SOLUTION OF 12

Example E12.1:-
a) Design a LPF whose cut-off frequency 1KHz and a pass band gain of 2.
b) Using the frequency scaling technique convert the filter to a LPF whose cut-off frequency 1.6KHz.
Solution:-
a) Design steps are followed:-
1. f C = 1KHz
2. Let, C=0.01 μF
1 1
3. R = = = 15.9KΩ
2 π f C C ( 2 π ) ( 10 ) ( 0.01 ×10−6 )
3

R2
4. Here, A F = 2, ∴ 1+ = 2
R1
∴ R2=R 1
Let, R1 = 10KΩ ∴ R2 = 10KΩ
Fig 12.6(a) shows the LPF whose components values are R2=R 1=¿10KΩ ; R = 15.9KΩ ;
C=0.01 μF
1
b) As f C ∝
R
Original cut−off frequency ( f C ) '
R (New )
∴ =
New cut−off frequency ( f C )
'
R (Original)
'
1 R
∴ =
1.6 15.9
∴ R' = 9.94KΩ
Example E12.2:- Design a HPF whose cut-off frequency 1KHz and pass band gain 2.
Solution:-
1. f C = 1KHz
2. Let, C=0.01 μF
1 1
3. R = = = 15.9KΩ
2 π f C C ( 2 π ) ( 10 ) ( 0.01 ×10−6 )
3

4. Here, A F = 2,
∴ R2=R 1
Let, R1 = 10KΩ ∴ R2 = 10KΩ
Fig 12.6(c) shows the HPF whose components values are R2=R 1=¿10KΩ ; R = 15.9KΩ ;
C=0.01 μF
Example E12.3:-
a) Design a wide BPF whose f L = 200Hz , f H = 1KHz and pass band gain is 4.
b) Calculate the value of Q of the filter.
Solution:-
a) Design of HPF
1. f L = 200KHz
2. Let, C 1=0.05 μF
1 1
3. R1= = = 15.9KΩ
2 π f L C 1 ( 2 π ) ( 200 ) ( 0.05 ×10−6 )
Design of LPF
The LPF is designed in Example E12.1
R2 = 15.9KΩ ; C 2 = 0.01 μF
We know, total pass band gain of BPF is
A FT = A FL A FH
Since, A FT = 4 ∴ A FL= A FH = 2
∴ R'2 = R'1 = R'2' =R'1' = 10KΩ
Fig 12.6(e) shows the wide BPF whose components values are,
 ' ' '' ''
R2 = R1 = R2 =R1 = 10KΩ ;
R1 = 15.9KΩ ; C 1 = 0.05 μF
R2 = 15.9KΩ ; C 2 = 0.01 μF

b) We know, Q =
fC
=
√ f L f H = √( 200 ) (1000) = 0.56
f H −f L f H −f L 1000−200
Example E12.4:-
a) Design a narrow BPF whose f C = 1KHz , Q = 3 and A F = 10.
b) Change the center frequency to 1.5KHz, keeping A F and BW constant.
Solution:-
a) Let, C 1 = C 2 = C=0.01 μF
Q 3
R1= = = 4.77KΩ
2 π f C C A F ( 2 π ) ( 1000 ) ( 0.01 ×10−6 ) ( 10 )
Q 3
R2= = = 5.97KΩ
2 π f C C (2 Q −A F ) ( 2 π ) ( 1000 ) ( 0.01 ×10−6 ) ( 2.3 2−10 )
2

Q 3
R3 = = = 95.5KΩ
π f C C ( π )( 1000 ) ( 0.01 ×10−6 )
Fig 12.6(g) shows the narrow BPF whose components values are,
R1= 4.77KΩ ; R2= 5.97KΩ ; R3= 95.5KΩ ; C 1 = C 2= 0.01 μF .
Example E12.5:- Design a wide BPF whose, f L = 200Hz , f H = 1KHz
Solution:-
Design of LPF
1. f L = 200Hz
2. Let, C '=0.05 μF
1
3. R' = = 15.9KΩ
2π f LC
Design of HPF
1. f L = 1000Hz
2. Let, C=0.01 μF
1
3. R = ' = 15.9KΩ
2π f HC
' '
R1=R 2=R1=R2 = 10KΩ
The gain of summing amplifier is set 1.
Therefore, R3=R 4=R 5= 10KΩ
Fig 12.6(i) shows the wide BSF whose components values are,
' '
R1=R 2=R1=R2 = 10KΩ ;
R= 15.9KΩ ; C = 0.01 μF
' '
R = 15.9KΩ ; C = 0.05 μF
R3=R 4=R 5= 10KΩ
Example E12.6:- Design a 50Hz active notch filter.
Solution:-
1. Given f 0= 50Hz.
2. Let, C=0.1 μF
1 1
3. R = = = 31.8KΩ
2 π f 0 C ( 2 π ) ( 50 ) ( 0.1 ×10−6 )
R
For , take two resistance of 31.8KΩ are in parallel and for 2C, take two capacitors of 0.1 μF are in
2
parallel to design twin T notch filter as shown in fig 12.6(m).
Example E12.7:- Design a second order LPF whose cut-off frequency is 1KHz.
Solution:-
Following steps are required:
1. f C = 1KHz
 2. Let, C=0.1 μF
1 1
3. Then R = = = 1.6KΩ
2 π f C C ( 2 π ) ( 10 ) ( 0.1 ×10−6 )
3

4. Pass band voltage gain

R2
A0 =1+ = 1.586
R1
∴ R2=0.586 R 1
If R1=10KΩ , then R2= 5.86KΩ
Fig 12.8(a) shows the second order LPF whose components values are,
R = 1.6KΩ ; C=0.1 μF ; R1=10KΩ ; R2= 5.86KΩ
Example E12.8:- Design a second order HPF whose cut-off frequency 1KHz.
Solution:-
From example E12.7, the value of R,C, R1∧R 2 are same.
Fig 12.8(c) shows the second order HPF.

ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES
Example A12.1:- Find the cut-off frequency and pass band gain of the filter shown in Fig A12.1.
**Fig A12.1**
Solution:-
1 1
∴ fC = = = 1KHz
2 πRC ( 2 π ) ( 33 ×10 ) ( 0.0047 × 10−6 )
3

15.8
A0 = 1+ = 1.59
27
Example A12.2:- Design a fourth order Butterworth LPF having cut-off frequency 1KHz.
Solution:-
We know 4th order = 2nd order + 2nd order.
1. Here, f C = 1KHz
2. Let, C=0.1 μF
1 1
3. Then R = = = 1.6KΩ
2 π f C C ( 2 π ) ( 10 ) ( 0.1 ×10−6 )
3

4. Here n = 4, there are two damping co-efficient, α 1=0.765∧α 2=1.848

∴ Pass band gains are,
A01 = 3−α 1=3−¿ 0.765 = 2.235
A02 = 3−α 2 = 3 – 1.848 = 1.152
R2
Now, A01= 1+ = 2.235
R1
∴ R2 = 1.235 R1
If R1 =10KΩ , then R2 = 12.35KΩ
'
R2
Now, A02= 1+ ' = 1.152
R1
' '
∴ R2 = 0.152 R1
If R'1=100KΩ then R'2 = 15.2KΩ
Fig A12.2 shows the circuit of 4th order LPF.
**Fig A12.2**
ω
Example A12.3:- Find the order of Butterworth LPF whose magnitude is 40dB attenuation at = 2.
ωC
Solution:-
H ( jω )
We know, 20log = - 40
A0
H ( jω )
∴ = - 0.01
A0
 1
1
( )
2 2n
∴ ( 0.01 ) = ω =
1+ 1+ 2
2n
ωC
∴ 22 n = 104 −1
∴ n = 6.64
Since the order of filter must bean integer, so n = 7
Example A12.4:- Find the phase angle(φ ) if the frequency of input voltage is 1KHz of APF shown in Fig
A12.4.
**Fig A12.4**
Solution:-
We know, φ = −2 tan−1 ( ωRC )
∴ φ = −2 tan−1 [ ( 2 π ) ( 103 ) ( 15.9 ) ( 103 )( 0.01× 10−6 ) ] = −90 0
This means that the output voltage v 0 has the same frequency and magnitude but lags with v ¿ by 90 0.