY.
 Point A is POINT A IN VP POINT A IN
Placed In 2ND QUADRANT 1ST QUADRANT
VP a’
different A A
quadrants a’
and it’s Fv & Tv a
are brought in
same plane for HP OBSERVER

Observer to
see HP OBSERVER
clearly.
Fv is visible as
it is a view on a
VP. But as Tv
is
is a view on
Hp,
it is rotated
downward 900, a
In clockwise
[Link]
In front part of HP
Hp comes HP OBSERVER
OBSERVER

below
xy line and the
part behind Vp a
comes above. a’
A a’
Observe and POINT A IN A POINT A IN
note the 3RD QUADRANT VP 4TH QUADRANT
process. VP
 PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN FIRST QUADRANT.
POINT A ABOVE HP POINT A ABOVE HP POINT A IN HP
& INFRONT OF VP & IN VP & INFRONT OF VP
For Tv
For Tv

PICTORIAL PICTORIAL For Tv

PRESENTATION A PRESENTATION
a’ a’
A Y
Y
Y a’
a
a
X a X X A

ORTHOGRAPHIC PRESENTATIONS
OF ALL ABOVE CASES.

Fv above xy, Fv above xy, Fv on xy,

Tv below xy. Tv on xy. Tv below xy.
VP VP VP

a’ a’

X Y X Y X
a’ Y
a

a a

HP HP HP
CASE 1: Point A is 40 mm above HP & 25 mm infront of VP. Draw Projections.
CASE 1: Point A is 40 mm above HP & 25 mm infront of VP. Draw Projections.
CASE 2: Point B is 40 mm above HP & 25 mm behind VP. Draw Projections.
CASE 2: Point B is 40 mm above HP & 25 mm behind VP. Draw Projections.
CASE 3: Point C is 40 mm below HP & 25 mm behind VP. Draw Projections.
CASE 3: Point C is 40 mm below HP & 25 mm behind VP. Draw Projections.
CASE 4: Point D is 40 mm below HP & 25 mm infront of VP. Draw Projections.
CASE 4: Point D is 40 mm below HP & 25 mm infront of VP. Draw Projections.
CASE 5: Point E is in HP & 25 mm infront of VP. Draw Projections.
CASE 5: Point E is in HP & 25 mm infront of VP. Draw Projections.
CASE 6: Point F is in HP & 25 mm behind VP. Draw Projections.
CASE 6: Point F is in HP & 25 mm behind VP. Draw Projections.
CASE 7: Point G is 40 mm above HP & in VP. Draw Projections.
CASE 7: Point G is 40 mm above HP & in VP. Draw Projections.
CASE 8: Point H is 40 mm below HP & in VP. Draw Projections.
CASE 8: Point H is 40 mm below HP & in VP. Draw Projections.
CASE 9: Point I is in HP & in VP. Draw Projections.
CASE 9: Point I is in HP & in VP. Draw Projections.
THANKS
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
UNIT- 2

Topic:
Projection of Lines
 PROJECTIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES.
INFORMATION REGARDING A LINE means
IT’S LENGTH,
POSITION OF IT’S ENDS WITH HP & VP
IT’S INCLINATIONS WITH HP & VP WILL BE GIVEN.
AIM:- TO DRAW IT’S PROJECTIONS - MEANS FV & TV.

SIMPLE CASES OF THE LINE

1. A VERTICAL LINE ( LINE PERPENDICULAR TO HP & // TO VP)

2. A VERTICAL LINE ( LINE PERPENDICULAR TO VP & // TO HP)

3. LINE PARALLEL TO BOTH HP & VP.

4. LINE INCLINED TO HP & PARALLEL TO VP.

5. LINE INCLINED TO VP & PARALLEL TO HP.

STUDY ILLUSTRATIONS GIVEN ON NEXT PAGE

SHOWING CLEARLY THE NATURE OF FV & TV
OF LINES LISTED ABOVE AND NOTE RESULTS.
 1. A Line // to HP & // to VP
Q: A line AB = 50 mm long. Endpoints A & B are 30 mm above HP & 20 mm in front
of VP. Draw Projections.

(Pictorial Presentation)

For Tv

b’
B
a’

A Y

X
a
 1. A Line // to HP & // to VP
Q: A line AB = 50 mm long. Endpoints A & B are 30 mm above HP & 20 mm in front
of VP. Draw Projections.

ANSWER
(Pictorial Presentation) Note:
Fv & Tv both are
// to xy
&
both show T. L.

For Tv

b’
B
a’

A Y

X
a
 2.
A Line inclined to HP and parallel to VP
Q: A line AB = 50 mm long is inclined to HP at 30 degree. Endpoints A & B are
20 mm in front of VP. Endpoint A is 30 mm above HP. Draw projections. And
also draw trace of the line.

(Pictorial Presentation)

b’

 Y
a’

A b
X
a
 2.
A Line inclined to HP and parallel to VP
Q: A line AB = 50 mm long is inclined to HP at 30 degree. Endpoints A & B are
20 mm in front of VP. Endpoint A is 30 mm above HP. Draw projections. And
also draw trace of the line.

(Pictorial Presentation) ANSWER

Fv inclined to xy
Tv parallel to xy.

b’

 Y
a’

A b
X
a
 A Line inclined to VP and parallel to HP
3.

Q: A line AB = 50 mm long is inclined to VP at 45 degree. The endpoints A & B

are 30 mm above HP. Endpoint A is 20 mm in front of VP. Draw projections.
Also locate the trace of the line.

(Pictorial Presentation)

b’
a’
Ø
A B

Ø
a b
 A Line inclined to VP and parallel to HP
3.

Q: A line AB = 50 mm long is inclined to VP at 45 degree. The endpoints A & B

are 30 mm above HP. Endpoint A is 20 mm in front of VP. Draw projections.
Also locate the trace of the line.

ANSWER
(Pictorial Presentation)

Tv inclined to xy
Fv parallel to xy.

b’
a’
Ø
A B

Ø
a b
 4.
A Line perpendicular to HP & // to VP
Q: A line AB = 50 mm long is perpendicular to HP. The end points A & B are 20
mm in front of VP. Endpoint A is 15 mm above HP. Draw Projections & also
locate the trace of the line.

(Pictorial Presentation)

For Tv

b’

B
FV

a’
Y
A

TV b(a)
X
 4.
A Line perpendicular to HP & // to VP
Q: A line AB = 50 mm long is perpendicular to HP. The end points A & B are 20
mm in front of VP. Endpoint A is 15 mm above HP. Draw Projections & also
locate the trace of the line.

(Pictorial Presentation)
Note:
ANSWER
Fv is a vertical line
Showing True Length
For Tv &
Tv is a point.
b’

B
FV

a’
Y
A

TV b(a)
X
5.
A Line perpendicular to VP & // to HP
Q: A line AB = 50 mm long is perpendicular to VP. The end points A & B are 20
mm above HP. Endpoint A is 15 mm in front of VP. Draw Projections & also
locate the trace of the line.
5.
A Line perpendicular to VP & // to HP
Q: A line AB = 50 mm long is perpendicular to VP. The end points A & B are 20
mm above HP. Endpoint A is 15 mm in front of VP. Draw Projections & also
locate the trace of the line.
6. A Line in VP
Q: A line AB = 50 mm long is in VP. The end points A & B are 30 mm above HP.
Draw Projections.
6. A Line in VP
Q: A line AB = 50 mm long is in VP. The end points A & B are 30 mm above HP.
Draw Projections.
7. A Line in HP
Q: A line AB = 50 mm long is in HP. The end points A & B are 20 mm in front of
VP. Draw Projections.
7. A Line in HP
Q: A line AB = 50 mm long is in HP. The end points A & B are 20 mm in front of
VP. Draw Projections.
THANKS