jagrutawaaz.

com

Chapter : 11 ; Electricity

Introduction:

➢ In this chapter we will explores the nature of electricity, factors governing its flow, and
electric circuit principles.

➢ Topics covered include the heating effects of electric current and its practical
applications.

➢ The chapter delves into the atomic structure concerning electric current.

Atomic Structure:

➢ Atoms comprise a positively charged nucleus

surrounded by negatively charged electrons.

➢ Valence electrons in metals can move freely within

a conductor, forming electric currents.

➢ Charge is an inherent property of matter that can

exert electromagnetic force.

Interaction Between Charges:

Charges interact with each other through electromagnetic forces.

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

Conductors and Insulators:

➢ Conductors facilitate the flow of electric current with minimal resistance.

➢ Insulators hinder the flow of electric current due to higher resistance.

➢ Examples of conductors include copper, iron, and steel, while glass, dry wood, and cotton
are insulators.

Electric Potential and Potential Difference:

➢ Electric potential at a point is the work done in moving a unit positive charge from
infinity to that point.

➢ Potential difference between two points is the disparity in electric potentials.

➢ Electrons move when there's a potential difference; one volt equals one joule per
coulomb.

Electric Current (I):

𝑄
Electric current is the flow of electric charges and is expressed as I = 𝑡 .

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

Models of Electric Current:

➢ Drift Velocity of Electron: Average velocity of electrons in a metallic conductor due to

an electric field.

➢ Battery and Its Working: A cell generates potential difference through internal chemical
reactions.

Electric Circuit:

➢ An electric circuit is a closed-loop

path for electric current.

➢ Circuit diagrams represent circuits

using symbols.

Resistance and Ohm’s Law:

➢ Ohm’s Law states that current in an ohmic conductor is directly proportional to the
applied potential difference.

➢ Resistance measures opposition to current flow, typically in ohms.

➢ Factors affecting resistance include length, nature, temperature, and cross-sectional area.

Resistivity:

Resistivity is the resistance per unit length and cross-sectional area.

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

Ohmic and Non-Ohmic Resistors:

Ohmic resistors follow Ohm’s Law, while non-Ohmic resistors do not.

Superconductors:

Superconductors have zero resistance to current flow and include materials like aluminum and
niobium.

Combustion of Resistors:

➢ Resistors are combined in series or parallel.

1 1 1
➢ Equivalent resistance formulas: In series, Req = R1 + R2; in parallel, 𝑅 =𝑅 +𝑅 .
𝑒𝑞 1 2

EMF and Terminal Voltage:

➢ EMF is the potential difference in a cell without current.

➢ Terminal voltage is the potential difference with current.

Electric Power and AC:

➢ Joule’s Law: Heat is proportional to the square of current, resistance, and time.

➢ The heating effect of current is used in electrical heating appliances.

➢ Electric power is the rate of doing work or consuming electrical energy, measured in
watts (W).

➢ One kilowatt-hour (kWh) equals 3.6 × 106 joules and is the commercial unit of electrical
energy.

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

NCERT QUESTIONS
Q1. A piece of wire of resistance R is cut into five equal parts. These parts are then
connected in parallel. If the equivalent resistance of this combination is R′, then the ratio
R/R′ is _____.

(a) 1/25

(b) 1/5

(c) 5

(d) 25

ANSWER: d) 25

Explanation:

When a wire is cut into five equal parts and these parts are connected in parallel, the equivalent
resistance (R') of this combination can be calculated using the formula for resistors in parallel.

The formula for the equivalent resistance (R') of 'n' resistors in parallel is:

1 1 1 1 1
′
= ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯+ ( )
𝑅 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅𝑛

In this case, there are five equal parts, so each part has a resistance of 1/5th of the original
resistance (R):

𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅3 = 𝑅4 = 𝑅5 =
5 5 5 5 5
Now, plug these values into the formula for resistors in parallel:

1 1 1 1 1 1
= ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ( )
𝑅′ 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
5 5 5 5 5
Now, simplify:

1 1
= 5( )
𝑅 ′ 𝑅
5

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

1 5
′
= 𝑅( )
𝑅 𝑅
1 25
′
=
𝑅 𝑅
Now, take the reciprocal of both sides to find R':

𝑅
𝑅′ =
25
Now, you want to find the ratio R/R':

𝑅 𝑅
=
𝑅′ 𝑅
25
𝑅 25
′
= 𝑅( )
𝑅 𝑅
𝑅
= 25
𝑅′
𝑅
So, the ratio 𝑅′ is 25.

Q2. Which of the following does not represent electrical power in a circuit?

(a) I2R

(b) IR2

(c) VI

𝑽𝟐
(d) 𝐑

ANSWER: b) IR2

Explanation:

Electrical power is given by the expression P = VI. (1)

According to Ohm’s law,

V = IR

Substituting the value of V in (1), we get

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

P = (IR) × I

P = I2R

Similarly, from Ohm’s law,

𝑉
I=𝑅

Substituting the value of I in (1), we get

𝑉 𝑉2
P=V×𝑅= R

From this, it is clear that the equation IR2 does not represent electrical power in a circuit.

Q3. An electric bulb is rated 220 V and 100 W. When it is operated on 110 V, the power
consumed will be _____.

(a) 100 W

(b) 75 W

(c) 50 W

(d) 25 W

ANSWER: 25 W

Explanation:

The energy consumed by the appliance is given by the expression

𝑉2
P = VI = R

The resistance of the light bulb can be calculated as follows:

𝑉2
R= P

Substituting the values, we get

(220)2
R= = 484 Ω
100

Even if the supply voltage is reduced, the resistance remains the same. Hence, the power
consumed can be calculated as follows:

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

𝑉2
P= R

Substituting the value, we get

(110)2 V
P= = 25 W
484Ω

Therefore, the power consumed when the electric bulb operates at 110 V is 25 W.

Q4. Two conducting wires of the same material and of equal lengths and equal diameters
are first connected in series and then parallel in a circuit across the same potential
difference. The ratio of heat produced in series and parallel combinations would be _____.

(a) 1:2

(b) 2:1

(c) 1:4

(d) 4:1

ANSWER:

Let Rs and Rp be the equivalent resistance of the wires when connected in series and parallel
respectively.

For the same potential difference V, the ratio of the heat produced in the circuit is given by

Hence, the ratio of the heat produced is 1:4.

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

Q5. How is a voltmeter connected in the circuit to measure the potential difference between
two points?

ANSWER:

To measure the voltage between any two points, the voltmeter should be connected in parallel
between the two points.

Q6. A copper wire has diameter 0.5 mm and resistivity of 1.6 × 10–8 Ω m. What will be the
length of this wire to make its resistance 10 Ω? How much does the resistance change if the
diameter is doubled?

Solution:

The resistance of the copper wire of length in meters and area of cross-section m2 is given by the
formula

The length of the wire is 122.72 m and the new resistance is 2.5 Ω.

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

Q7. The values of current I flowing in a given resistor for the corresponding values of
potential difference V across the resistor are given below –

I (Ampere) 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

V (Volts) 1.6 3.4 6.7 10.2 13.2

Plot a graph between V and I and calculate the resistance of that resistor.

ANSWER:

The plot between voltage and current is known as IV characteristic. The current is plotted in the
y-axis while the voltage is plotted in the x-axis. The different values of current for different
values of voltage are given in the table. The I V characteristics for the given resistor is shown
below.

The slope of the line gives the value of resistance.

The slope can be calculated as follows:

Slope = 1/R = BC/AC = 2/6.8

To calculate R,

R = 6.8/2 = 3.4 Ω

The resistance of the resistor is 3.4 Ω.

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

Q8. When a 12 V battery is connected across an unknown resistor, there is a current of 2.5
mA in the circuit. Find the value of the resistance of the resistor

ANSWER:

The value of the resistor can be calculated using Ohm’s Law as follows:

Q9. A battery of 9 V is connected in series with resistors of 0.2 Ω, 0.3 Ω, 0.4 Ω, 0.5 Ω and 12
Ω, respectively. How much current would flow through the 12 Ω resistor?

ANSWER:

In series connection, there is no division of current. The current flowing across all the resistors is
the same.

To calculate the amount of current flowing across the resistors, we use Ohm’s law.

But first, let us find out the equivalent resistance as follows:

R = 0.2 Ω + 0.3 Ω + 0.4 Ω + 0.5 Ω + 12 Ω = 13.4 Ω

Now, using Ohm’s law,

The current flowing across the 12 Ω is 0.671 A.

Q10. How many 176 Ω resistors (in parallel) are required to carry 5 A on a 220 V line?

ANSWER:

Let us consider the number of resistors required as ‘x.’

The equivalent resistance of the parallel combination of resistor R is given by

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

The number of resistors required is 4.

Q11. Show how you would connect three resistors, each of resistance 6 Ω, so that the
combination has a resistance of (i) 9 Ω, (ii) 4 Ω.

ANSWER:

If we connect all the three resistors in series, their equivalent resistor would 6 Ω + 6 Ω + 6 Ω =18
Ω, which is not the desired value. Similarly, if we connect all the three resistors in parallel, their
equivalent resistor would be

which is again not the desired value.

We can obtain the desired value by connecting any two of the resistors in either series or parallel.

Case (i)

If two resistors are connected in parallel, then their equivalent resistance is

The third resistor is in series, hence the equivalent resistance is calculated as follows:R = 6 Ω + 3
Ω=9Ω

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

Case (ii)

When two resistors are connected in series, their equivalent resistance is given by

R = 6 Ω + 6 Ω = 12 Ω

The third resistor is connected in parallel with 12 Ω. Hence the equivalent resistance is
calculated as follows:

Q12. Several electric bulbs designed to be used on a 220 V electric supply line, are rated 10
W. How many lamps can be connected in parallel with each other across the two wires of
220 V line if the maximum allowable current is 5 A?

ANSWER:

The resistance of the bulb can be calculated using the expression

P1 = V2/R1

R1 = V2/P1

Substituting the values, we get

Hence, 110 lamps can be connected in parallel.

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

Q13. A hot plate of an electric oven connected to a 220 V line has two resistance coils A and
B, each of 24 Ω resistance, which may be used separately, in series, or in parallel. What are
the currents in the three cases?

ANSWER:

Case (i) When coils are used separately

Using Ohm’s law, we can find the current flowing through each coil as follows:

9.166 A of current flows through each resistor when they are used separately.

Case (ii) When coils connected in series

The total resistance in the series circuit is 24 Ω + 24 Ω = 48 Ω

The current flowing through the series circuit is calculated as follows:

Therefore, a current of 4.58 A flows through the series circuit.

Case (iii) When coils connected in parallel

When the coils are connected in parallel, the equivalent resistance is calculated as follows:

The current in the parallel circuit is 18.33 A.

Q14. Compare the power used in the 2 Ω resistor in each of the following circuits: (i) a 6 V
battery in series with 1 Ω and 2 Ω resistors, and (ii) a 4 V battery in parallel with 12 Ω and
2 Ω resistors.

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

ANSWER:

(i) The potential difference is 6 V and the resistors 1 Ω and 2 Ω are connected in series, hence
their equivalent resistance is given by 1 Ω + 2 Ω = 3 Ω. The current in the circuit can be
calculated using the Ohm’s law as follows:

Therefore, the power consumed by the 2 Ω is 8 W.

(ii) When 12 Ω and 2 Ω resistors are connected in parallel, the voltage across the resistors
remains the same. Knowing that the voltage across 2 Ω resistor is 4 V, we can calculate the
power consumed by the resistor as follows:

The power consumed by the 2 Ω resistor is 8 W.

Q15. Two lamps, one rated 100 W at 220 V, and the other 60 W at 220 V, are connected in
parallel to electric mains supply. What current is drawn from the line if the supply voltage
is 220 V?

ANSWER:

Since both the bulbs are connected in parallel, the voltage across each of them will be the same.

Current drawn by the bulb of rating 100 W can be calculated as follows:

P=V×I

I = P/V

Substituting the values in the equation, we get

I = 100 W/220 V = 100/220 A

Similarly, the current drawn by the bulb of rating 60 W can be calculated as follows:

I = 60 W/220 V = 60/220 A

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

Therefore, the current drawn from the line is

Q16. Which uses more energy, a 250 W TV set in 1 hr, or a 1200 W toaster in 10 minutes?

ANSWER:

The energy consumed by electrical appliances is given by the equation

H = Pt, where P is the power of the appliance and t is the time

Using this formula, the energy consumed by a TV of power ration 250 W, can be calculated as
follows:

H = 250 W × 3600 seconds = 9 × 105 J

Similarly, the energy consumed by a toaster of power rating 1200 W is

H = 1200 W × 600 s = 7.2 × 105 J

From the calculations, it can be said that the energy consumed by the TV is greater than the
toaster.

Q17. An electric heater of resistance 8 Ω draws 15 A from the service mains 2 hours.
Calculate the rate at which heat is developed in the heater.

ANSWER:

The rate at which the heat develops in the heater can be calculated using the following formula

P = I2 R

Substituting the values in the equation, we get

P = (15A) 2 × 8 Ω = 1800 watt

The electric heater produces heat at the rate of 1800 watt

Q18. Explain the following.

a. Why is the tungsten used almost exclusively for filament of electric lamps?

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

b. Why are the conductors of electric heating devices, such as bread-toasters and electric
irons, made of an alloy rather than a pure metal?

c. Why is the series arrangement not used for domestic circuits?

d. How does the resistance of a wire vary with its area of cross-section?

e. Why copper and aluminium wires are usually employed for electricity transmission?

ANSWER:

a. Tungsten is used for lamp filaments due to its high melting point, which prevents it from
melting when heated to incandescence, producing light.

b. Alloys are used for electric heating devices because they have higher resistance than pure
metals, allowing them to generate more heat when current flows.

c. Series arrangements are not used in domestic circuits because if one component fails, the
entire circuit is interrupted, causing all devices to stop working.

d. Resistance decreases as the area of cross-section increases in a wire.

e. Copper and aluminium wires are used for electricity transmission due to their good
conductivity, low cost (aluminium), and low resistivity (copper).

EXTRA QUESTIONS

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. What is the primary focus of Class 10 Science Chapter 12, 'Electricity'?

a. Magnetism b. Atomic structure c. Chemical reactions d. Gravity

2. What are valence electrons in metals responsible for?

a. Creating magnetic fields b. Generating heat

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

c. Constituting an electric current d. Absorbing light

3. What is charge considered as?

a. A physical property b. A magnetic force

c. A form of light d. A temperature measurement

4. Which substances offer comparatively less opposition to the flow of current?

a. Conductors b. Insulators c. Superconductors d. Semiconductors

5. Which of the following is an example of an insulator?

a. Copper b. Iron c. Glass d. Aluminum

6. What is the unit of electric potential?

a. Ampere b. Joule c. Volt d. Watt

7. Electric current is measured in:

a. Watts b. Volts c. Amperes d. Ohms

8. What is the average velocity that an electron attains inside a metallic conductor due to
an electric field called?

a. Voltage b. Current c. Drift velocity d. Resistance

9. What is a source of potential difference created due to internal chemical reactions?

a. Battery b. Conductor c. Insulator d. Resistor

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

10. What is a closed-loop path that a current takes called?

a. Electric potential b. Resistance

c. Electric circuit d. Superconductor

11. Which law states that the current flowing through an ohmic conductor is directly
proportional to the applied potential difference?

a. Ohm's Law b. Coulomb's Law

c. Faraday's Law s1d. Newton's Law

12. Resistance is directly proportional to:

a. Length of the conductor

b. Temperature of the conductor

c. Nature of the conductor

d. Cross-sectional area of the conductor

13. What is the electrical resistance offered by a substance of unit length and unit cross-
sectional area called?

a. Resistance factor b. Conductance

c. Resistivity d. Capacitance

14. Which of the following conductors offers zero resistance to the flow of current?

a. Copper b. Aluminum c. Iron d. Superconductors

15. What is the rate of doing work or the rate of consumption of electrical energy called?

a. Voltage b. Current c. Electric power d. Drift velocity

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

ANSWERS:

1. b. Atomic structure 2. c. Constituting an 3. a. A physical

electric current property

4. a. Conductors 5. c. Glass 6. c. Volt

7. c. Amperes 8. c. Drift velocity 9. a. Battery

10. c. Electric circuit 11. a. Ohm's Law 12. a. Length of the

conductor

13. c. Resistivity 14. d. Superconductors 15. c. Electric power

FILL IN THE BLANKS:

1. The Class 10 science chapter 12, 'Electricity,' explores the nature of ________.

2. Atoms consist of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged

________.

3. Valence electrons in metals can move freely within a conductor, forming ________.

4. Charge is an intrinsic property of matter that can exert ________ forces.

5. Conductors facilitate the flow of electric current with minimal ________.

6. Examples of conductors include copper, iron, and ________.

7. Electric potential at a point is defined as the work done in moving a unit positive
charge from ________ to that point.

8. Potential difference between two points is the disparity in ________ potentials.

9. Electric current is expressed as I = Q / ________.

10. Drift velocity of electrons in a metallic conductor is due to the application of an

________ field.

11. A cell generates potential difference through internal chemical ________.

12. An electric circuit is a ________ path for electric current.

13. Circuit diagrams represent circuits using ________.

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

14. Ohm’s Law states that current in an ohmic conductor is directly proportional to the
applied ________ difference.

15. Superconductors have zero ________ to current flow.

ANSWER:

1. Electricity 2. Electrons 3. Current

4. Electromagnetic 5. Resistance 6. Steel

7. Infinity 8. Electric 9. Time

10. Electric 11. Reactions 12. Closed-loop

13. Symbols 14. Potential 15. Resistance

ASSERTION REASON QUESTIONS:

Question 1:

Assertion: Electric current is the flow of electric charges.

𝑸
Reason: Electric current is defined as 𝑰 = 𝒕 .

Options:

A. Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of the
Assertion.

B. Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion.

C. Assertion is true, but Reason is false.

D. Assertion is false, but Reason is true.

Question 2:

Assertion: Superconductors have zero resistance to the flow of current.

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

Reason: Superconductors include materials like aluminum and niobium.

Options:

A. Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of the
Assertion.

B. Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion.

C. Assertion is true, but Reason is false.

D. Assertion is false, but Reason is true.

Question 3:

Assertion: Electric potential is defined as the work done in bringing a unit positive charge
from infinity to a point.

Reason: Potential difference is necessary for the movement of electrons.

Options:

A. Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of the
Assertion.

B. Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion.

C. Assertion is true, but Reason is false.

D. Assertion is false, but Reason is true.

Question 4:

Assertion: The rate of electrical energy consumption is measured in watts (W).

Reason: One watt of power is consumed when 1 A of current flows at a potential difference
of 1 V.

Options:

A. Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of the
Assertion.

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

B. Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion.

C. Assertion is true, but Reason is false.

D. Assertion is false, but Reason is true.

Question 5:

Assertion: Conductors offer minimal opposition to the flow of current.

Reason: Materials like glass and dry wood are examples of conductors.

Options:

A. Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of the
Assertion.

B. Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion.

C. Assertion is true, but Reason is false.

D. Assertion is false, but Reason is true.

Question 6:

Assertion: Electric circuits can be represented using circuit diagrams with symbols.

Reason: Electric circuits must always be in series to work properly.

Options:

A. Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of the
Assertion.

B. Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion.

C. Assertion is true, but Reason is false.

D. Assertion is false, but Reason is true.

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

Question 7:

Assertion: Ohmic resistors follow Ohm’s Law.

Reason: Non-Ohmic resistors have resistance that varies with current.

Options:

A. Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of the
Assertion.

B. Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion.

C. Assertion is true, but Reason is false.

D. Assertion is false, but Reason is true.

Question 8:

Assertion: Electric power is the rate of doing work or consuming electrical energy.

Reason: One kilowatt-hour (kWh) is equivalent to 1 joule.

Options:

A. Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of the
Assertion.

B. Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion.

C. Assertion is true, but Reason is false.

D. Assertion is false, but Reason is true.

Question 9:

Assertion: The heating effect of current is applied in electrical heating appliances.

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

Reason: Heating appliances like electric kettles and room heaters use the heating effect of
current.

Options:

A. Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of the
Assertion.

B. Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion.

C. Assertion is true, but Reason is false.

D. Assertion is false, but Reason is true.

Question 10:

Assertion: Electric potential difference is essential for the movement of electrons.

Reason: Electric potential is defined as the work done in moving electrons between two
points.

Options:

A. Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of the
Assertion.

B. Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion.

C. Assertion is true, but Reason is false.

D. Assertion is false, but Reason is true.

ANSWERS:

Question 1: Assertion: Electric current is the flow of electric charges. Reason: Electric current
is defined as I = Q / t.

Correct Option: A. Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation
of the Assertion.

Question 2: Assertion: Superconductors have zero resistance to the flow of current. Reason:
Superconductors include materials like aluminum and niobium.

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

Correct Option: A. Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation
of the Assertion.

Question 3: Assertion: Electric potential is defined as the work done in bringing a unit positive
charge from infinity to a point. Reason: Potential difference is necessary for the movement of
electrons.

Correct Option: A. Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation
of the Assertion.

Question 4: Assertion: The rate of electrical energy consumption is measured in watts (W).
Reason: One watt of power is consumed when 1 A of current flows at a potential difference of 1
V.

Correct Option: A. Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation
of the Assertion.

Question 5: Assertion: Conductors offer minimal opposition to the flow of current. Reason:
Materials like glass and dry wood are examples of conductors.

Correct Option: C. Assertion is true, but Reason is false.

Question 6: Assertion: Electric circuits can be represented using circuit diagrams with symbols.
Reason: Electric circuits must always be in series to work properly.

Correct Option: B. Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct
explanation of the Assertion.

Question 7: Assertion: Ohmic resistors follow Ohm’s Law. Reason: Non-Ohmic resistors have
resistance that varies with current.

Correct Option: A. Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation
of the Assertion.

Question 8: Assertion: Electric power is the rate of doing work or consuming electrical energy.
Reason: One kilowatt-hour (kWh) is equivalent to 1 joule.

Correct Option: B. Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct
explanation of the Assertion.

Question 9: Assertion: The heating effect of current is applied in electrical heating appliances.
Reason: Heating appliances like electric kettles and room heaters use the heating effect of
current.

Correct Option: A. Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation
of the Assertion.

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

Question 10: Assertion: Electric potential difference is essential for the movement of electrons.
Reason: Electric potential is defined as the work done in moving electrons between two points.

Correct Option: A. Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation
of the Assertion.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS:

1. What is the main focus of Class 10's chapter on electricity?

2. How do valence electrons in metals contribute to electric current?

3. Define charge and its role in electromagnetic forces.

4. Give examples of conductors and insulators.

5. What does electric potential at a point represent?

6. Explain what electric current is and how it is calculated.

7. What is the drift velocity of an electron?

8. How is a battery's potential difference created?

9. Define an electric circuit and mention its key components.

10. According to Ohm's Law, what is the relationship between current and potential
difference in an ohmic conductor?

11. What factors affect resistance in an electric circuit?

12. What is resistivity, and how is it measured?

13. Differentiate between ohmic and non-ohmic resistors.

14. Name some superconducting materials and their characteristics.

15. How are resistors combined in series and parallel, and what are the equivalent
resistance formulas for each?

16. What is EMF, and how does it differ from terminal voltage in a cell?

17. Explain Joule's Law and its relevance to the heating effect of electric current.

18. Define electric power and its unit of measurement.

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

19. What is the commercial unit of electrical energy, and how is it related to power?

20. What are the representations of electric power in terms of current, voltage, and
resistance?

ANSWER:

1. The main focus of Class 10's chapter on electricity is to understand the nature of
electricity, factors controlling its flow, and electric circuit principles.

2. Valence electrons in metals contribute to electric current by moving freely within the
conductor, forming the flow of electric charges.

3. Charge is an intrinsic property of matter that allows it to exert electromagnetic force

when interacting with other charged particles.

4. Examples of conductors include copper, iron, and steel, while insulators include glass,
dry wood, and cotton.

5. Electric potential at a point represents the work done in bringing a unit positive charge
from infinity to that point.

6. Electric current is the flow of electric charges and is calculated using the formula I = Q /
t.

7. Drift velocity of an electron is the average velocity an electron attains inside a metallic
conductor due to the application of an electric field.

8. A battery's potential difference is created inside it due to internal chemical reactions at

the anode and cathode.

9. An electric circuit is a closed-loop path for electric current, and circuit diagrams represent
circuits using symbols.

10. Ohm's Law states that current in an ohmic conductor is directly proportional to the
applied potential difference.

11. Factors affecting resistance in an electric circuit include length, nature, temperature, and
cross-sectional area.

12. Resistivity is the electrical resistance offered by a substance of unit length and unit cross-
sectional area.

13. Ohmic resistors follow Ohm's Law, while non-Ohmic resistors do not.

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

14. Superconductors have zero resistance to the flow of current and include materials like
aluminum, niobium, and cuprates.

15. Resistors are combined in series if they carry the same current and in parallel if the same
potential difference is applied to them. Equivalent resistance formulas are Req = R1 + R2
for series and 1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 for parallel.

16. EMF is the potential difference in a cell when there is no current flowing through the
circuit. Terminal voltage is the potential difference with current.

17. Joule's Law states that heat is proportional to the square of current, resistance, and time,
and it's relevant to the heating effect of electric current.

18. Electric power is the rate of doing work or consuming electrical energy, measured in
watts (W).

19. The commercial unit of electrical energy is a kilowatt-hour (kWh), and it's related to
power as 1 kWh = 3.6×10^6 joules.

20. Electric power can be represented as P = I²R and P = V²/R, where P is power, I is current,
V is voltage, and R is resistance.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS:

Q1. Explain the concept of electric potential and potential difference. How are they related
to the flow of electrons in an electric circuit?

Answer: Electric potential refers to the electric potential energy per unit charge at a point. It is
the work done in moving a unit positive charge from infinity to that point. Potential difference,
on the other hand, is the difference in electric potentials between two points in a circuit.
Electrons in an electric circuit move when there is a potential difference between two points.
This potential difference creates an electric field, which exerts a force on the electrons, causing
them to flow, thus constituting an electric current.

Q2. Describe the factors affecting resistance in an electric circuit. How does the resistance
of a conductor change with these factors?

Answer: Several factors affect the resistance of a conductor:

➢ Length: Resistance is directly proportional to the length of the conductor. Longer

conductors have higher resistance.

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

➢ Nature of the conductor: Different materials have different resistivities, affecting

resistance. Conductors have lower resistance than insulators.

➢ Temperature: Resistance is directly proportional to temperature for most conductors. An

increase in temperature leads to an increase in resistance.

➢ Cross-sectional area: Resistance is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area of

the conductor. Wider conductors have lower resistance.

Q3. What are superconductors, and what distinguishes them from regular conductors?
Provide examples of superconductors and their practical applications.

Answer: Superconductors are materials that exhibit zero electrical resistance when cooled below
a critical temperature. This property sets them apart from regular conductors, which always have
some resistance. Examples of superconductors include aluminum, niobium, magnesium diboride,
and certain cuprate compounds. Superconductors have various practical applications, including
in high-speed trains (Maglev trains), MRI machines in healthcare, and highly sensitive scientific
instruments where precise electrical signals are required.

Q4. Discuss the concept of electric circuitry and its importance in the functioning of
electrical devices. Provide examples of common electrical circuits.

Answer: An electric circuit is a closed-loop path through which electric current can flow. It
consists of various components, including conductors, resistors, switches, and energy sources
like batteries. Electric circuits are essential for the functioning of electrical devices, as they
provide a controlled path for the flow of electrons. Examples of common electrical circuits
include:

➢ The circuit in a flashlight, which includes a battery, a switch, and a lightbulb.

➢ The circuit in a home's electrical system, which connects various appliances and lights to
a power source.

➢ The circuit in electronic devices like smartphones and laptops, which includes
components such as microprocessors and capacitors.

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

Q5. Discuss the heating effect of electric current and its practical applications in everyday
life. Provide examples of electrical appliances that utilize this effect.

Answer: The heating effect of electric current, also known as Joule's Law, states that the heat
generated in a conductor is directly proportional to the square of the current flowing through it,
the resistance of the conductor, and the time for which the current flows. This effect is applied in
various electrical appliances in everyday life. Examples include:

➢ Electric kettles: They use the heating effect to boil water.

➢ Electric irons: The heating element in irons heats up to remove wrinkles from clothing.

➢ Room heaters: These devices generate heat to warm a room.

➢ Water heaters (geysers): They use the heating effect to heat water for domestic use.

CASE BASED QUESTIONS:

Passage 1: Electric Current and Conductors Electric current, denoted as I, is the fundamental
flow of electric charges through a conductor. It is expressed as the ratio of the electric charge (Q)
passing through a point in the conductor to the time (t) taken for this charge to pass. In simpler
terms, it measures how many electrons move through a wire per second. Conductors are
materials that allow electric current to flow with minimal opposition. They typically have free
electrons that can easily move in response to an electric field. Common examples of conductors
include copper, iron, and steel, which are widely used in electrical wiring. In contrast, insulators
like glass, dry wood, and cotton offer significant resistance to the flow of electric current.

Questions:

1. What is electric current, and how is it denoted?

2. Explain the relationship between electric current, electric charge, and time.

3. Why are conductors essential in electrical circuits, and what characteristic makes them
suitable for this role?

4. Provide three examples of conductors commonly used in electrical applications.

5. How do insulators differ from conductors in terms of their conductivity?

Passage 2: Electric Circuit and Ohm's Law An electric circuit refers to a closed-loop path
through which electric current can flow. It consists of various components like resistors,
capacitors, and power sources connected in a specific configuration. Circuit diagrams use
symbols to represent these components and their connections. Ohm's Law is a fundamental

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

principle in electrical circuits. It states that the current flowing through an ohmic conductor is
directly proportional to the potential difference applied across its two ends. In simple terms, this
means that for a given conductor, increasing the voltage will result in a proportional increase in
current. This law is crucial in understanding and designing electrical circuits.

Questions:

1. What is an electric circuit, and why is it necessary for the flow of electric current?

2. How are components represented in circuit diagrams, and why is this representation
important?

3. What is Ohm's Law, and what does it describe regarding the relationship between current
and voltage?

4. Explain the significance of Ohm's Law in the context of electrical circuits.

5. How would an increase in voltage affect the current in an ohmic conductor according to
Ohm's Law?

Passage 3: Electric Power and Applications Electric power, measured in watts (W), represents
the rate at which electrical energy is consumed or produced in a circuit. It can be calculated using
the formula P = W/t, where P is power, W is work done, and t is time. One watt of power is
consumed when 1 ampere (A) of current flows at a potential difference of 1 volt (V). The
commercial unit of electrical energy is the kilowatt-hour (kWh), which is equivalent to 3.6×10^6
joules. This unit is commonly used for billing electricity consumption in homes. The heating
effect of electric current, as described by Joule's Law, finds practical applications in various
electrical appliances like electric kettles, room heaters, and water heaters.

Questions:

1. Define electric power and explain its unit of measurement.

2. How is electric power calculated, and what does it represent in an electrical circuit?

3. What is a kilowatt-hour (kWh), and why is it used as a unit of electrical energy?

4. Describe Joule's Law and its significance in understanding the heating effect of electric
current.

5. Provide three examples of electrical appliances that utilize the heating effect of electric
current in their operation.

ANSWERS:

Passage 1: Electric Current and Conductors

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

1. Electric current is the flow of electric charges through a conductor and is denoted as I.

2. Electric current (I) is the ratio of the electric charge (Q) passing through a point to the
time (t) taken for this charge to pass.

3. Conductors are materials that allow electric current to flow with minimal opposition due
to the presence of free electrons.

4. Examples of conductors include copper, iron, and steel.

5. Insulators, unlike conductors, resist the flow of electric current and include materials like
glass, dry wood, and cotton.

Passage 2: Electric Circuit and Ohm's Law

1. An electric circuit is a closed-loop path for the flow of electric current, allowing various
components to work together.

2. Circuit diagrams use symbols to represent components and their connections, facilitating
understanding and design.

3. Ohm's Law states that the current in an ohmic conductor is directly proportional to the
potential difference across its ends.

4. Ohm's Law is essential for understanding and designing electrical circuits, enabling
precise control of current in components.

5. Increasing voltage in an ohmic conductor, according to Ohm's Law, will result in a

proportional increase in current.

Passage 3: Electric Power and Applications

1. Electric power represents the rate of electrical energy consumption or production,

measured in watts (W).

2. Power is calculated using the formula P = W/t, where P is power, W is work done, and t
is time.

3. One watt of power is consumed when 1 ampere (A) of current flows at a potential
difference of 1 volt (V).

4. The kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a commercial unit of electrical energy, equal to 3.6×10^6

joules.

5. Joule's Law describes the heating effect of electric current, with practical applications in
appliances like electric kettles, room heaters, and water heaters

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS:

1. Calculate the amount of heat generated while transferring 90000 coulombs of

charge between the two terminals of a battery of 40V in one hour. Also
determine the power expanded in the process. [CBSE 2019, 2022]
2. Two identical resistors each of resistance 10Ω are connected (i) in series and
then (ii) in parallel in line to a battery of 6volts. Calculate the ratio of power
consumed in the combination of resistors in the two cases. [CBSE 2020]
3. A torch bulb is rated 5V and 500mA. Calculate (i) its power (ii) its resistance
(iii) the energy consumed if this bulb is lighted for 4 hours. [CBSE 2021]
4. Derive the expression for power P consumed by a device having resistance R
and potential difference V. [CBSE 2019]
5. Two identical resistors are first connected in series and then in parallel. Find
the ratio of equivalent resistance in two cases. [CBSE 2021]
6. (a) State Ohm’s law. Express it mathematically. (b) An electric bulb is rated
220V and 100W. When it is operated on 110V, what will be the power
consumed? [CBSE 2019]
7. (a) Define electric resistance of a conductor. (b) List two factors on which
resistance of a conductor depends. [CBSE 2018]
8. What is meant by electric current? Name and define its SI unit. In a
conductor electrons are flowing from B to A. What is the direction of
conventional current? Give justification for your answer. A steady current of
1 ampere flows through a conductor. Calculate the number of electrons that
flows through any section of the conductor in 1 second. [CBSE 2019]
9. Establish a relationship to determine the equivalent resistance R of a
combination of three resistor having resistance R₁, R₂, and R₃ connected in
parallel. [CBE 2019, 2021]
10. A wire of resistance 8 Ω is bent in the form of a closed circle. What is the
effective resistance between the point A and B at the end of a diameter of the
circles? What is ammeter reading? [CBSE 2021]
11. Establish a relationship to determine the equivalent resistance R of a
combination of three resistor having resistance R^1, R^2, and R^3
connected in series. (b) Calculate the equivalent resistance R of a
combination of three resistors of 2Ω, 3Ω and 6Ω are joint in parallel. [CBSE
2020]
12. Three resistor of resistance R^1, R^2 and R^3 are connected in (i) series,
and (ii) parallel. Write expression for the resistance of the combinations in
each case. (b) Two identical resistance of 12Ω each are connected to a battery
of 3V. Calculate the ratio of the power consumed by the resulting
combination with minimum resistance and maximum resistance. [CBSE
2019]

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

13. Experimentally prove that in series combination of three resistances: (a)

current flowing through each resistance is same and (b) total potential
differences is equal to the sum of potential differences across individual
resistors. [CBSE 2019]
14. An electric lamp of resistance 20Ω and a conductor and a conductor of
resistance 4Ω are connected to a 6V battery as shown in the circuit. Calculate
(a) the total resistance of the circuit., (b) the current through the circuit, (c)
the potential differences across the (i) electric, lamp and (ii) conductor and
[CBSE 2019]

ANSWERS:

1. To calculate the heat generated when transferring charge, you can use the formula:

Heat (Q) = Voltage (V) × Charge (Q) = 40V × 90000 C = 3,600,000 Joules

So, 3,600,000 Joules of heat is generated in one hour.

To determine the power expended:

Heat(Q) 3,600,000 J
Power (P) = = = 1000 W (Watts)
Time(t) 3600 s

2. (i) In series: Total resistance 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = R1 + R2 = 10Ω + 10Ω = 20Ω

𝑉2 (6𝑉)2
Power consumed in series: 𝑃𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 = 𝑅 = = 1.8 𝑊
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 20Ω

1 1
(ii) In parallel: Total resistance 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 1 1 = 1 1 = 5Ω
( )+( ) ( )+( )
𝑅1 𝑅2 10Ω 10Ω

𝑉2 (6𝑉)2
Power consumed in parallel: 𝑃𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 = 𝑅 = 5Ω
= 7.2 W
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

1.8𝑊
Ratio of power in series to power in parallel: 𝑃𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 /𝑃𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 = 7.2𝑊= 1/4

So, the ratio of power consumed in series to power consumed in parallel is 1:4.

3. (i) Power (P) = Voltage (V) × Current (I) = 5V × 0.5A = 2.5W

5𝑉
(ii) Resistance (R) = Voltage (V) / Current (I) = 0.5𝐴 = 10Ω

(iii) Energy consumed = Power × Time = 2.5W × 4 hours = 10 watt-hours or 10 Wh.

4. The power consumed by a device with resistance R and potential difference V is given by
the formula:

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

(𝑉 2 )
Power (P) = 𝑅

5. When two identical resistors are connected in series, the equivalent resistance (Rs) is the
sum of their individual resistances:

Rs = R1 + R2 = R + R = 2R

When they are connected in parallel, the equivalent resistance (Rp) is given by:

1 1 1 1 1 2
= + = + =
𝑅𝑝 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅

𝑅 2𝑅 𝑅2
So, the ratio of equivalent resistance in series to parallel is 𝑅 𝑠 = 2 = = R.
𝑝 𝑅
𝑅

6. (a) Ohm's Law states that the current (I) flowing through a conductor is directly
proportional to the voltage (V) across it, given by the equation: I = V/R, where R is the
resistance of the conductor.

(b) When the bulb is operated at 110V, you can use Ohm's Law to find the power consumed:
𝑉2 (1100𝑉)2 𝑉
P= = (since P = VI, and I = 𝑅)
𝑅 𝑅

If the bulb's resistance remains constant, you can calculate the new power.

7. (a) Electric resistance of a conductor is a measure of its opposition to the flow of electric
current.

(b) Two factors on which resistance of a conductor depends are:

➢ Length (L): Resistance is directly proportional to the length of the conductor.

➢ Cross-sectional Area (A): Resistance is inversely proportional to the cross-

sectional area of the conductor.

8. Electric current is the flow of electric charge. Its SI unit is the Ampere (A).

Conventional current flows from the positive terminal to the negative terminal of a battery.
Electrons flow in the opposite direction, from the negative to the positive terminal.

To calculate the number of electrons flowing through any section of the conductor in 1 second,
you can use the formula:

Number of electrons = (Current in Amperes) × (Time in seconds) / (Charge of an electron)

Number of electrons = 1 A × 1 s / 1.602 × 10−19 C ≈ 6.242 × 1018 electrons

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

9. The equivalent resistance (R) of a combination of three resistors (R1, R2, and R3)
connected in parallel is given by:

1 1 1 1
= + +
𝑅 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3

10. When a wire of resistance 8Ω is bent in the form of a closed circle, the effective
resistance between points A and B at the ends of a diameter is 4Ω. The ammeter reading
would be the same as the effective resistance, which is 4Ω.

11. (a) The equivalent resistance (R) of a combination of three resistors (R1, R2, and R3)
connected in series is simply the sum of their individual resistances:

R = R1 + R2 + R3

(b) To calculate the equivalent resistance (R) of three resistors (2Ω, 3Ω, and 6Ω) connected in
parallel, use the formula:

1 1 1 1
= + +
𝑅 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
1 1 1 1 6 4 2 12
= 2Ω + 3Ω + 6Ω = 𝑅 = 6 + 6 + 6 = 6𝑅 = 6Ω

12. (i) In series: Resistance in series (Rs) = 𝑅1 + 𝑅 2 + 𝑅 3

(ii) In parallel: Resistance in parallel (Rp) = 1 / ((1/R^1) + (1/R^2) + (1/R^3))

(b) For two identical resistors of 12Ω each: Minimum resistance in parallel = 6Ω (since 1 /
(1/12Ω + 1/12Ω) = 6Ω) Maximum resistance in parallel = 12Ω (if only one resistor is used)

Calculate the ratio of power consumed: Ratio = (Voltage^2) / Resistance For minimum
resistance: Ratio = (3V)^2 / 6Ω = 9W / 6Ω = 1.5W/Ω For maximum resistance: Ratio = (3V)^2 /
12Ω = 9W / 12Ω = 0.75W/Ω

13. (a) In a series combination of three resistors, the current flowing through each resistor is
the same because they are connected in a single path.

(b) The total potential difference (voltage) in a series combination of three resistors is equal to
the sum of the potential differences across individual resistors. This follows directly from
Kirchhoff's voltage law, which states that the sum of the voltages around any closed loop in a
circuit is zero.

14. (a) To calculate the total resistance of the circuit, add the resistance of the lamp and the
conductor in parallel:

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz

[Link]

1/R_total = 1/R_lamp + 1/R_conductor 1/R_total = 1/20Ω + 1/4Ω = 1/20Ω + 5/20Ω = 6/20Ω =

3/10Ω R_total = 10/3Ω ≈ 3.33Ω

(b) To find the current through the circuit, use Ohm's Law:

I = V / R_total = 6V / (10/3)Ω = (6V) × (3/10)Ω^-1 = 18/10 A = 1.8 A

(c) The potential difference across the electric lamp is V = IR = (1.8 A) × (20Ω) = 36V. The
potential difference across the conductor is the remaining voltage, which is 6V - 36V = -30V
(negative because it's opposite in direction to the battery's voltage).

Youtube: Jagrut Awaaz