UJJAIN ENGINEERING COLLEGE

UJJAIN(M.P.)
NAME:-………………………………………….. B.E :-………..year
ROLL NO:-…………………………………………… DATE:- / /

INDEX

DATE OF DATE OF
[Link]. EXPERIMENT PAGE REMARK
EXPERIMENT SUBMISSION

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 UJJAIN ENGINEERING COLLEGE
UJJAIN(M.P.)

EXPERIMENT NO: 01
FINENESS OF CEMENT

Theory :

The fineness of cement has an important bearing on the rate of hydration and hence on the rate of
gain of strength and also on the rate of evolution of heat. Finer cement offers a greater surface area
for hydration and hence the faster and greater the development of strength. Increase in fineness of
cement is also found to increase the drying shrinkage of concrete. Fineness of cement is tested
either by sieving or by determination of specific surface by air-permeability apparatus. Specific
surface is the total surface area of all the particles in one gram of cement.

Aim:

To determine the fineness of the given sample of cement by sieving.

Apparatus:

15-90 micron sieve conforming to IS: 460-1965, standard balance, weights, and brush.

Procedure:

• Weigh accurately 100 g of cement and place it on a standard 90 micron IS sieve.

• Break down any air-set lumps in the cement sample with fingers.
• Continuously sieve the sample giving circular and vertical motion for a period of 15 minutes.
• Weigh the residue left after 15 minutes of sieving.

Limits:

As per IS code the percentage residue should not exceed 10%.

Result:

The fineness of a given sample of cement is _______%

Viva Voce:

1. What is size of the sieve that is used in fineness test? 2. What is the necessity to do the
fineness test?
2. What is the necessity to do the fineness test?
3. What is the specific limit of fineness test?

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EXPERIMENT NO: 02
NORMAL CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT

Theory and Scope:

Vicat plunger to penetrate to appoint 5 to 7 mm from the bottom of the vicat mould in this test. It is
expressed as amount of water as a percentage [by weight] of dry cement. Standard consistency is
also called normal consistency.

A certain minimum quantity of water is required to be mixed with cement so as to complete

chemical reaction between water and cement less water than this quantity required wood not
complete chemical reaction thus resulting in reaction strength and more water increases water
cement ratio and it reduces the strength. So correct proportion of w/c is required.

Aim:

To determine the percentage of water required for preparing cement paste of standard consistency,
used for other tests.

Apparatus:

Vicat apparatus with plunger, I.S. Sieve No. 9, measuring jar, weighing balance

Procedure:

• The vical apparatus consists of a D-frame with movable rod. An indicator is attached to the
movable rod, which gives the penetration on a vertical scale.
• A plunger of 10 mm diameter, 50 mm long is attached to the movable rod to find out normal
consistency of cement.
• Take 300 gm of cement sieved through 1.S. Sieve No. 9 and add 30% by weight (90 ml) water
to it. Mix water and cement on a non-porous surface thoroughly within 3 to 4 minutes.
• The cement paste is filled in the vicat mould and top surface is leveled with a trowel. The
filled up mould shall be placed along with its bottom non-porous plate on the base plate of
the vicat apparatus centrally below the movable rod. The plunger is quickly released into the
paste. The settlement of plunger is noted. If the penetration is between 33 mm to 35 mm
from top (or) 5 mm to 7 mm from the bottom, the water added is correct. If the penetration
is less than required, the process is repeated with different percentages of water till the
desired penetration is obtained.

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Observation and Calculation:

AMOUNT OF WATER PERCENTAGE OF

[Link]. REMARK
MIXED PLUNGER FROM TOP
1

Result:- The normal consistency of cement =

Viva voce:-

1. What is normal or standard consistency of a cement paste?

2. What are the factors affecting the result of the test?
3. What do you understand by the term flash setting?

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Reference:

1. Indian Standard Methods of Physical Tests for cements IS: 4031, Indian Standards
Institution.
2. Indian Standard Specifications for ordinary and low heat Portland cement IS: 269,
Indian Standards Institution.
3. Neville. A. M, Properties of concrete, 3rd edition, Pitman publishing company, 1981.

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EXPERIMENT NO:03
INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIMES OF CEMENT

Theory and Scope:

Setting means becoming finer and harder, changing from semi liquid state to plastic state and form
plastic state to solid state. Mortar or concrete when mixed is in semi liquid state. The chemical
action between cement and water starts, and the mixture goes into plastic state.

Initial setting time is that time period between the time water is added to cement and time at which
1 mm square section needle fails to penetrate the cement paste, placed in the Vicat's mould 5 mm
to 7 mm from the bottom of the mould.

Final setting time is that time period between the time water is added to cement and the time at
which I mm needle makes an impression on the paste in the mould but 5 mm attachment does not
make any impression.

Aim:

To determine the initial and final setting times for the given sample of cement.

Apparatus:

Vicat apparatus with mould, I.S. sieve No. 9, Initial and final setting time needles, measuring jar,
weighing balance, etc.

Procedure: Preparation of Test Block:

• Prepare a neat cement paste by gauging 300 grams of cement with 0.85 times the water
required to give a paste of standard consistency.
• Potable or distilled water shall be used in preparing the paste.
• Potable or distilled water shall be used in preparing the paste.
• The paste shall be gauged in the manner and under the conditions prescribed in
determination of consistency of standard cement paste.
• Start a stop-watch at the instant when water is added to the cement.
• Fill the mould with the cement paste gauged as above the mould resting on a nonporous
plate.
• Fill the mould completely and smooth off the surface of the paste making it level with the
top of the mould. The cement block thus prepared in the mould is the test block.

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DETERMINATION OF INITIAL SETTING TIME:

• Place the test blocks confined in the mould and rest it on the non-porous plate, under the
rod bearing initial setting needle, lower the needle gently in contact with the surface of the
test block and quickly release, allowing it to penetrate into the test block.
• In the beginning, the needle will completely pierce the test block.
• Repeat this procedure until the needle, when brought in contact with the test block and
released as described above, fails to pierce the block to a point 5 to 7 mm measured from
the bottom of the mould shall be the initial setting time.

DETERMINATION OF FINAL SETTING TIME:

• Replace the needle of the Vicat apparatus by the needle with an annular attachment.
• The cement shall be considered as finally set when, upon applying the needle gently to the
surface of the test block, the needle makes an impression there on, while the attachment
fails to do so.
• The period elapsed between the time when water is added to the cement and the time at
which the needle makes an impression on the surface of test block while the attachment
fails to do so shall be the final setting time.

PRECAUTIONS:

• Clean appliances shall be used for gauging.

• All the apparatus should be free from vibration during the test.
• The temperature of water and that of the test room, at the time of gauging shall be
27 C + 2 C. Care shall be taken to keep the needle straight.

Result:

1. Initial setting time of cement =

2. Final setting time of cement =

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UJJAIN(M.P.)

EXPERIMENT NO: 4
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CEMENT

Theory and Scope:

The compressive strength of cement mortar is determined strength of cement mortar is determined
in order to verify whether the cement conforms to IS specification (IS: 269-1976) and whether it will
be able to develop the required compressive strength of concrete. According to IS: 269-1976, the
ultimate compressive strength of cubes of cement sand mortar of the ratio 1:3, containing (P/4+3.0)
percent of water should be as.

Aim:

To determine the compressive strength of 1:3 Cement sand mortar cubes after 3 days and 7 days
curing

Apparatus:

Universal Testing Machine or Compression Testing Machine, cube moulds, vibrating machine,
crucible for mixing cement and sand measuring cylinder, trowels, non-porous plate and balance with
weight box.

Procedure:

• Calculate the material required. The material for each cube shall be mixed separately and
the quantities of cement and standard sand shall be as follows:

Cement = 200 gm

Standard Sand-600 gm.

Water (P/4+3.0) percent = 84 gm.

The time of mixing (gauging) in any event shall not be less than 3 minutes and if the time taken to
obtain a uniform colour exceeds 4 minutes the mixture shall be rejected and the operation is
repeated with a fresh quantity of cement, sand and water.

• Place the assembled mould on the table of the vibrating machine and firmly hold it in the
vibrating machine and firmly hold it in position by means of suitable clamps. Securely attach
the hopper at the top of the mould to facilitate filling and this hopper shall not be
removed until completion of the vibration period.
• Immediately after mixing the mortar as explained above, fill the entire quantity of mortar
in the hopper of the cube mould and compact by vibration. The period of vibration shall be
2 minutes at the specified speed of 12000+400 cycles per minute.

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• Remove the mould from the machine and keep it at a temperature of 27+ 20C in an
atmosphere of at least 90 percent relative humidity for 24 hours after completion of
vibrations.

• The cubes are removed from the mould and immediately submerge it in clean and fresh
water and keep there until taken out just prior to breaking. The water is which the cubes are
submerged shall be renewed after every 7 days and be maintained at a temperature of
27+2°C, keep the cubes wet till they are placed in machine for testing.

• Test the specimens at the required periods, test three cubes at the periods mentioned
below, the periods being reckoned from the completion of vibration. The compressive
strength shall be the average of the strengths of the three cubes for each period.

a) Ordinary Portland Cement: 3 and 7days.

b) Rapid Hardening Portland Cement: I and 3 days.

c) Low Heat Portland Cement: 3, 7 and 28 days.

The cubes shall be tested on their sides, the load being applied at the rate of 35 N/mm2/
minute.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS:

Ordinary Portland cement

[Link]. 3-days strength 7-days strength

Load in KN Strength in Load in KN Strength in
N/mm^2 N/mm^2

Strength =

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Result:

Compressive strength of Cement =

Viva Voce:

1. What you understand by term ultimate strength of cement?

2. What precautions do you take during determination of compressive strength?
3. What is the significance of this test?

References:

1. Neville A.M. properties of concrete, 3rdEdn. Pitman Publishing Company, 1981.

2. Gambhir M.L, Concrete Manual, 4thEdn., Dhanpat Rai Sons, Delhi

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 UJJAIN ENGINEERING COLLEGE
UJJAIN(M.P.)

EXPERIMENT NO. 05
MEASUREMENT OF WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE
BY SLUMP CONE TEST

Theory:

A concrete is said to be workable if it can be easily mixed, placed, compacted and finished. A
workable concrete should not show any segregation or bleeding. Segregation is said to occur when
coarse aggregate tries to separate out from the finer material and a concentration of coarse
aggregate at one place occurs. This results in large voids, less durability and strength. Bleeding of
concrete is said to occur when excess water comes up at the surface of concrete. This causes small
pores through the mass of concrete and is undesirable.

Unsupported fresh concrete flows to the sides and a sinking in height takes place. This vertical
settlement is known as slump. The slump is a measure indicating the consistency or workability of
cement concrete. It gives an idea of water content needed for concrete to be used for different
works. To measure the slump value, the test fresh concrete is filled into a mould of specified shape
and dimensions, and the settlement or slump is measured when supporting mould is removed. The
slump increases as water-content is increased. For different works different slump values have been
recommended. The following table indicates the relationship between degree of workability and
slump value.

Degree of Very Low Low Medium High

workability
Slump value (in 0-25 25-50 50-100 100-175
mm)

Slump test is adopted in the laboratory or during the progress of the work in the field for
determining consistency of concrete where nominal max., size of aggregates does not exceed 40
mm. The pattern of slump indicates the characteristics of concrete in addition to the slump value. If
the concrete slumps evenly it is called true slump. If one half of the cone slides down, it is called
shear slump. In case of a shear slump, the slump value is measured as the difference in height
between the height of the mould and the average value of the subsidence. Shear slump also
indicates that the concrete is non-cohesive and shows the characteristic of segregation. Any slump
specimen, which collapses or shears off laterally gives incorrect results and at this juncture the test is
repeated only true slump should be measured.

Although, slump test is popular due to the simplicity of apparatus used and simple procedure,
unfortunately, the simplicity is also often allows a wide variability and many time it could not
provide true guide to workability. For example, a harsh mix cannot be said to have same workability
as one with a large proportion of sand even though they may have the same slump.

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The slump cone experiment is conducted in an apparatus called slump cone (Figure). This
apparatus essentially consists of a metallic mould in the form of a frustum of a cone having the
internal dimensions as under: Bottom diameter: 20 cm, Top diameter: 10 cm, Height: 30 cm and the
thickness of the metallic sheet for the mould should not be thinner than 1.6 mm.

Objective: To determine the workability of freshly mixed concrete by the use of slump test.

Reference: IS: 7320-1974, IS: 1199-1959, SP: 23-1982.

Apparatus: Slump cone, tamping rod, metallic sheet, weighing machine and scale.

Material: Cement, sand, aggregate and water

Procedure:

1. Clean the internal surface of the mould thoroughly and place it on a smooth horizontal, rigid
and non-absorbent surf ace, such as of a metal plate.
2. Consider a W/C ratio of 0.5 to 0.6 and design mix of proportion about 1:2:4 (it is presumed
that a mix is designed already for the test). Weigh the quantity of cement, sand, aggregate
and water correctly. Mix thoroughly. Use this freshly prepared concrete for the test.
3. Fill the mould to about one fourth of its height with concrete. While filling, hold the mould
firmly in position.
4. Tamp the layer with the round end of the tamping rod with 25 strokes disturbing the
strokes uniformly over the cross section.
5. Fill the mould further in 3 layers each time by 1/4th height and tamping evenly each layer as
above. After completion of rodding of the topmost layer strike of the concrete with a trowel
or tamping bar, level with the top of mould.
6. Lift the mould vertically slowly and remove it.

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7. The concrete will subside. Measure the height of the specimen of concrete after
subsidence.

8. The slump of concrete is the subsidence, i.e. difference in original height and height up to
the topmost point of the subsided concrete in millimetres.

Observations:

W/C Ratio

Slump Value

Result:

The slump of concrete is:_______mm.

Conclusions:

The slump value indicates that the concrete has Very low/ Low/ Medium/ High degree of
workability.

Precautions: (Discuss about the precautions to be taken while conducting this experiment)

Questions:

1. What is meaning of consistency in concrete?

2. What is slump of concrete?
3. What is the significance of shear slump?
4. What is segregation?

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EXPERIMENT NO. 06
MEASUREMENT OF WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE
BY COMPACTION FACTOR TEST

Theory:

This test is adopted to determine workability of concrete where nominal size of aggregate does not
exceed 40 mm. It is based on the definition, that workability is that property of concrete, which
determines the amount of work required to produce full compaction. The test consists essentially of
applying a standard amount of work to standard quantity of concrete and measuring the resulting
compaction. The compaction factor is defined as the ratio of the weight of partially compacted
concrete to the weight of fully compacted concrete. It shall be stated to the nearest second decimal
place. The relationship between degree of workability and compaction factor are:

Degree of
Very Low Low Medium High
workability

Compaction
0.75-0.80 0.80-0.85 0.85-0.92 >0.92
Factor

Compaction factor test is more sensitive and precise than slump test and is particularly useful for
concrete mixes of very low workability. Such concrete may show zero to very low slump value. Also,
compaction factor (CF) test is able to indicate small variations in workability over a wide range.
Compaction factor test proves the fact that with increase in the size of coarse aggregate the
workability will decrease. However, compaction factor test has certain limitations. When maximum
size of aggregate is large as compare with mean particle size; the drop into bottom container will
produce segregation and give unreliable comparison with other mixes of smaller maximum
aggregate sizes. Moreover, the method of introducing concrete into mould bears no relationship to
any of the more common methods of placing and compacting high concrete.

Compaction factor test apparatus-consists of two conical hoppers, A and B, mounted vertically
above a cylindrical mould C. The upper hopper A has internal dimensions as: top diameter 250 mm;
bottom diameter 125 mm and height 225 mm. The lower hopper B has internal dimensions as: top
diameter 225 mm; bottom diameter 125 mm and height 225 mm. The cylinder has internal
dimensions as: 150 mm diameter and 300 mm height. The distances between bottom of upper
hopper and top of lower hopper, and bottom of lower hopper and top of cylinder are 200 mm in
each case. The lower ends of the hoppers are fitted with quick release flap doors. The hoppers and
cylinders are rigid in construction and rigidly mounted on a frame. These hoppers and cylinder are
rigid easily detachable from the frame. Figure 7. shows the diagram of a compaction factor test
apparatus.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 07
DESIGNATION OF BRICKS ON
THE BASIS OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Class 35 30 25 20 17.5 15 12.5 10 7.5 5

Avg compressive
35 30 25 20 17.5 15 12.5 10 7.5 5
Strength(N/mm^2)

The compressive strength of any individual brick tested shall not fall below the minimum
compressive strength specified for the corresponding class of brick. To access the compressive
strength of the bricks, load is applied over the flat side keeping mortar filled face facing upwards.

Water absorption of a brick is defined as the ratio of weight of water absorbed to the dry weight of
the unit under a given method of treatment in a standard period of time. Water absorption indicates
degree of porosity in a brick. Strength, stiffness, unit weight and other properties decrease with
porosity. For good quality of bricks, after immersion in cold water for 24 hours, the water absorption
should not be more than 20% by weight.

Efflorescence of bricks is usually seen as a white powder (salts of crystallization) caused by water
soluble salts as Sulphates of Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium etc. and Sodium Chloride.
These salts are deposited on the surface of the bricks on the evaporation of water. Efflorescence
decreases strength and stiffness of bricks. The liability to efflorescence is reported as 'nil', 'slight',
'moderate', 'heavy' or 'serious in accordance with the following definitions:

Ratings of efflorescence

Efflorescence Definitions
No perceptible deposit of efflorescence
Nil
More than ten percent of the exposed area of the brick is covered with thin
Slight deposit of salts.

Heavier deposit than under "slight" and covering up to fifty percent of

Moderate exposed area of the brick surface but unaccompanied by powdering or
flaking of the surface.

Heavy deposit of salt covering more than fifty percent or more of the
Heavy exposed area of the brick surface but unaccompanied by powdering or
flaking of the surface.

Serious Heavy deposit of salt accompanied by powdering or flaking of the exposed

surface.

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For good quality of bricks, the rating of efflorescence should not be more than 'slight'.

Objective:

To estimate dimension, tolerance, compressive strength, water absorption, and efflorescence of

bricks.

Reference:

IS 3495 (Part-1 to 4):1992.

Apparatus:

1. Dimensions and tolerance: Measuring tape, trowel and brush.

2. Water absorption: Weighing balance, metal tray about 5 cm deep, ovens.
3. Compressive strength: Compression testing machine.
4. Efflorescence: A shallow flat bottom dish or tray.

Material:

1. Dimensions and tolerance: Bricks (20 nos.) (1) Water absorption: Bricks and water.
2. Compressive strength: Bricks, cement, sand, water and two 3 mm thick plywood sheets.
3. Efflorescence: Bricks and water.

Procedure:

For dimension and tolerance test:

1. Collect at least twenty numbers of whole bricks at random from the stock.
2. Remove all blisters, loose particles of clay and small projections from the surface of the
brick.
3. Arrange the bricks upon a level surface successively as shown in Figure 1 in contact with
each other and in a straight line.
4. Measure the overall length of the assembled bricks with the steel tape. Measurement by
repeated application of short rule or measure shall not be permitted. If, for any reason it is
found impracticable to measure bricks in one row, then divide the samples into rows of 10
bricks each and measure them separately to the nearest millimetre. Then, add all these
dimensions together.

For water absorption test:

5. Dry the specimen in a ventilated oven at a temperature of 105 to 115°C for 24 hours. Then
cool it to the room temperature and determine its weight (WI).

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6. Immerse the dried specimen completely in clean water at a temperature of 27 12°C for 24
hours. Then remove the specimen, wiped of any traces of water and measure its weight
(W2). This weighing shall be completed within three minutes after the specimen has been
removed from water. Determine percentage of water absorption.

For compressive strength test:

7. Remove the unevenness observed in the bed faces to provide two smooth and parallel faces
by grinding. Immerse in water at room temperature for 24 hours. Remove the specimen and
drain out any surplus moisture at room temperature.
8. Fill the frog and all voids in the bed face flush with cement mortar having cement sand ratio
1:3.
9. Store under damp gunny bags for 24 hours followed by immersion in water for 3 days.
Remove the bricks and wipe out traces of moisture.
10. Place the specimen with mortar filled face upward, between two 3 mm thick plywood
sheets, carefully, centred between platens of the testing machine. Apply load axially at a
uniform rate of 14 N/mm2/min and note the maximum load at failure. Find compressive
stress after dividing total load (in N) by loaded surface area (mm²).

For efflorescence test:

11. Place the end of the brick in the disk or tray. The depth of immersion in water shall be 25
mm.
12. Keep the whole arrangement at a temperature 200C to 300C until all the water in the dish is
absorbed by the specimens and the surplus water evaporates.
13. When the water has been evaporated and the bricks appear to be dry, place a similar
quantity of water in the dish and allow it to dry evaporate as before.
14. Examine the bricks for efflorescence after the second evaporation and report the results as
the definition given in Table 3.

Observation:

Table 1: Observations on dimension and tolerance

No. of bricks tested : ______

Standard size of bricks taken : ______mm x _____mm x _____mm

Length(mm) Width(mm) Thickness(mm)

For ____ no. of

bricks
For one brick

Tolerance (in%)

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Table 2: Observations on compressive strength test

[Link]. Length(mm) Width(mm) Area(𝑚𝑚2 ) Failure Compressive

Load (N) Strength(N/𝑚𝑚2 )

Table 3: Observations on water absorption

[Link]. Dry weight of brick in Immersed weight of % of water absorption

Kg(𝑊1 ) Brick in kg(𝑊2 ) 𝑤2 − 𝑤1
× 100
𝑤1

Table 4: Observation on efflorescence test

The percentage of area where efflorescence occurred is:_____%. Thus the degree of

efflorescence is :__________.

Note: Carefully observe the brick that have undergone efflorescence test. And estimate the
percentage of efflorescence area.

Result:

• The dimensions of given bricks are: _______mm x _______mm x _______mm

• Compressive strength for the brick specimen is: _______N/𝑚𝑚2

• Percentage of water absorption for the brick specimen is: ________% by weight.

• Degree of efflorescence for the brick specimen is found:_____________

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Conclusions:

• The given bricks has dimensions ________mm x _______mm x _______mm , and the
tolerance in dimensions are bellow/above 3.0%. Thus the bricks are good quality/are not of
good quality.
• The lowest compressive strength observed by the brick specimen is _______N/𝑚𝑚2 .
Thus, the brick belongs to _________ class.
• The percentage of water absorption for the brick specimen is less than/ more than 20% by
weight. Thus, bricks are of good quality/ are not of good quality.
• The rating of efflorescence for the brick specimen is ___________. This is acceptable/not
acceptable for good quality of bricks.

Precautions: (Discuss about the precautions to be taken while conducting this experiment)

Questions:

1. What are the characteristics of good bricks?

2. What is efflorescence in bricks? What are its causes and remedies?
3. What are the limits for water absorption and compressive strength for various classes of
bricks?
4. Why frog filling is necessary, for testing of compressive strength?
5. Describe various field tests performed to check the quality of bricks.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 08
LAW OF PARALLELOGRAM OF FORCES

Aim:

To verify the law of parallelogram of forces through experiment.

Apparatus:

Drawing board, thread, pan, weights, paper, scale, pulley or universal forces table with slotted

Weights.

Theory:

The law states that “If two forces acting at a point be represented in magnitude and direction, by the
two adjacent sides of a parallelogram then the diagonal of the parallelogram through the same point
represents, in magnitude and direction, the resultant of the two forces.”

LAW OF PARALLEL OGRAM OF FORCES

𝑅 2 = (𝑃2 + 𝑄 2 + 2 PQ cos 𝜃)
a = tan−1 [𝑄 sin 𝜃 /(𝑃 + 𝑄 cos 𝜃)]

Procedure: When drawing board is used

1. Place the drawing board in vertical position.

2. Attach the pulleys at left and right corner as shown in figure.

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EXPERIMENT NO : 09
LAW OF TRIANGLE OF FORCES

Aim:

To verify the law of triangle of forces through experiment.

Apparatus:

Drawing board, thread, pan, weights, paper, scale, pulley or universal force table with slotted
weights.

Theory:

The law states that “ If two forces acting at a point simultaneously be represented in magnitude and
direction, by the two sides of a triangle take in order then the side of the triangle represents the
resultant in magnitude and direction opposite in order."

Procedure: When drawing board is used

1. Follow Steps of Experiment Law of Parallelogram.

2. Consider right side force as P, and left side force as Q.
3. Select a suitable scald and draw triangle as shown in figure.
4. Measure length of R and find out resultant in grams.
5. Calculate R & a by analytical method.
6. Compare the values of R & a with graphical values.

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