HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

LAB REPORT
SUBJECT: GENERAL PHYSIC I ( PH1016), CLASS ID: 753553

Name: Lê Gia Bảo

ID: 202420996
Class: CTTT ô tô - 02 K69
Group: 01

Instructor:

Đặng Đức Dũng

Nguyễn Xuân Chiến
 EXPERIMENTAL REPORT 1: MEASUREMENT OF BASIC LENGTH
Verification of the instructors

I. Purpose of experiment
- Knowing how to use the vernier caliper and micrometer property.
- Measuring dimensions of a hollow cylinder and a steel ball.
- Calculate the volume and density of the metal hollow cylinder and the steel
ball.
II. Theoretical background
1. Vernier Caliper
a, Introduction
The Vernier Caliper is a precision instrument that can be used to
measure internal and external distances extremely accurately. The details
of a vernier principle are shown in the following picture. An ordinary
vernier caliper has jaws you can place around an object, and on the other
side jaws made to fit inside an object. These secondary jaws are for
measuring the inside diameter of an object. Also, a stiff bar extends from
the caliper as you open it that can be used to measure depth. The
accuracy which can be achieved is proportional to the graduation of the
vernier scale.
 When the jaws are closed, the vernier zero mark coincides with the zero mark on the scale

1
∆= (1)
N

Where, N is the number of divisions on vernier scale (except the 0-mark), then, for N = 10 we ha

b, How to use Vernier Caliper

Preparation to take the measurement, loosen the locking screw and move the
slider to check if the vernier scale works properly. Before measuring, do make sure
the caliper reads 0 when fully closed.
Close the jaws lightly on the item which you want to measure. If you are
measuring something round, be sure the axis of the part is perpendicular to the
caliper. In other words, make sure you are measuring the full diameter.
c, How to read Vernier Caliper
In order to determine the measurement result with a vernier caliper, you can
use the following equation:
D=na+m ∆(2)

Where, a is the value of a division on sleeve - double rule (in millimeter), i.e., a = 0.5 mm

Step 1: Count the number of division (n) on the main rule – T, lying to the
left of the 0-mark on the vernier scale – T’.
Step 2: Look along the division mark on vernier scale and the millimeter
marks on the adjacent main rule, until you find the two that most nearly line up.
Then, count the number of divisions (m) on the vernier scale except the 0- mark.
 Step 3: Put the obtained values of n and m into eq. (2) to calculate the
measured dimension.
Attention:
The Vernier scale can be divided into three parts called first end part, middle
part, and last end part.
+ If the 0-mark on vernier scale is just adjacently behind the division n on
the main rule, the division m should be on the first end part of vernier scale.
+ If the 0-mark on vernier scale is in between the division n and n+1 on the
main rule, the division m should be on the middle part of vernier scale.
+ If the 0-mark on vernier scale is just adjacently before the division n+1 on
the main rule, the division m should be on the last end part of vernier scale.
2. Micrometer
a, Introduction

The micrometer is a device incorporating a calibrated screw used widely for precise measu
 b, How to use a Micrometer
Start by verifying zero with the jaws closed. Turn the ratcheting knob on the
end till it clicks. If it isn't zero, adjust it.
Carefully open jaws using the thumb screw. Place the measured object
between the anvil and spindle face, then turn the ratchet knob clockwise to
close around the specimen till it clicks. This means that the ratchet cannot be
tightened any more and the measurement result can be read.
c, How to read a Micrometer
In order to determine the measurement result with a micrometer, you can
also use the following equation:
D=na+m ∆(3)

Where, a is the value of a division on sleeve - double rule (in millimeter), i.e., a = 0.5 mm

Step 1: Count the number of divisions (n) on the sleeve - T of both the top
and down divisions of the double rule lying to the left of the thimble edge.
Step 2: Look at the thimble divisions mark – T’ to find the one that
coincides nearly a line with the referent one. Then, count the number of divisions
(m) on the thimble except the 0-mark .
 Step 3: Put the obtained values of n and m into eq. (3) to calculate the
measured dimension.
Attention:
The ratchet is only considered to spin completely a revolution around the
sleeve when the 0-mark on the thimble passes the referent line.
[Link] Procedure
Use the Vernier caliper to measure the external and internal diameter (D and
d respectively), and the height (h), of a metal hollow cylinder based on the method
of using and reading this rule presented in part b and c.
Note: do 5 trials for each parameter.
Use the micrometer to measure the diameter (D b) of a small steel ball for 5
trials based on the method of using and reading this device presented in part b and
c.

IV. Experimental Result

1. Metal hollow cylinder
Trials D (mm) d (mm) h (mm)

1 42.02 35.16 8.02

2 42.04 35.14 8.02

3 42.02 35.16 8.04

4 42.04 35.14 8.04

5 42.02 35.15 8.02

Average D=42. 03 (mm) d=35.15 h=8.03

 2. Steel Ball
Trials D (mm)

1 15.90

2 15.87

3 15.89

4 15.88

5 15.87

Average D=¿15.88

V. Processing of Measurement data

1. Calculation average values and uncertainties:
a, For the Metal hollow cylinder
D 1 + D2 + D3 + D 4 + D 5 42.02+ 42.04+ 42.02+42.04 +42.02
D= = ≈ 42.03(mm)
5 5
d 1 +d 2 +d 3 +d 4+ d 5 35.16+ 35.14+35.16+ 35.14+35.15
d= = ≈ 35.15(mm)
5 5
h1+ h2 +h3 +h 4 +h5 8.02+8.02+8.04+ 8.04+8.02
h= = ≈ 8.03(mm)
5 5

√
2 2 2 2 2
( D−D1 ) + ( D−D2 ) + ( D−D3 ) + ( D−D 4 ) + ( D−D 5 )
Δ D=s . d .=
5

=
√
( 42.03−42.02 )2 + ( 42.03−42.04 )2+ ( 42.03−42.02 )2 + ( 42.03−42.04 )2 + ( 42.03−42.02 )2

≈ 0.01 mm
5

√
2 2 2 2 2
( d−d 1 ) + ( d−d 2) + ( d−d 3 ) + ( d−d 4 ) + ( d−d 5 )
Δ d=s . d .=
5
 ¿
√
( 35.15−35.16 )2 + ( 35.15−35.14 )2 + ( 35.15−35.16 )2 + ( 35.15−35.14 )2 + ( 35.15−35.15 )2

≈ 0.01mm
5

√
2 2 2 2 2
( h−h 1) + ( h−h2 ) + ( h−h3 ) + ( h−h4 ) + ( h−h5 )
Δ h=s . d .=
5

=
√ ( 8.03−8.02 )2 + ( 8.03−8.02 )2 + ( 8.03−8.04 )2 + ( 8.03−8.04 )2+ ( 8.03−8.02 )2 ≈ 0.01 mm
5

π 2 2 3.14
⇒ V = ( D −d ) h= ( 42.03 2−35.152 ) ×8.03 ≈ 3.34 × 103 ( mm3 )=3.34 ×10−6 ( m3 )
4 4

b, For the steel ball

Db 1 + Db 2 + Db 3 + Db 4+ Db 5 15.90+15.87 +15.89+15.88+15.87
Db = = ≈ 15.88(mm)
5 5

√
2 2 2 2 2
( D b−Db 1 ) + ( Db −Db 2 ) + ( Db−D b 3 ) + ( Db−Db 4 ) + ( Db −Db 5 )
Δ D b=s . d .=
5

¿
√( 15.88−15.90 )2 + ( 15.88−15.87 )2+ ( 15.88−15.89 )2 + ( 15.88−15.88 )2 + ( 15.88−15.87 )2
5
≈ 0.01 mm

1 3 1 3 −6 3
⇒ V b= π D b = × 3.14 ×15.88 ≈ 2.10 ×10 m
6 6
Calculation the uncertainties of volume and density:
a, For metal hollow cylinder
With M = 28.5 g

√( [
Δπ 2 Δ ( D −d )
) ]( )
2 2 2
π Δh
V = ( D2 −d 2 ) h⇒ ΔV =V + 2 2
+
4 π D −d h

√( ) ( √( )( )
2
Δπ 2
)( )
ΔD 2 Δd 2 2
1 Δh
¿V + 2 + × 2 2 +
π D d D −d h
 √( ( √( ) ( ) )( )
2

)
0.01 2 0.01 2 0.01 2 2
3 1 0.01
¿ 3.34 × 10 × + 2 + × 2 2
+
3.14 42.03 35.15 42.03 −35.15 8.03

≈ 11.42 ( m m3 )=0.01 ×10−6 ( m3 )

Hence,
−6 3
V =(3.34 ± 0.01)× 10 (m )

We have:
−3
m 28.5 ×10 3 kg
ρ= = =8.53 ×10 ( 3 )
V 3.34 ×10−6 lm

√( √( )
3 2

)
2
ΔV −3 0.01 ×10 −3 3 3 3
⇒ Δ ρ=ρ =8.53 ×10 × 3
≈ 0.03 ×10 g /m m =0.03 ×10 kg /m
V 3.34 ×10

Hence,
3 3
ρ=(8.53 ± 0.03)× 10 kg/m

b, For steel ball:

√( ) ( )
2
1 3 Δπ
2
Δ Db
V b = π D b ⇒ Δ V b=V b + 3×
6 π Db

= 2.01 ×103
√( 0.01 2
3.14 )(
+ 3×
0.01 2
8.03 )
=9.86 mm3 ≈ 0.01× 10−6 m3

Hence,
−6 3
V b =( 2.10 ±0.01 ) ×10 m
EXPERIMENTAL REPORT 2: MOMENTUM AND KINETIC ENERGY IN
ELASTIC AND INELASTIC COLLISION
Verification of the instructors

I. Purpose of experiment
Further understanding about momentum conservation and kinetic energy
conservation.
Distinguish elastic collisions and inelastic collisions.
Improve experimental skills.
II. Theoretical background
1. Momentum and conservation of momentum
Momentum is a physics quantity defined as product of the particle's mass
and velocity. It is a vector quantity with the same direction as the particle's
velocity.
⃗p=m ⃗v (1)

Then we may demonstrate the Newton's second law as

d ⃗p
∑⃗
F= (2)
dt

The concept of momentum is particularly important in situations in which

we have two or more interacting bodies. For any system, the forces that the
particles of the system exert on each other are called internal forces. Forces exerted
on any part of the system by some object outside it are called external forces. For
the system, the internal forces are cancelled due to the Newton’s third law. Then, if
the vector sum of the external forces is zero, the time rate of change of the total
momentum is zero. Hence, the total momentum of the system is constant:
d ⃗p
∑⃗
F =0= ⇒ ⃗p =const (3)
dt

This result is called the principle of conservation of momentum.

2. Elastic and inelastic collision
 a, Elastic collision
If the forces between the bodies are much larger than any external forces, as
is the case in most collisions, we can neglect the external forces entirely and treat
the bodies as an isolated system. The momentum of an individual object may
change, but the total for the system does not. Then momentum is conserved and the
total momentum of the system has the same value before and after the collision. If
the forces between the bodies are also conservative, so that no mechanical energy
is lost or gained in the collision, the total kinetic energy of the system is the same
after the collision as before.
Remember this rule:
_ In any collision in which external forces can be neglected, momentum is
conserved and the total momentum before equals the total momentum after
that is:
m1 ⃗
v 1 ' + m2 ⃗
v 2 ' =m1 ⃗
v 1+ m2 ⃗
v 2 (4)

_ In elastic collisions only, the total kinetic energy before equals the total
kinetic energy after that is:
1 1 1 1
m1 v 1 '+ m1 v 2 '= m1 v 1 + m1 v 2 ( 5 )
2 2 2 2

If the second body is in stationary (v 2 = 0) then taking the vector eq. (4)
along the direction from left to right, results in:
−m1 v 1 ' +m2 v 2 '=m1 v 1( 6)

b, Inelastic collision
A collision in which the total kinetic energy after the collision is less than
before the collision is called an inelastic collision. An inelastic collision in which
the colliding bodies stick together and move as one body after the collision is often
called a completely inelastic collision.
Conservation of momentum gives the relationship:
m1 ⃗
v 1+ m 2 ⃗
v 2=(m ¿ ¿ 1+m2) ⃗v (7)¿

In the case that the second mass is initially at rest (v 2 = 0) then taking the
vector eq. (9) along the direction from left to right, results in
 m1 v=(m ¿ ¿ 1+ m2)v '(8)¿

Let's verify that the total kinetic energy after this completely inelastic
collision is less than before the collision. The motion is purely along the x-axis, so
the kinetic energies KE and K’E before and after the collision, respectively, are:
1 2
K= m1 v (9)
2
2
' 1 '2 1 m1
K = ( m1 +m2 ) v = ( m1+ m2) ( ) v (10)
2 2 m1 +m2

Then, the ratio of final to initial kinetic energy is

K' m1
= (11)
K m1 +m2

It is obviously that the kinetic energy after a completely inelastic collision

is always less than before.
III. Experimental procedure
1. Set up the measurement
In this experiment, the collisions between two carts attached with “shutter
plate” (length as 100 mm) will be investigated. One end of cart 1 is attached with a
magnet with a plug facing the starter system and the other one is attached with a
plug in the direction of motion. The duration that the carts go through the
photogates before and after the collisions will be measured by the timer that
enables to calculate the corresponding velocities.
2. Investigation of elastic collision
Step 1: Place the cart 1 (m1) on the left of track closer to the starter system.
The cart m2 is stationary between the photogates. It means that its initial velocity
v2 = 0. In this investigation, cart 2 is attached with a bow-shaped fork with rubber
band facing cart 1 and a needle plug facing the end holder on the right of track.
The photogate 1 should be located at position of 50 cm and photogate 2 at 100 cm.
It is also noted that in this case, the weight m 1 should be haft of m2 due to cart 2 is
attached with an additional weight (400 g).
Step 2: Push the trigger on the top of vertically long stem of the starter
system that enables cart 1 to be released and accelerate in the direction to cart 2
(initially in stationary that is v 2 = 0). During this process, it receives an initial
velocity v1 that can be calculated by the duration t 1 when it goes through the
photogate 1 corresponding to the shutter plate’s length.
Step 3: After collision, cart 2 moves with the velocity v’ 2 that can be
calculated by the using the duration t’ 2 measured by photogate 2 and cart 1 goes
back. Record the time t1, t’1 and t’2 displayed on the corresponding windows of
timer.
Step 4: Repeat the measurement procedure from step 1 to 3 for more 9 times
and record all the measurement results in a data sheet 1.
Step 5: Weight two carts to know their masses by using an electronic
balance. Record the mass of each cart on data sheet.
3. Investigation of inelastic collision
Step 1: Place the cart 1 (m1) on the left of track closer to the starter system.
Put off the right plug of cart 1 and attach the other one with a needle facing to cart
2. Place the cart 2 (m2) also stationary between the photogates as in Part 2. In this
circumstance, the fork plug facing cart 1 is replaced by another one having
plasticine. It is noted that in this case, the weight m 1 should be twice m2. In order to
get this condition, take off the additional weight from cart 2 and put it on cart 1.
Step 2: Push the trigger of the starter system that enables cart 1 to be
released and accelerate in the direction to cart 2 similar previous case. Record the
moving time t1 that can be considered as t.
Step 3: After collision, cart 1 sticks with cart 2 then both carts move
together with the same velocity v’ that can be calculated by the duration t’ 1 = t’2 =
t’ measured by photogate 2. Record the t’ displayed on the timer.
Step 4: Repeat the measurement procedure from step 1 to 3 for more 9 times
and record all the measurement results in a data sheet 2.
Step 5: Weight two carts to know their masses by using an electronic
balance. Record the mass of each cart.
IV. Experimental Result
1. Elastic Collision
m1=404.0 ± 0.1 g m2=801.0 ± 0.1 g l=100 mm=0.100 m
Tri t 1 (s) t 1 ' (s) t 2 ' (s )
al
1 0.153 0.718 0.249
2 0.154 0.715 0.245
3 0.156 0.720 0.249
4 0.156 0.713 0.248
5 0.153 0.714 0.246
6 0.156 0.720 0.249
7 0.156 0.716 0.248
8 0.155 0.717 0.244
9 0.153 0.711 0.245
10 0.154 0.710 0.245
t 1=0.155s '
t 1 =0.715 s t 2 '=0.246 s

√ √ √
10 10 10

∑ ❑ ( t 1i −t1 )
2
∑ ❑ ( t 1i −t1 )
2
∑ ❑ ( t 1 i−t1 )2
i=1 i=1 i=1
10 10 10
∆ t 1= ∆ t 1' = ∆ t 2' =
√10 √10 √ 10
= 0.002s = 0.003s = 0.005s

v 1=0.645 m/s v 1 '=0.139 m/s v 2 '=0.406 m/s

∆ v 1=0.008 m/s ∆ v 1 ' =0.001 m/s '
∆ v 2=0.005 m/s
 2. Inelastic collision
m1=801. 0 ± 0.1 g m2=404.0 ± 0.1 g l=100 mm=0.100 m
Tri t 1 (s) t 1 ' (s) t 2 ' (s )
al
1 0.219 0.400 0.354
2 0.213 0.390 0.354
3 0.215 0.390 0.349
4 0.213 0.383 0.352
5 0.220 0.391 0.349
6 0.220 0.409 0.358
7 0.216 0.409 0.358
8 0.214 0.390 0.354
9 0.217 0.386 0.349
10 0.214 0.391 0.352
t 1=0.216 s t 1 '=0.394 s t 2 '=0.353s

√ √ √
10 10 10

∑ ❑ ( t 1i −t1 )
2
∑ ❑ ( t 1i −t1 )
2
∑ ❑ ( t 1 i−t1 )2
i=1 i=1 i=1
10 10 10
∆ t 1= ∆ t 1' = ∆ t 2' =
√10 √10 √ 10
= 0.003s = 0.003s = 0.003s
v 1=0.463 m/s v 1 '=0.254 m/ s v 2 '=0.283 m/s
∆ v 1=0.006 m/ s ∆ v 1 ' =0.002 m/s ∆ v 2 ' =0.002 m/s

V. Data Processing
1. Elastic collision
a) Momentum
The total momentum before the collision:
m
P1=m1 v 1=0.258 (kg )
s

∆ P1=P 1 ×
√( m1 )( )
Δ m1 2 Δ v 1 2
+
v1
m
=0.003(kg )
s
Hence,
m
P1=0.258 ± 0.003(kg )
s
The total momentum after the collision:
 ' m
P2=−m1 v 1 ' +m 2 v 2 =0.265(kg )
s

√( )( )( )( )
2 2 ' 2 ' 2
Δ m1 Δ m2 Δ v1 Δ v2 m
∆ P2 =P 2 + + ' + ' =0.003( kg )
m1 m2 v1 v2 s

Hence,
m
P2=0.265 ± 0.003(kg )
s
|P2−P 1|
The percentage change in momentum: C %= = 2.71%
P1

b) Kinetic energy
1
Total kinetic energy before collision: K 1= 2 m1 v 1 =0.083(J )
2

1 2 1
Total kinetic energy after collision: K 2= 2 m1 v 1 ' + 2 m2 v2 ' =0.069(J )
2

|K 2 −K 1|
The percentage change in kinetic energy: C %= = 16.87%
K1
In conclusion: We can notice that the average total momentum and kinetic
energy after an elastic collision is less than before the collision. But the
numbers are acceptable since the collision is not completely elastic.
2. Inelastic collision
a) Momentum
The total momentum before the collision:
m
P1=m 1 v 1=0.371 (kg )
s

√
∆ P1=P 1 × (
∆ v1 2
v1
m
) =0.002 (kg )
s

Hence,
m
P1=0.371 ± 0.002(kg )
s

The total momentum after the collision:

 ' m
P2=( m1 +m2 ) v 1 =0.341(kg )
s
m
√ '
∆ P2 = ( m1 +m2 ) ∆ v 1=0.002(kg
s
)

Hence,
m
P2=0. 341 ± 0.002(kg )
s

|P2−P 1|
The percentage change in momentum: C %= = 8.09%
P1

b) Kinetic energy
1 2
Total kinetic energy before collision: K 1= 2 m1 v 1 =0.086 (J )

1 '2
Total kinetic energy after collision: K 2= 2 ( m1 +m2 ) v 1 =0.048(J )

| ( ) |
2
1 m1 1
2
( m1 +m2 )
m1+ m2
− m1
2
The percentage change in kinetic energy: C % = =
1
m
2 1
33.5%
* In reality, this ratio is:
K 2 0.048
= =0.558
K 1 0.086

Percent change in kinetic energy in reality is

|K 2 −K 1|
C%= =44.19%
K1

In conclusion: We can notice that the average total momentum and kinetic
energy after a completely inelastic collision is significantly less than before the
collision.
 EXPERIMENTAL REPORT 3: MOMENT OF INERTIA OF THE
SYMMETRIC RIGID BODIES
Verification of the instructors

I. Purpose of experiment
Measure the period T to find the moment of inertia of an object.
Further understanding about the moment of inertia of the symmetric rigid
bodies.
II. Theoretical background
It is known that the moment of inertia of the body about the axis of rotation
is determined by:
❑
I =∫ ❑ r 2 dm(1)
❑

Where dm is the mass element and r is the distance from the mass element to
the axis of rotation. In the m.k.s. system of units, the units of I are kg m2/s. If the
axis of rotation is chosen to be through the center of mass of the object, then the
moment of inertia about the center of mass axis is call I cm. In case of the typical
symmetric and homogenous rigid bodies, I [Link] calculated as follows:
1 2
For a long bar: I cm= 12 m l (2)

1 2
For a thin disk or a solid cylinder: I cm= 2 m R (3)

For a hollow cylinder having very thin wall: I cm=m R2 (4)

2 2
For a solid sphere: I cm= 5 m R (5)

The parallel-axis theorem relates the moment of inertia Icm about an axis
through the center of mass to the moment of inertia I about a parallel axis through
some other point. The theorem states that,
2
I =I cm + M d (6)
 This implies I cm is always less than I about any other axis. In this experiment,
the moment of inertia of a rigid body will be determined by using an apparatus
which consists of a spiral spring (made of brass).The object whose moment of
inertia is to be measured can be mounted on the axis of this torsion spring which
tends to restrict the rotary motion of the object and provides a restoring torque. If
the object is rotated by an angle φ, the torque acting on it will be
τ z=D z . ϕ (7)

where D z. is a elastic constant of spring. This torque will make the object
oscillation. Using the theorem of angular momentum of a rigide body in rotary
motion.
2
dL dω d ϕ
τ = =I =I 2 (8)
dt dt dt

We get the typical equation of oscillation as

d ϕ Dz
2

2
+ ϕ=0(9)
dt I

The oscillation is corresponds to a period

T =2 π
√ I
Dz
(10)

For a known D z, the unknown moment of inertia of an object can be found if

the period T is measured.
III. Equipment
Rotation axle with spiral spring having the elastic constant, D z = 0,044
Nm/Rad;
Light barrier (or photogate) with counter;
Rod with length of 620mm and mass of 240g;
Solid sphere with mass of 2290g and diameter of 146mm;
Solid disk with mass of 795g and diameter of 220mm;
Solid cylinder with mass of 828g and diam-Eter of 89mm;
Hollow cylinder with mass of 780g and diam-Eter of 89mm;
 Supported thin disk;
A set of screws for mounting the objects;
Tripod base.
IV. Experimental procedure
1. Measurement of the rod
- Equipment is setup corresponding to Experimental setup for
measurement of the rod. A mask (width ~ 3 mm) is stuck on the rod to
ensure the rod went through the photogate.
- Press the button “Start” to turn onn the counter. Then, you can see the
light of LED on the photogate.
- Push the rod to rotate with an angle of 1800, then let it to oscillate
freely. The time of a vibration period of the rod will be measured. In
this case, the result you got is averaged after several periods. Make 5
trials and record the measurement result of period T in a data sheet.
- Press the button “Reset” to turn the display of the counter being 0.
Uninstall the rod for next measurement.
2. Measurement of the solid disk
- Using the suitable screws to mount the solid disk on the rotation axle
of the spiral spring. A piece of note paper is stuck on the disk to
ensure it passing through the photogate.
- Perform the measurement procedure similar to that of the rod. Record
the
measurement result of period T in a data sheet.
- Press the button “Reset” to turn the display of the counter being 0.
Uninstall the disk for next measurement.
3. Measurement of the hollow cylinder
- Using the suitable screws to mount the hollow cylinder coupled with a
supported disk below on the rotation axle of the spiral spring. A piece
of note paper is also stuck on the disk to ensure the system passing
through the photogate.
- Perform the measurement procedure similar to that of the disk. Record
the measurement result of period T (5 trials) in a data sheet.
 - Push the button “Reset” to turn the display of the counter being 0.
Uninstall the hollow cylinder and repeat the measurement to get its
rotary period T (5 trials).
- Press the button “Reset” to turn the display of the counter being 0.
Uninstall the supported disk for next measurement.

4. Measurement of the Solid Sphere

- Mount the solid sphere on the rotation axle of the spiral spring. A
piece of note paper is also stuck on the sphere to ensure its passing
through the photogate.
- Push the sphere to rotate with an angle of 2700, then let it to oscillate
freely. The obtained vibration period of the sphere will be recorded (5
trials) in the data sheet.
- Uninstall the solid sphere and switch off the counter to finish the
measurements.
V. Experimental result
1. Measurement of the Rod:
Trial T (s)

1 2.622

2 2.617

3 2.618

4 2.620

5 2.614

T =2.618 s

√
5
Average
∑ ❑ ( T i−T )2
i=1
ΔT = =0.003 s
5

2. Measurement of the Solid Disk:

 Trial T (s)

1 2.035

2 2.042

3 2.053

4 2.041

5 2.036

T =2.041 s

√
5
Average
∑ ❑ ( T i−T )2
i=1
ΔT = =0.006 s
5

3. Measurement of the Hollow Cylinder:

a. Supported Disk:
Trial T (s)

1 0.322

2 0.321

3 0.322

4 0.327

5 0.324

T =0.323 s

√
5
Average
∑ ❑ ( T i−T )2
i=1
ΔT = =0.002 s
5

b. Supported Disk + Hollow Cylinder:

Trial T (s)

1 1.126

2 1.125

3 1.124
 4 1.126

5 1.128

T =1.126 s

√
5
Average
∑ ❑ ( T i−T )2
i=1
ΔT = =0.001 s
5

4. Measurement of the Solid Sphere:

Trial T (s)

1 2.071

2 2074

3 2.086

4 2.076

5 2.085

T =2. 078 s

√
5
Average
∑ ❑ ( T i−T )2
i=1
ΔT = =0. 006 s
5

5. Measurement of supported disk + solid cylinder:

Trial T (s)

1 0.917

2 0.928

3 0.926

4 0.920

5 0.921

Average T =0. 922 s

 √
5

∑ ❑ ( T i−T )2
i=1
ΔT = =0. 004 s
5

VI. Data Processing

1. The Rod
a. Moment of inertia obtained by experiment:

( ) ( )
2 2
T 2. 618 −3 2
I cm=D Z =0.044 =7.639× 10 (kg . m / s)
2π 2π

√( )(
ΔT 2 Δπ 2
) √(
0.003 2
) ( )
2
0.001
⇒ Δ I cm =I cm 2 + −2 =( 7.639 ×10−3 ) 4 +4
T π π 2.618
−3 2
¿ 0.002 ×10 (kg . m /s)

Hence,

( )
2
I cm = (7.639 ± 0.002 ¿× 10−3 kg m
s

b. Moment of inertia calculated by the theoretical formula

1 2 1 2 −3 2
I cmTH = m l = ×0.24 × 0.62 =7.688 ×10 (kg . m /s)
12 12

The difference between theoretical and experiment result:

| I cmTH −I cm| −3 ¿
%σ = =¿ (7.688−7.639 ) ×10 ∨ −3
=0.64 % ¿
I cmTH 7.688 × 10

2. Solid Disk
a. Moment of inertia obtained by experiment

( ) ( )
2 2
T 2.041 −3 2
I cm=D Z =0.044 =4. 642× 10 (kg . m / s)
2π 2π

√( ΔT 2
)( Δπ 2
) 0.006 2
√( ) ( )
2
0.001
⇒ Δ I cm =I cm 2 + −2 =( 4.642× 10 ) 4
−3
+4
T π π 2.041
−3 2
¿ 0.002 ×10 (kg . m /s)
Hence,

( )
2
I cm = (4.642± 0.002 ¿× 10−3 kg m
s

b. Moment of inertia calculated by the theoretical formula

( )
2
1 2 1 0.220 −3 2
I cmTH = m R = × 0.795× =4.810 ×10 (kg .m /s )
2 2 2

The difference between theoretical and experiment result:

| I cmTH −I cm| −3 ¿
%σ = =¿ ( 4.810−4.642 ) ×10 ∨ −3
=3. 5 % ¿
I cmTH 4.810× 10

3. Hollow cylinder
a. Moment of inertia obtained by experiment
* Moment of inertia of the supported disk

( ) ( )
2 2
T 0.323 −3 2
I sp=D Z =0.044 =0.116× 10 (kg .m /s )
2π 2π

√( ΔT 2
) ( Δπ 2
) 0.002 2
√( ) ( )
2
0.001
⇒ Δ I sp=I sp 2 + −2 =( 0.116×10−3 ) 4 +4
T π π 0.323
−3 2
¿ 0.007 ×10 (kg .m / s )

Then I sp=( 0.116 ± 0.007 ) × 10−3 (kg . m2 / s)

* Moment of inertia of the coupled object (supported disk + hollow cylinder)

( ) ( )
2 2
T 1.126 −3 2
I co=D Z =0.044 =1.413 ×10 (kg . m /s)
2π 2π

√( ΔT 2
)( Δπ 2
) 0.001 2
√( ) ( )
2
0.001
⇒ Δ I co =I co 2 + −2 =( 1.413 ×10−3 ) 4 +4
T π π 1.126
−3 2
¿ 0.003 ×10 (kg . m / s)

Then I co= (1.413 ± 0.003 ) ×10−3 (kg . m2 /s)

⇒ Moment of inertia of the hollow cylinder
−3 −3 2
I cm=I co −I sp=( 1.413−0.116 ) ×10 =1.297 ×10 (kg . m /s )

√
⇒ Δ I cm = ( Δ I co ) + ( Δ I sp ) =√ ( 0.003 ) + ( 0.007 ) =0.008 ×10 (kg . m /s)
2 2 2 2 −3 2
Hence.

( )
2
kg m
I cm = (1.297± 0.008 ¿ ×10−3 s

b. Moment of inertia calculated by the theoretical formula

( )
2
2 0.089 −3 2
I cmTH =m R =0.780× =1.545 ×10 (kg . m /s)
2

The difference between theoretical and experiment result:

| I cmTH −I cm| −3 ¿
%σ = =¿ (1.297−1.545 ) ×10 ∨ −3
=16. 1% ¿
I cmTH 1.545× 10

4. Solid sphere
a. Moment of inertia obtained by experiment

( ) ( )
2 2
T 2.078 −3 2
I cm=D Z =0.044 =4. 812 ×10 (kg . m /s)
2π 2π

√( ΔT 2
)( Δπ 2
) 0.006 2
√( ) ( )
2
0.001
⇒ Δ I cm =I cm 2 + −2 =( 4. 812×10 ) 4
−3
+4
T π π 2.078
−3 2
¿ 0.002 ×10 (kg . m / s)

Then I cm= ( 4. 812± 0.002 ) ×10−3 (kg . m2 /s)

Hence.

( )
2
kg m
I cm = (4.812± 0.002 ¿× 10 −3
s

b. Moment of inertia calculated by the theoretical formula

( )
2
2 2 2 0.146 −3 2
I cmTH = m R = × 2.29 × =4.881×10 (kg .m /s )
5 5 2

The difference between theoretical and experiment result:

| I cmTH −I cm| −3 ¿
%σ = =¿ ( 4.881−4. 812 ) ×10 ∨ −3
=1. 4 % ¿
I cmTH 4.881 ×10

5. Supported disk + solid cylinder

 a. Moment of inertia obtained by experiment
* Moment of inertia of the supported disk

( ) ( )
2 2
T 0.323 −3 2
I sp=D Z =0.044 =0.116× 10 (kg .m /s )
2π 2π

√( ΔT 2
) ( Δπ 2
) 0.002 2
√( ) ( )
2
0.001
⇒ Δ I sp=I sp 2 + −2 =( 0.116×10−3 ) 4 +4
T π π 0.323
−3 2
¿ 0.007 ×10 (kg .m /s )

Then I sp=( 0.116 ± 0.007 ) × 10−3 (kg . m2 / s)

* Moment of inertia of the coupled object (supported disk + solid cylinder)

( ) ( )
2 2
T 0.922 −3 2
I cm=D Z =0.044 =9.474 × 10 (kg .m / s)
2π 2π

√( ΔT 2
)( ΔT 2
) 0.004 2
√( ) ( )
2
0.004
⇒ Δ I cm =I cm 2 + −2 =( 9.474 × 10−3 ) 4 +4
T π π 0.922
−3 2
¿ 0.086 ×10 (kg .m / s )

⇒ Moment of inertia of the solid cylinder

−3 −3 2
I cm=I co −I sp=( 9.474−0.116 ) ×10 =9.358 ×10 (kg . m /s)

√
⇒ Δ I cm = ( Δ I co ) + ( Δ I sp ) =√ ( 0.086 ) + ( 0.007 ) =0.086 ×10 (kg . m /s )
2 2 2 2 −3 2

Hence.

( )
2
I cm = (9.358 ± 0.086 ¿ ×10−3 kg m
s

b. Moment of inertia calculated by the theoretical formula

( )
2
1 2 1 0.089 −3 2
I cmTH = m R = × 0.828× =8.198 ×10 (kg . m /s)
2 2 2

The difference between theoretical and experiment result:

| I cmTH−I cm| −3 ¿
%σ = =¿ ( 8.198−9.358 ) × 10 ∨ −3
=14. 1 % ¿
I cmTH 8.198 ×10

VII. Conclusion
 Due to friction and uncertainty during the experiment, there is a difference
between theoretical fomular and experimental result.
EXPERIMENTAL REPORT 4: DETERMINATION OF GRAVITATIONAL
ACCELERATION USING SIMPLE PENDULUM OSCILLATION WITH
PC INTERFACE
Verification of the instructors

I. Purpose of experiment
Further understanding how to use the modulum to calculate and pendulum’s
harmonic oscillation
Determinating gravitational acceleration value
II. Theoretical background
As a good approximation, the
pendulum used here can be treated as a
mathematical (simple) one having mass m
and a length l. When pendulum mass m is
deviated to a small angle γ, a retracting force
acts on it to the initial balanced position
(Fig.1):
F ( γ )=– mg . sinγ ≈ – mg . γ (1)

If one ensures that the amplitudes

Fig. 1. Pendulum with vertical
remain sufficiently small while
oscillation plane
experimenting, the movement can be
described by the following differential equation:
2
d γ
I 2 =−gγ (2)
dt

The solution of eq.(2) can be written as follows:

γ =γ 0 sin sin ( √ gl t ) (3)

This is a harmonic oscillation having the amplitude γ 0 and the oscillation
period T.
 T =2 π
√ l
g
(4)

If one rotates the oscillation plane around the angle θ with respect to the
vertical plane as shown in Fig.2, the components of the acceleration of gravity g(θ)
which are effective in its oscillation plane are reduced to g(θ) = [Link]θ, that is only
the force component [Link]γ.cosθ is
effective and the following is obtained
for the oscillation period:

T =2 π
√ l
gcos (θ)
(5)

In this experiment you will

perform the investigation of the
harmonic oscillation of mathematical
pendulum in two cases to see how the
Fig. 2. Pendulum with inclined oscillation
gravitational acceleration depends on plane
its length and the inclined angle based
on equation (4) and (5).
III. Experimental procedure
1. Cobra Interface
The Cobra3-Basic-Unit is an interface for measuring, controlling and
regulating in physics and technology. It can be operated with a computer using
serial USB interface and suitable software corresponding to the certain sensor. In
this case it is translation/rotation recorder. All functional and operating elements
are on the front plate or on the side walls of the instrument as can be seen in Fig.
3a. The electric connection of the movement sensor is carried out according to Fig.
3b for the COBRA interface. The thread runs horizontally and is lead past the
larger of the two thread grooves of the movement recorder.
2. Pendulum with vertical oscillation plan
a. Preparation
Set up the experiment according to Fig. 4 such that the oscillating plane runs
vertically.
Start the MEASURE software written for COBRA interface. The COBRA
window is appeared for setting measuring parameters according to Fig. 5. The
diameter of the thread groove of the movement recorder is entered into the input
window d0 (12 mm are set as a default value). In the first part of the experiment
(thread pendulum), d1 is the double length of the pendulum in mm, that is, the
diameter of the circle describedby the centre of gravity of the pendulum. In this
case, the measured deviations of the pendulum sphere are indicated directly in rad.
If measurements are carried out with the g pendulum, 12 is entered for d 1 (d 1 = d 0 ),
because the pendulum is now coupled 1:1 with the movement measuring unit. If
the values (50 ms) in the ”Get value every (50) ms” dialog box are too high or too
low, noisy or non-uniform measurements can occur. In this case adjust the
measurement sampling rate appropriately. The button must then be pressed. A new
measurement can be initiated any time with the button, the number of measurement
points “n” is reset to zero. In total, about n = 250 measurement values are recorded
and then the button is pressed.
b. Investigation for various pendulum lengths
Step 1: Choose an arbitrary pendulum length (may be 400 mm or 500 mm).
Note that the pendulum length l was the distance of the centre of the supported
mass from the centre of the rotational axis.
Step 2: Move the 1-g weight holder, which tenses the coupling thread
between the pendulum sphere and the movement sensor, manually downward and
the release it. Set the pendulum in motion (small oscillation amplitude) and click
on the ”Start measurement” icon. After approximately 5 oscillations click on the
”Stop measurement” icon, a graph similar to Fig. 6 appears on the screen.
Determine the duration of a period with the aid of the cursor lines, which can be
freely moved and shifted onto the adjacent maxima or minima of the oscillation
curve. Record the measurement result in a data sheet.
Step 3: Do the measurement for 5 times to get the average value of the
oscillation period.
Step 4: Repeat the measurement with different pendulum lengths (500mm
and 600mm or 600mm and 700mm).
c. Pendulum with inclined oscillation plan
Step 1: Make the arrangement of the experimental set-up as Fig. 7. The
scillation plane is initially vertical or 0°. Let the pendulum to vibrate with its small
deflection angle. Record the duration of one period in the second data table, then
repeat the measurement for more 4 times at this position.
 Step 2: Rotate the vibration plane to be inclined at 25° and perform the
measurement procedure similar Step 1.
Step 3: Repeat again the measurement with inclined plane corresponding θ
= 35°, 45°, and 60°. Each angle is also 5 times of measurement.
IV. Experimental result
1. Pendulum with vertical oscillation plan
L1=0.400 ± 0.001 m L2=0.500 ± 0.001 m L1=0.600 ± 0.001 m
Trials
T 1 (s) T 2 (s) T 3 (s )
1 1.296 1.418 1.528

2 1.290 1.406 1.541

3 1.286 1.415 1.532

4 1.275 1.407 1.525

5 1.283 1.403 1.540

Average 1.286 1.410 1.533

*Picture for each measurement (following requirements of instructor)

a, For L1
b. For L2

c. For L3
 2. Pendulum with inclined oscillations plan
θ1=0° θ2=10 ° θ3 =30° θ3 =50° θ 4=70 °
Trials
T 1 (s) T 2 (s) T 3 (s ) T 4 (s) T 5 (s )
1 0.809 0.797 0.798 0.964 1.404

2 0.821 0.801 0.803 0.975 1.398

3 0.815 0.782 0.797 0.974 1.401

4 0.818 0.798 0.807 0.968 1.391

5 0.798 0.798 0.804 0.975 1.397

Average 0.812 0.795 0.802 0.971 1.398

*Picture for each measurement (following requirements of instructor)

a, For θ1
b, For θ2

c, For θ3
d, For θ 4

e, For θ5
V. Data processing
1. Pendulum with vertical oscillation plan
a. Average and uncertainty of T
Average of each T *
5

∑ ❑T 1 i
T 1= i=1 =1.286(s)
5
5

∑ ❑T 2 i
T 2= i=1 =1.410(s)
5
5

∑ ❑T 3 i
T 3= i=1 =1.553(s)
5

* Uncertainty of each T

√
5

∑ ❑ ( T 1 i−T 1 )2
i=1
s ×d 5
Δ T 1=S . D= = =0.003(s)
√n √5
 √
5

∑ ❑ ( T 2 i−T 2) 2
i=1
s ×d 5
Δ T 2=S . D= = =0.003(s)
√n √5

√
5

∑ ❑ ( T 3 i−T 3 )2
i=1
s ×d 5
Δ T 3=S . D= = =0.003 (s)
√n √5

Hence, T 1=T 1 ± ΔT 1=1.286 ± 0.003 ( s )

T 2=T 2 ± ΔT 2=1.40 ± 0.003 ( s )

T 3=T 3 ± ΔT 3=1.533 ± 0.003 ( s )

b. Determination of the gravitational acceleration

Following the theoretical fomular in theoretical background, we have:

T =2 π
√ L
g
2
(2 π ) × L
→ g=
( T )2

So,
(2 π )2 × L1 2
( 2× 3.141 ) × 0.400 m
g1 = 2
= 2
=9.548( 2 )
(T1 ) 1.286 s

( 2 π ) 2 × L2
g2 =
(T 2)
2
=
( 2× 3.141 )2 × 0.500
1.410 2
m
=9.929 2
s ( )
2 2
(2 π ) × L3 ( 2 ×3.141 ) × 0.600 m
g3 = 2
= 2
=10.079( 2 )
(T 3 ) 1.533 s

The uncertainty,

√( )( )(
Δ L1 2 Δ T1 2
) √( )( )( )
2 2 2 2
Δπ 0.001 0.001 0.003 g
Δ g 1=g 1 × 2× + + 2× =9.548× 2× + + 2× =0. 051( 2 )
π L1 T1 3.141 0.400 1.286 m
 √( )( )( ) √(
2 2

) ( )( ) ( )
Δπ
2
Δ L2 Δ T2 0.001
2
0.001
2
0.003
2
g
Δ g 2=g2 × 2× + + 2× =9.929 × 2× + + 2× =0.047 2
π L2 T2 3.141 0.500 1.410 m

√( )( ) (
Δ L3 2 ΔT3 2
) √( )( )( )
2 2 2 2
Δπ 0.001 0.001 0.003 g
Δ g 3=g3 × 2× + + 2× =10. 079× 2× + + 2× =0.043( 2 )
π L3 T3 3.141 0.600 1.533 m

Hence, g1=g1 ± Δ g1=9.548 ± 0.051 ( s )

g2=g 2 ± Δ g2=9.929± 0.047 ( s )

g3=g 3 ± Δ g3 =10.079 ± 0.043 ( s )

2. Pendulum with inclined oscillation plan

a. Average and uncertainty of T
Average of each T *
5

∑ ❑T 1 i
T 1= i=1 =0.812(s )
5
5

∑ ❑T 2 i
T 2= i=1 =0.795(s)
5
5

∑ ❑T 3 i
T 3= i=1 =0.802(s)
5
5

∑ ❑T 4 i
T 4= i=1 =0.971(s)
5
5

∑ ❑T 5 i
T 5= i=1 =1.398(s)
5

* Uncertainty of each T
 √
5

∑ ❑ ( T 1 i−T 1 )2
i=1
s ×d 5
Δ T 1=S . D= = =0.004 (s)
√n √5

√
5

∑ ❑ ( T 2 i−T 2) 2
i=1
s ×d 5
Δ T 2=S . D= = =0.003(s)
√n √5

√
5

∑ ❑ ( T 3 i−T 3 )2
i=1
s ×d 5
Δ T 3=S . D= = =0.002(s)
√n √5

√
5

∑ ❑ ( T 4 i−T 4 )2
i=1
s×d 5
Δ T 4 =S . D= = =0.002(s )
√n √5

√
5

∑ ❑ ( T 5 i−T 5 )2
i=1
s ×d 5
Δ T 5=S . D= = =0.002(s)
√n √5
Hence, T 1=T 1 ± Δ T 1=0. 812± 0.004 ( s )

T 2=T 2 ± Δ T 2=0.795 ± 0.003 ( s )

T 3=T 3 ± Δ T 3=0.802 ± 0.002 ( s )

T 4=T 4 ± Δ T 4 =0.971± 0.002 ( s )

T 5=T 5 ± Δ T 5=1.398 ± 0.002 ( s )

b. Determination of the gravitational acceleration

Following the theoretical fomular in theoretical background, we have:

T =2 π
√ L
g × cosθ
2
(2 π) × L
→ g=
( T )2 ×cosθ
So,
2
(2 π ) × L ( 2× 3.141 )2 × 0.145 m
g1 = 2
= 2
=8. 679( 2 )
( T 1 ) × cos θ1 0.812 × cos 0 ° s

g2 =
(2 π )2 × L
2
=
( 2× 3.141 )2 × 0.145
2
( T 2 ) × cos θ2 0.795 ×cos 10 °
m
=9.193 2
s ( )
2
(2π) × L ( 2 ×3.141 )2 × 0.145 m
g3 = 2
= 2
=10. 273( 2 )
( T 3 ) × cos θ3 0.802 ×cos 30 ° s
2
(2 π ) × L ( 2 ×3.141 )2 ×0.145 m
g4 = 2
= 2
=9. 441( 2 )
( T 4 ) × cos θ 4 0.971 × cos 50 ° s
2
(2π) × L ( 2 ×3.141 )2 × 0.145 m
g5 = 2
= 2
=8.560 ( 2 )
( T 5 ) × cos θ5 1.398 ×cos 70 ° s

The uncertainty,

√( )( ) √(
2

) ( )
Δπ
2
ΔT1 0.001
2
0.004
2
g
Δ g 1=g 1 × 2× + 2× =8. 679 × 2× + 2× =0.086( 2 )
π T1 3.141 0.812 m

√( )( ) √(
2

)( ) ( )
Δπ ΔT2
2
0.001
2
0.003
2
g
Δ g 2=g2 × 2× + 2× =9.193 × 2× + 2× =0.070 2
π T2 3.141 0.795 m

√( )( ) √(
2

)( )
Δπ
2
ΔT3 0.001
2
0.002
2
g
Δ g 3=g3 × 2× + 2× =10. 273 × 2× + 2× =0.057( 2 )
π T3 3.141 0.802 m

√( )( ) √(
2

) ( )
Δπ
2
ΔT4 0.001
2
0.002
2
g
Δ g 4=g 4 × 2× + 2× =8.441 × 2× + 2× =0.035 ( 2 )
π T4 3.141 0.971 m

√( )( ) √(
2

)( )
Δπ
2
ΔT5 0.001
2
0.002
2
g
Δ g 5=g5 × 2× + 2× =8.560× 2× + 2× =0.025( 2 )
π T5 3.141 1.398 m

Hence, g1=g1 ± Δ g1=8. 679 ± 0.086 ( s )

g2=g 2 ± Δ g2=9.193± 0.070 ( s )

g3=g 3 ± Δ g3 =10.273 ± 0.057 ( s )

g4 =g4 ± Δ g 4=8.441 ± 0.035 ( s )

g5=g 5 ± Δ g5 =8.560 ±0.025 ( s )

VI. CONCLUSION
By any type of pendulum (vertical or inclined) we always have the same
gravitational acceleration (just different a little bit due to uncertainty and some
external forces)
Obviously, we can observe that for bigger angle we receive more uncertainty
because of external forces such as friction and air drag force.
 EXPERIMENTAL REPORT 5: INVESTIGATION OF TORSIONAL
VIBRATION
Verification of the instructors

I. Purpose of experiment
Verifying the linear relationship between τ and ϕ
Understanding about the moment of inertia, torsion modulus
Showing the torsion modulus D and its uncertainly
Showing the moment of inertia of the long rod
II. Theoretial background
If a body is regarded as a continuum and if ⃗
r 0 and r⃗ denote the position
vector of a point P in the undeformed and deformed states of the body, then for
small displacement vectors:
r 0=( u1 ,u 2 , u3 ) (1)
u⃗ =⃗r −⃗

and the deformation tensor ε⃗ is:

∂ ui ∂ u k
ε ik= − (2)
d xk d xi

The forces d⃗F which act on a volume element of the body, the edges of the
element being cut parallel to the coordinate planes, are described by the stress
tensor σ⃗
d⃗
F
σ⃗ = ( 3)
dA

Hooke’s law provides the relationship between ε⃗ andσ⃗ : σ = E.ε , where E is

elastic modulus. For a bar subjected to a torque, the angular restoring torque or
torsion modulus Dτ can be determined by:
τ 2=Dτ . φ(4)

From Newton’s basic equation for rotary motion, we have:

 dL d
τ= = ( I ω ) (5)
dt dt z

Combination eq. 3 and 4 we obtain the equation of vibration as follows:

d φ Dt
2

2
+ φ=0(6)
dt Iz

The period of this vibration is:

T =2 π
√ Iz
Dz
(6)

The linear relationship between τ z and ϕ allows determining Dτ . and

consequently the moment ofinertia of the long rod.
III. Experimental procedure
1. Set-up experiment
For the static determination of the torsion modulus, the Newton spring
balance acts on the beam at a position which is corresponding to the lever arm r. to
form a right angle.
It is recommended that a long aluminum rod, 0.5 m long, 0.002 m in
diameter, should be used for this experiment. The steel beam is also preferable for
determining the moment of inertia of the rod with the two masses arranged
symmetrically.
2. How to perform the experiment
a. Determination of torque ( τ = Fr)
Step 1: Assemble the steel rod on the torsion apparatus.
Step 2: Put the Newton spring balance at a position on the beam that corresponds
to the lever arm r (maybe either 100 mm or 150 mm).
Step 3: Pull the spring balance so that it is perpendicu-lar to the beam to turn the
disk being deflected an angle ϕ (5o , 10o , 15o , 20o ,2 5o , 30o )then record the value of
force F shown on the balance’s body in the first data table.
Step 4: Do the measurement corresponding to each angle for 5 times.
b. Determination of period time (T)
 Step 1: Pull out to turn the disk being deflected at angle ϕ (you’d better to
choose the same angles as part 2.1 that is also 5o
Step 2: Let the aluminum rod being twisted that make the hand attached to
the center of disk, vibration and use the stopwatch to count the duration of several
vibrations.
Step 3: Record the duration of 3 periods (or 5 ones) in the second data table.
At each angle, repeat the measurement for 5 times. After that, determine the time
of one oscillation period (T) for all cases.
IV. Experimental report
1. The period time T of oscillation (ϕ = 10o )
Trial 1 2 3 4 5 Average
5T(s) 4.92 4.87 4.94 4.89 4.93 4.91

2. Torce with various angle

Trials F 2 ¿ = 10o ¿ F3¿ ¿ = F 4 ¿ ¿ = 20o F 5 ¿ ¿ = 25o F 6 ¿ ¿ = 30o
o
15 ¿ ) ) )

1
0.30 0.60 0.70 1.05 1.55

2
0.20 0.60 0.70 1.05 1.55

3
0.20 0.60 0.80 1.10 1.55

4
0.25 0.55 0.70 1.05 1.50

5
0.25 0.50 0.80 1.05 1.50

Average
0.24 0.54 0.74 1.06 1.53

V. Data processing
 1. Graph showing the relationship of torsion on deflection angle φ (in
radians)
* Average of Torsion
5

∑ ❑ F1i
F 1= i=1 =0.24(s)
5
5

∑ ❑ F2i
F 2= i=1 =0.54(s)
5
5

∑ ❑ F3i
F 3= i=1 =0.74(s)
5
5

∑ ❑ F4i
F 4= i=1 =1.06(s)
5
5

∑ ❑ F5i
F 5= i=1 =1.53(s)
5
 2. Determination of the torsion modulus Dτ
The torsion modulus Dτ is the slop (m) of the graph
We determine the slop m following fitting tool way of Microsoft Excel by
the formula like this: “=SLOPE(y_axis, x_axis)”
 Nm
Hence, D τ =m=3.55( )
rad

3. Calculate the moment of inertia of long rod and its uncertainty

* The period and its uncertainty
5

∑ ❑ Ti
T = i=1 =4.91(s)
5

√
5

∑ ❑ ( T i−T )2
i=1
s ×d 5
Δ T =S . D= = =0.02(s )
√n √5
Hence, T =T ± ΔT =4.91 ± 0.02 ( s )

* Following the theoretical background, we have

2
T =2 π ×
√ Iz
Dτ
2
T × Dτ 5.0 5 ×3.3 2
→ I z= 2
= 2
=2.293 (kg . m )
(2 π ) ( 2× 3.141 )

Δ I z=I z ×
√( 2×
π ) (
Δπ 2
+ 2×
ΔT 2
T )
=2.293 ×
√( 2×
3.141 )(
0.001 2
+ 2×
0.02 2
4.91 )=0.018 kgs . m2 ¿

Hence, I z =I z ± Δ I z=2.293 ± 0.018 ( kg .m2 )

 EXPERIMENTAL REPORT 6: DETERMINATION OF SOUND
WAVELENGTH AND VELOCITY USING STANDING WAVE
PHENOMENON
Verification of the instructors

I. Purpose of experiment
Calculating the wavelength of the sound wave and its velocity from the
standing wave phenomenon.
Gaining knowledge about sound waves and their properties.
Improving experimental skills.
II. Theoretical backround
A standing wave, also known as a stationary wave, is a wave that remains in
a constant position. This phenomenon can arise in a stationary medium as a result
of interference between two waves traveling in opposite directions. The effect is a
series of nodes (zero displacement) and anti-nodes (maximum displacement) at
fixed points along the transmission line as shown in figure 2. Such a standing
wave may be formed when a wave is transmitted into one end of a transmission
line and is reflected from the other end. In this experiment, the standiing wave will
be investigated by equipment. Here, the sound wave is generated by the frequency
generator using an electromotive speaker. It travels along a glass tube and is
reflected at the surface of a piston which can move inside the tube. These two
waves with the same frequency, wavelength and amplitude traveling in opposite
directions will interfere and produce standing wave or stationary wave.
Considering a suitable initial moment t so that the incoming wave with
frequency f making an oscillation at point N in form:
x 1 N =a0 2 sinπft (1)

where a 0 is the amplitude of the wave, Because of N doesn’t move ( x N = 0), then
the reflective wave also creates an oscillation of which phase is opposite at N:

x 2 N =−a o 2 sinπft(2)

It means that the algebraic sum of two oscillations is equal to 0 at N:

 (3)
On the other hand, considering a point M which is separated from N with a
distance of: y = MN

Let the velocity of the sound wave traveling in the air is v, then the phase of incoming wav

The oscillation made by the incoming wave at M at moment t is the same as

at N at moment t + y/v.
Then, we have:

(4)
In opposite, the oscillation made by the reflected wave at M will be later than that
at N with an amount of y/v:

(5)
Using a trigonometric identity to simplify, the resultant wave equation will be:

(6)
The sound wavelength λ (in meters) is related with the frequency f as the follows:
(7)
The amplitude of the resultant wave at M is:

(8)
Hence:
The positions of nodes where the amplitude equals to zero are corresponding
to

The positions of antinodes where the amplitude is maximum are

corresponding to
 It can be seen from eq. (9) and (10) that the distance between two
conjugative nodes or antinodes is λ/2, that is:

Therefore, if the water column in the glass tube is adjusted so that the
distance L between its open-end and point N is determined as:

Then, there will be a nude at N and anti-nude at its open-end where the
sound volume is greatest. Equation (12) is a condition to have a phenomenon of
sound resonance or standing wave. In this case, the sound resonance is detected by
a microphone. The signal is shown by the ampere-meter of current amplifier. Then,
the phenomenon can be recorded by observing the maximum deviation of ampere-
meter’s hand corresponding to due to the position of piston. By measuring the
distance between two conjugative nodes or antinodes the sound wavelength λ λλ λ
(in meters) and velocity of the sound wave can be determined using eqs. (11) and
(7).
III. Experimental procedure
*Equipments
Glass tube for creating sound resonance;
Piston;
Electromotive speaker for transmitting the sound wave and microphone for
detecting the resonant signal.
Function generator
Metal support and base-box;
The current amplifier with ampere-meter, MIKE
* Set-up experiment
Step 1: Switch the frequency knob on the surface of base-box to the position
of 500 Hz
 Step 2: Turn slowly the crank to move up the piston and simultaneously
observe the movement of ampere-meter’s hand until it gets the maximum
deviation.
Step 3: Record the position L1 of the piston corresponding to the maximum
deviation of ampere-meter’s hand in table 1 of the report sheet. Note : The position
L1 is determined corresponding to the marked line on the piston.
Step 4: Continue to move up the piston and observe the movement of
microampere meter’s hand until it gets maximum position of the deviation once
again.
Step 5: Again, record the second position of the piston L2 (in millimeters) in
table 1
Step 6: Repeat the experimental steps of 2 to 5 for more 4 times.
Step 7: Perform again all the measurement procedures (from step 1 to step
6) corresponding to the frequencies of 600 Hz and 700 Hz. The measurement
results are recorded in table 2 and 3, respectively.
IV. Experimental results
1. Table
f 1=500 ±1 Hz

Trial L1 (mm ) L2 ( mm) d 1 =L2 −L1 (mm )

1 166 511 348

2 163 511 345

3 164 510 346

4 165 511 346

5 164 513 349

d 1=347 ( mm )

√
5

∑ ❑ ( di −d 1 )2
i=1
Δ d 1= =2 ( mm )
5
 f 2=600 ± 1 Hz

Trial L1 (mm ) L2 ( mm) d 2 =L2 −L1 (mm )

1 137 425 288

2 136 425 289

3 136 424 288

4 135 425 290

5 136 424 288

d 2=289 ( mm )

√
5

∑ ❑ ( di −d 2 )2
i=1
Δ d 2= =1 ( mm )
5

f 3=700 ±1 Hz

Trial L1 (mm ) L2 ( mm) d 3 =L2 −L1 (mm )

1 110 358 248

2 108 356 248

3 105 357 252

4 106 357 251

5 108 356 248

d 3=249 ( mm )

√
5

∑ ❑ ( di −d 3 )2
i=1
Δ d 3= =2 ( mm )
5
 2. Calculation of Average Value and Absolute Error of Wavelength

a) f1 = 500± 1 (Hz)
λ 1 = 2 × d 1 = 2 × 347 = 694 (mm) = 694 × 10-3 (m)
∆λ1 = 2∆ d 1 = 4 (mm) = 4 × 10-3 (m)
Hence,
λ1 = (694 ± 3) × 10-3 (m)

b) f2 = 600 ± 1 (Hz)
λ 2 = 2 × d 2 = 2 ×289 = 578 (mm) = 578 × 10-3 (m)
∆λ2 = 2∆ d 2 = 2 (mm) = 2 × 10-3 (m)
Hence,
λ2 = (578 ± 2) × 10-3 (m)

c) f3 = 700 ± 1 (Hz)
λ 3 = 2× d 3 = 2 × 249 = 498 (mm) = 498×10-3 (m)
∆λ3 = 2∆ d 3 = 4 (mm) = 4×10-3 (m)
Hence,
λ3 = (498 ± 4) × 10-3 (m)

3. Calculation of Average Value and Absolute Error of Sound Velocity

a) f1 = 500 ± 1 (Hz)
v 1 = λ 1 × f1 = 694 × 10-3 × 500 = 347 (m/s)

√( )( )
∆ λ1 2 ∆ f 1
√( ) ( ) = 2 (m/s)
2
4 2 1 2
∆v1 = v 1 × λ1
+
f1
= 347 × 694
+
500
Hence:
V1 = 347 ± 2 (m/s)

b) f2 = 600 ± 1 (Hz)
v 2 = λ 2 × f2 = 578 × 10-3 × 600 ≈ 347 (m/s)
 √ ( )
∆ λ2 2 ∆ f 2
√( ) ( ) ≈ 1 (m/s)
2
2 2 1 2
∆v2 = v 2 × (
λ2
)+
f2
= 347 × 5 78
+
600
Hence,
V2 = 347 ± 1 (m/s)

c) f3 = 700 ± 1 (Hz)
v 3 = λ 3 × f3 = 498×10-3 ×700 ≈ 349 (m/s)

√ ( ) = 349 √( ) ( ) ≈ 3 (m/s)
∆ λ3 2 ∆f 3 2
4 2 1 2
∆v3 = v3× (
λ3
)+
f3
×
4 98
+
700
Hence,
V3 = 349 ± 3 (m/s)

4. Theoretical velocity of sound wave and experimental values:

Theoretically, the velocity of soundwave at temperature T can be
calculated as follows:
v=v 0 √ 1+α T
At room temperature T = 29° C :
v=332× 1+
√ 29
273
≈ 349(m/s )

In direct comparison with v 1 , v 2 , v 3 which are measured above, we can

conclude that our experimental values are acceptable since they are
approximate to theoretical value.
END