C H A P T E R

1 Straight Lines

R ECTANGULAR C ARTESIAN C O - ORDINATES

CONCEPT BOOSTER 3. CARTESIAN CO-ORDINATES

This system of representing a point in 2-dimensions is called
1. INTRODUCTION cartesian system. We normally denote PN by x and PM by y.
Thus an ordered pair of two real numbers describes the carte-
A french mathematician and great philosopher Rane Descartes sian co-ordinates of P.
(1596–1665) introduced an idea to study geometry with the The reference lines XOX¢ and YOY¢ are respectively, called
help of algebra. x- and y-axis. These lines divide the plane into four equal
It is called co-ordinate Geometry or analytical geometry. parts and each part is called quadrant.
Here we use points, lines and curves by the different forms of
algebraic equations. 4. POLAR CO-ORDINATES
2. CO-ORDINATE AXES AND RECTANGULAR AXES Y

The position of a point in a plane with reference to two in- P

tersecting lines called the co-ordinate axes and their point of
intersection is called the origin. If these two axes cut at right
r
angles, they are called rectangular axes, else they are called
oblique axes. q
O M X
Y

II(Second) I(First)
(–, +) (+, +)
The position of a point in a plane can also be described by
other co-ordinate system, called polar co-ordinate system. In
X¢ X this case, we consider OX as initial line, O as origin. If P be
O
any point on the plane such that OP = r and –POX = q, then
(r, q) is called the polar co-ordinate of the point P, where
III (Third) IV (Fourth) r > 0 and 0 £ q < 2p.
(–, –) (+, –)
5. RELATION BETWEEN THE CARTESIAN
AND POLAR CO-ORDINATES
Let P be any point in the plane. Draw perpendiculars from
P parallel to reference lines X¢OX and YOY¢, respectively. Let P(x, y) be the cartesian co-ordinates with respect to OX
The lengths PN and PM are called the co-ordinates of the and OY and P(r, q) be the polars co-ordinates with respect to
point P. the pole O and the initial line OX.

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 1.2 Coordinate Geometry Booster

Y
(ii) an equilateral triangle, show that all sides are
P equal
(iii) a scalene triangle, show that all sides are un-
equal.
r (iv) a right-angled triangle, say DABC, show that AB2
q + BC2 = AC2
X
O M
2. When 4 points are given and in order to prove
(i) a square, show that all sides and diagonals are
equal.
(ii) a rhombus, show that all sides are equal but di-
Now from the figure, x = r cos q and y = r sin q agonals are not equal.
(iii) a rectangle, show that opposite sides and diago-
Ê yˆ
Thus, r = x 2 + y 2 and q = tan -1 Á ˜ . nals are equal.
Ë x¯
(iv) a parallelogram, show that opposite sides and
Therefore, (x, y) fi (r cos q, r sin q) diagonals are equal.
Ê Ê yˆˆ
and (r , q ) fi Á x 2 + y 2 , tan -1 Á ˜ ˜ .
Ë Ë x¯¯
7. SECTION FORMULAE
6. DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS (CARTESIAN FORM) (i) Internal Section formula
m n
Y Q(x2, y2) P(x1, y1) R(x, y) Q(x2, y2)

If a point R(x, y) divides a line segment joining the

points P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) internally in the ratio
(x1, y1) m : n, then
P R mx + nx1 my2 + ny1
x= 2 ,y=
m+n m+n
O X
A(x1, O) B(x2, O) (ii) External section formula
m
The distance between any two points P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) is n
P(x1, y1) Q(x2, y2) R(x, y)
PQ = ( x2 - x1 ) 2 + ( y2 - y1 ) 2
If a point R(x, y) divides a line segment joining the
Note: If the three points P, Q, R are collinear, then points P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) externally in the ratio
|PQ| ± |QR| = |PR|. m : n, then
mx - nx1 my2 - ny1
x= 2 ,y=
m-n m-n
Polar Form Y (iii) Tri-section formula
Let P(r1, q1) and Q(r2, q2) Q(r2, q2)
(x¢, y¢)
2 S 1
be any two points in polar r2
form and q be the angle be- q2 r 1 P(r1, q1) P 1 R 2 Q
tween then. q1 (x1, y1) (x, y) (x2, y2)
X¢ X
Then O Let the points P and Q be (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) respectively.
r 2 + r22 - PQ 2 Then the co-ordinates of the point R is
cos q = 1
2r1r2 Ê x2 + 2x1 y2 + 2y1 ˆ
Y¢
ÁË ,
fi PQ = r + r – 2r1r2 cosq
2 2 2 3 3 ˜¯
1 2
and the co-ordinates of the point S is
fi PQ = r12 + r22 - 2r1r2 cos q Ê 2x2 + x1 2y2 + y1 ˆ
ÁË , .
3 3 ˜¯
Notes:
(iv) Mid-point formula
1. When 3 points are given and in order to prove
If a point R(x, y) divides a line segment joining the
(i) an isosceles triangle, show that any two sides are
points P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) internally in the same
equal.
ratio, then

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 Straight Lines 1.3

(iv) If DABC is an equilateral triangle,

x +x y + y2
x= 1 2,y= 1 in-centre = centroid.
2 2 (v) Ex-centre: The point of intersection of the external bi-
(v) If the line joining the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is sectors of the angles of a triangle is called its ex-centre.
divided by the
y1
(a) x-axis,then its ratio is -
y2 B r
x1 I1
(b) y-axis , then its ratio is - . a r r
x2
a
(vi) If a line ax + by + c = 0 divides the line joining the C
A
points P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) at R, then the ratio
The circle opposite to the vertex A is called the escribed
PR
= - ax1 + by1 + c . circle opposite A or the circle excribed to the side BC.
RQ ax2 + by2 + c If I1 is the point of intersection of internal bisector of
–BAC and external bisector of –ABC and –ACB, then
Ê - ax1 + bx2 + cx3 - ay1 + by2 + cy3 ˆ
Important Points of a Triangle I1 = Á ,
Ë -a + b + c - a + b + c ˜¯
(i) Centroid: The point of intersection of the medians of a
Ê ax - bx2 + cx3 ay1 - by2 + cy3 ˆ
triangle is called centroid. I2 = Á 1 ,
Ë a—b+c a — b + c ¯˜
A(x1, y1)
Ê ax + bx2 - cx3 ay1 + by2 - cy3 ˆ
and I3 = Á 1 ,
2 Ë a+b-c a + b - c ˜¯
F E
G respectively.
1 (vi) Circumcentre: The point of intersection of the per-
pendicular bisectors of a triangle is called its circum-
B(x2, y2) D C(x3, y3) centre.
If the vertices of DABC be A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, A
y3), the co-ordinates of its centroid is
Ê x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3 ˆ
ÁË , ˜¯ . F E
3 3 O

(ii) If (a1, b1), (a2, b2) and (a3, b3) be the mid-points of
the sides of a triangle, its centrod is also given as C
B D
Ê a1 + a2 + a3 b1 + b2 + b3 ˆ
ÁË , ˜¯ .
3 3 If the vertices of DABC be A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3,
(iii) Incentre: The point of intersection of an angle bisec- y3), then the co-ordinates of its circumcentre is
tors of a triangle is called its incentre. Ê x1sin 2A + x2 sin 2B + x3sin 2C
C(x3, y3)
ÁË sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C ,

E y1sin 2A + y2 sin 2B + y3sin 2C ˆ

sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C ˜¯
F
b 1 a

Notes:
1. If O(x, y) be the circumcentre of DABC, its co-ordi-
A(x1, y1) D c B(x2, y2) nates is determined by the relation
OA = OB = OC.
If the vertices of DABC be A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) 2. In case of a right-angled triangle, mid-point of the
and C(x3, y3), the co-ordinates of its incentre is hypotenuse is the circumcentre.
Ê ax1 + bx2 + cx3 ay1 + by2 + cy3 ˆ
ÁË a + b + c , a + b + c ˜¯ , (vii) Orthocentre: The point of intersection of the altitudes
of a triangle is called its orthocentre.
where a = BC, b = CA, c = AB.

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 1.4 Coordinate Geometry Booster

A
x1 y1 1
1
or x2 y2 1
2
x3 y3 1
F E
O
1 x1 y1 1 x2 y2 1 x3 y3
or + +
2 x2 y2 2 x3 y3 2 x1 y1
B D C
Notes:
If the vertices of DABC be A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and 1. The area of a polygon, with verti-
C(x3, y3), the co-ordinates of its orthocentre is ces (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3), …, (xn, yn) is
Ê x1tan A + x2 tan B + x3 tan C
1 x1 y1 1 x2 y2 1 xn yn
ÁË tan A + tan B + tan C , + + + .
2 x2 y2 2 x3 y3 2 x1 y1
y1tan A + y2 tan B + y3 tan C ˆ
2. If the vertices of a triangle be A(r1, q1), B(r2q2) and
tan A + tan B + tan C ˜¯ (r3, q3), its area is
Notes: 1
1. In case of a right-angled triangle, orthocentre is the [r r sin (a1 – q2) + r2r3sin (q2 – q3) + r3r1sin (q3 – q1)]
2 12
right-angled vertex.
2. In an isosceles triangle, G, O, I and C lie on the same 3. If ai x + bi y + Ci = 0, i = 1, 2, 3 be the sides of a tri-
line and in an equilateral triangle, all these four points angle, its area is
2
coincide. a1 b1 c1
3. The orthocentre of DABC are (a, b), (b, a) and (a, a) 1
a2 b2 c2 ,
is (a, a). 2C1C2 C3
4. The orthocentre, the centroid and the circumcentre a3 b3 c3
are always collinear and centroid divides the line where C1, C2 and C3 are the cofactors of c1, c2 and c3
joining ortho-centre and the circumcentre in the ratio a1 b1 c1
2 : 1.
in the determinant a2 b2 c2 .
a3 b3 c3
4. If A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) be the vertices of a
Orthocentre
Centroid triangle, its area is given by
Circumcentre 1 x1 - x3 x2 - x3
2 y1 - y3 y2 - y3
Euler line
5. If A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) be three collinear,
5. In case of an obtuse-angled triangle, the circumcentre points then
and orthocentre both lie outside of the triangle. x1 - x3 x2 - x3
=0
y1 - y3 y2 - y3

8. AREA OF A TRIANGLE or
x1(y2 – y3) + x2(y3 – y1) + x3(y1 – y2) = 0
A(x1, y1)

C(x3, x3) 9. LOCUS AND ITS EQUATION

B(x2, y2) The locus of a moving point is the path of a point which satis-
X fies some geometrical conditions.
O M L N
If a point moves in a plane in such a way
that its distance from a fixed point is always d
the same. Then the locus of the movable point
P
If A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) be the vertices of DABC, its is called a circle.
area is given by If a points moves in a plane in such a way
1 that its distances from two fixed points are always the same,
[ x1 ( y2 - y3 ) + x2 ( y3 - y1 ) + x3 (y1 - y2 )]. the locus of the point is a perpendicular bisector.
2

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 Straight Lines 1.5

C The coordinates of a point in a plane, when the origin is

E shifted from origin to a new point (h, k), the new axes remain
parallel to the original axes.
F
Y Y¢
G P(x¢, y¢)
P(x, y)
H
X¢
A B O¢ M¢
D k
h L X
O M
Equation of a Locus
If the co-ordinates of every point on the locus satisfy the Let O be the origin and, OX and OY the original axes.
equation as well as if the co-ordinates of any point satisfy the Let the origin O be shifted to a new point O¢, whose co-
equation, that point must lie on the locus. ordinates are (h, k). Through O¢ draw O¢X¢ and O¢Y¢ parallel
to OX and OY, respectively. O¢ is the new origin and, O¢X¢,
Rule to Find Out the Locus of a Moving Point and O¢Y¢ are the new axes.
(i) If x and y co-ordinates of the moving point are given in Let P be any point in this plane, whose co-ordinates ac-
terms of a third variable, say t, eliminating t between x cording to the original and new axes be (x, y) and (x¢, y¢)
and y and then get the required locus. respectively.
(ii) Sometimes the co-ordinates of the moving point is tak- Now we have to establish a relation between the new co-
en as (x, y). In this case, the relation in x and y can be ordinates and the original co-ordinates.
directly obtained by eliminating the variable. From P, draw a perpendicular PM to OX which intersects
(iii) If some geometrical conditions are given and we have O¢X¢ at M¢.
to find the locus, we take a variable point (a, b) and Again from O¢, draw a perpendicular O¢L to OX.
write the given conditions in terms of a and b. Elimi- Then OL = h, O¢L = k ;
nating the variables and the relation between a and b OM = x, PM = y;
is obtained. Finally replacing a by x and b by y the
O¢M¢ = x¢, PM¢ = y¢
required locus is obtained.
Thus, x = OM = OL + LM
10. GEOMETRICAL TRANSFORMATIONS = OL + O¢M
When talking about geometric transformations, we have to = h + x¢ = x¢ + h
be very careful about the object being transformed. We have and y = PM = PM¢ + M¢M
two alternatives, either the geometric objects are transformed = PM¢ + M¢M
or the co-ordinate system is transformed. These two are very
= y¢ + k
closely related, but the formulae that carry out the job are dif-
ferent. We only discuss transforming geometric objects here. Hence, we obtained the relation between the new and the
We shall start with the traditional Euclidean transforma- original co-ordinates as
tions that do not change length and angle measures. Ï x = x¢ + h Ï x¢ = x - h
Ì and Ì
Ó y = y¢ + k Ó y¢ = y - k
Euclidean Transformations
The Euclidean transformations are the most commonly used
transformations. An Euclidean transformation is either a 11. ROTATION OF CO-ORDINATE AXES
translation, a rotation, or a reflection. We shall discuss trans- Y
lations and rotations only. Y¢
(i) If the origin be shifted to a new point, say (h, k) and X¢
the new axes remain parallel to the original axes, the R(0, y) P(x, y)
transformation is called translation of axes. P¢(x, y¢)
(ii) If the axes are rotated through an angle q and the origin Q¢(x¢, 0)
remain fixed, the transformation is called rotation of
q
axes. R¢
X
(iii) If the origin be shifted to a new point, say (h, k) and the Q(x, 0)
axes also be rotated through an angle q, the transforma-
tion is termed as translation and rotation of axes.

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 1.6 Coordinate Geometry Booster

Let OX and OY be the original axes and OX¢ and OY¢ be the Then x = x ¢cos q – y ¢sin q
…(i)
new axes obtained after rotating OX and OY through an angle y = x ¢sin q – y ¢cos q
q in the anti-clockwise direction. Let P be any point in the and x ¢ = x cos q – y sin q
plane having co-ordinates (x, y) with respect to axes OX and …(ii)
y ¢ = x sin q – y cos q
OY and (x¢, y¢) with respect to axes OX¢ and OY¢.

S TRAIGHT L INE
1. INTRODUCTION The angle of inclination of the
line lies in between 0° and 180°.
The notion of a line or a straight line was introduced by ancient
mathematicians to represent straight objects with negligible Slope or Gradient of q
width and depth. Lines are an idealisation of such objects. a Lines
Euclid described a line as ‘breadthless length’, and in-
If the inclination of a line be q,
troduced several postulates as basic unprovable properties
then tan q where 0 < q <180° and
from which he constructed the geometry, which is now called
p
Euclidean geometry to avoid confusion with other geometries q π is called the slope or gradient of the line. It is usually
which have been introduced since the end of nineteenth cen- 2
tury (such as non-Euclidean geometry, projective geometry, denoted by m.
and affine geometry, etc.). (i) If a line is parallel to x-axis, its slope is zero.
A line segment is a part of a line that is bounded by two (ii) If a line is perpendicular to x-axis, the slope is not de-
distinct end-points and contains every point on the line be- fined.
tween its end-points. Depending on how the line segment is (iii) If a line is equally inclined with the axes, the slope is
defined, either of the two end-points may or may not be a part ±1.
of the line segment. Two or more line segments may have (iv) If P(x1, y1) and Y
Q(x2, y2)
some of the same relation as lines, such as being parallel, in- Q(x2,y2) are two
tersecting, or skew. points on a line L, the
slope of the line L is P(x1, y1) q
2. DEFINITIONS equal to
y - y1 X¢ X
Definition 1 m= 2 . O M N
It is the locus of a point which moves in a plane in a constant x2 - x1
direction. Y C
(v) If three points A, B, C are
Definition 2 B
collinear, then A
Every first-degree equation in x and y represents a straight
line. m(AB) = m(BC) X
O
Definition 3 = m(CA).
A straight line is also defined as the curve such that the line
segment joining any two points on it lies wholly on it. (vi) If two lines, having slopes m1 and m2 and the angle be-
Definition 4 tween them be q, then
In 3D geometry, the point of intersection of two planes be a m - m2
tan q = 1 .
line. 1 + m1m2
Notes: (vii) If two lines, having slopes m1 and m2, are parallel, then
1. The equation of a straight line is the relation between m 1 = m2
x and y, which is satisfied by the co-ordinates of each (viii) If two lines, having slopes m1 and m2, are perpendicu-
and every point on the line. lar, then m1m2 = –1
2. A straight line consists of only two arbitrary constants. (ix) If m is a slope of a line, the slope of a line perpendicular
-1
to it is .
m
3. ANGLE OF INCLINATION OF A LINE (x) The equation of x-axis is y = 0.
The angle of inclination of a line is the measure of the angle (xi) The equation of y-axis is x = 0.
between the x-axis and the line measured in the anti-clock- (xii) The equation of a line parallel to x-axis is y = constant
wise direction. = b (say)

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 Straight Lines 1.7

(xiii) The equation of a line parallel to y-axis is x = constant The equation of a line passing through (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is
= a (say). Ê y - y2 ˆ
y - y1 = Á 2 ¥ ( x - x1 )
Ë x2 - x1 ˜¯
4. FORMS OF A STRAIGHT LINE
or
(i) Slope-intercept Y Ê y - y2 ˆ
y - y2 = Á 2 ¥ ( x - x2 )
Form P(x, y) Ë x2 - x1 ˜¯
The equation of a
x y 1
straight line whose Q q
slope is m and cuts an or x1 y1 1 = 0
q c}
intercept c on the y-axis X x2 y2 1
R O M
is
y = mx + c. x - x1 y - y1
or =0
x1 - x2 y1 - y2
Notes:
1. The general equation of a straight line is
(iv) Intercept Form
y = mx + c.
2. The equation of non-vertical lines in a plane is Y
y = mx + c B(0, b)
3. The general equation of any line passing through the
origin is
y = mx.

X
O A(a, 0)
(ii) Point-Slope Form
Y The equation of a straight line which cuts off intercepts a and
, y) b on x- and y-axes, respectively is
P(x
x y
+ = 1.
y 1) a b
1,
Q(x q
Notes:
1. The intercepts a and b may be positive or negative.
X 2. The intercept cut on negative side of x and y axes are
O L M
taken as negative.

Y
(v) Normal Form
The equation of a line passing through the point (x1, y1) and
The equation of a straight B(0, b)
having slope m is
line upon which the length
y – y1 = m(x – x1).
of a perpendicular from the P(x, y)
origin is p and this normal
Note: The equation y – y1 = m(x – x1) is also known as one- p
makes an angle a with the
point form of a line. X¢ X
positive direction of x-axis is O A(a, 0)
x cos a + y sin a = p.
(iii) Two Point Form Y¢

P(x, y)
Note: Here, p is always taken is positive and a is measured
Y y 2) from the positive direction of x-axis in anti-clockwise di-
x 2, rection such that 0 £ a < 2p.
R(
, y 1)
Q(x 1
(vi) Distance Form or Parametric Form or
O L N M
X Symmetric Form
The equation of a line passing through the point (x1, y1) and
making angle q with the positive direction of x-axis is

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 1.8 Coordinate Geometry Booster

x - x1 y - y1 Ê -A ˆ Ê -B ˆ C
= =r, fi x- y=
cos q sin q Á 2 2˜ Á 2 2˜
Ë A +B ¯ Ë A +B ¯ ( A + B2 )
2

where r is the distance of the point (x, y) from the point which is the normal form of the line Ax + By + C = 0.
(x1, y1).
Y y)
P(
x, 6. POSITION OF TWO POINTS WITH RESPECT
TO A GIVEN LINE
y 1) q
x 1,
Q( The points P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) lie on the same or on
the opposite sides of the line ax + by + c = 0 according as
ax1 + by1 + c
O
X > 0 or < 0.
ax2 + by2 + c
Y
Q
Notes: P
1. If Q(x1, y1) be a point on a line AB which makes an P
Q
angle q with the positive direction of x-axis, there P Q
will be two points on the line AB at a distance r from
Q(x1, y1) and their co-ordinates will be (x1 ± r cosq, y1
X
± r sinq). O
2. If a point, say P, lies above Q(x1, y1) on the line AB,
we consider r is positive.
Thus, the co-ordinates of P will be Notes:
(x1 + r cosq, y1 + r sinq). 1. The side of the line, where origin lies, is known as
3. If a point, say R, lies below Q(x1, y1) on the line AB, origin side.
we consider r is negative. 2. A point (a, b) will lie on the origin side of the line
Thus, the co-ordinates of R will be ax + by + c = 0, if ab + bb + c and c have the same
(x1 – r cosq, y1 – r sinq). sign.
3. A point (a, b) will lie on the non-origin side of the
line ax + by + c = 0, if aa + bb + c and c have the
5. REDUCTION OF GENERAL EQUATION INTO opposite signs.
STANDARD FORM
Let Ax + By + C = 0 be the general equation of a straight line, 7. EQUATION OF A LINE PARALLEL TO A GIVEN LINE
where A2 + B2 π 0.
(i) Reduction into slope-intercept form The equation of any line parallel to a given line
The given equation is Ax + By + C = 0. ax + by + c = 0 is ax + by + k = 0
fi By = –Ax – C
Note: The equation of a line parallel to ax + by + c = 0 and
Ê Aˆ Ê Cˆ
fi y = -Á ˜ x - Á ˜ passing through (x1, y1) is
Ë B¯ Ë B¯
a(x – x1) + b(y – y1) = 0
which is in the form of y = mx + c.
(ii) Reduction into intercept form
The given equation is Ax + By + C = 0. 8. EQUATION OF A LINE PERPENDICULAR TO A GIVEN LINE
fi Ax + By = –C
Ax By The equation of a line perpendicular to a given line
fi + =1 ax + by + c = 0 is bx – ay + k = 0.
-C -C
x y Note: The equation of a line perpendicular to ax + by + c =
fi + =1
Ê C ˆ Ê Cˆ 0 and passing through (x1, y1) is
ÁË - ˜ Á - ˜
A¯ Ë B ¯ b(x – x1) – a(y – y1) = 0.
x y
which is in the form of + = 1 .
a b
(iii) Reduction into normal form 9. DISTANCE FROM A POINT TO A LINE
The given equation is Ax + By + C = 0. The length of the perpendicular from a point (x1, y1) to the
fi –Ax – By = C line ax + by + c = 0 is given by

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 Straight Lines 1.9

Y P(x
ax1 + by1 + c 1,
D C
. y1 )
a +b2 2 b)
, –c/ p1
B(0
Area of DPAB q
M A
1 M
B
= ¥ AB ¥ PM X q
2 O A(–c/a, 0)
p2
We know that F
x1 y1 1 The distance between two parallel sides a1x + b1 y + c1 = 0,
1 c a1x + b1 y + d1 = 0 is given by
D= - 0 1
2 a (c - d )
p1 = 1 1
c a12 + b12
0 - 1
b The distance between two parallel sides a2x + b2 y + c2 = 0,
1 Ê cx cÊ cˆˆ a2x + b2 y + d2 = 0 is given by
= Á 1 + Á y1 + ˜ ˜
2Ë b aË b¯¯ (c - d 2 )
p2 = 2 .
1 Ê cx1 cy1 c 2 ˆ a22 + b22
= + + ˜
2 ÁË b a ab ¯ b1 b2
-
c a1 a2 a b -ab
= (ax1 + by1 + c) Now, tan q = = 2 1 1 2
2ab b1 b2 a1a2 + b1b2
1+ ◊
Also, PM = a 2 + b 2 a1 a2
1 c a1b2 - a2 b1
Thus, ¥ PM ¥ AB = (ax1 + by1 + c) fi sin q =
2 2ab a1 + b12 a22 + b22
2

1 c2 c2 c p ¥ p2
fi ¥ PM ¥ + = (ax1 + by1 + c) Thus, the area of a parallelogram = 1
2 a 2 b 2 2ab sin q
c c (c1 - d1 )(c2 - d 2 )
fi PM ¥ a 2 + b2 = (ax1 + by1 + c) =
2ab 2ab (a1b2 - a2 b1 )

fi PM =
(ax1 + by1 + c ) . . Rule 4. If p1 = p2, the parallelogram becomes a rhombus
and its area is given by
a 2 + b2 (c1 - d1 ) 2
.
Rule 1. The length of the perpendicular from the origin to Ê a12 + b12 ˆ
|(a1b2 - a2 b1 )| Á 2 ˜
the line ax + by + c = 0 is Ë a2 + a22 ¯
c Rule 5. The area of a parallelogram whose sides are y = mx
.
a +b2 2 + a, y = mx + b, y = nx + c and y = nx + d is given by
(a - b)(c - d )
Rule 2. The distance between two parallel lines ax + by + .
c1 = 0 and ax + by + c2 = 0 is given by ( m - n)

c1 - c2
. 10. POINT OF INTERSECTION OF TWO LINES
a 2 + b2
Let a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 be two lines.
P ax + by + c1 = 0 (i) Simply solve the given equations and get the point of
intersection P.
(ii) Concurrent lines: If three or more lines meet at a
point, we say that these lines are concurrent lines and
Q ax + by + c2 = 0
the meeting point is known as point of concurrency.
Rule 3. The area of a parallelogram whose sides are a1x + The three lines a1x + b1 y + c1 = 0, i = 1, 2, 3 are said
b1 y + c1 = 0, a1x + b1 y + d1 = 0, a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 and a2x + to be concurrent if
b2 y + d2 = 0 is given by a1 b1 c1
p1 ¥ p2 (c1 - d1 )(c2 - d 2 ) a2 b2 c2 = 0
= .
sin q (a1b2 - a2 b1 ) a3 b3 c3

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 1.10 Coordinate Geometry Booster

(iii) Family of lines: Any line passing through the point of

Y C
intersection of the lines L1: a1x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and L2:
B
a2x + b2 y + c2 = 0 can be defined as

N
P
(a1x + b1 y + c1) + l(a2x + b2 y + c2) = 0, where l ΠR.
M
A D
X
O

Notes:
L2 = 0 L1 = 0 1. When we shall find the equation of bisectors, first we
make c1 and c2 positive.
11. EQUATION OF STRAIGHT LINES PASSING THROUGH A 2. Two bisectors are perpendicular to each other.
3. The positive bisector, the equation of the bisector
GIVEN POINT AND MAKING A GIVEN ANGLE WITH A contains the origin.
GIVEN LINE 4. The negative bisector, the equation of the bisector
The equation of the straight lines which pass through a given does not contain the origin.
point (x1, y1) and make an angle a with the given straight line 5. If a1a2 + b1b2 > 0, then the negative bisector is the
y = mx + c are acute-angle bisector and the positive bisector is the
y – y1 = tan (q ± a)(x – x1), obtuse-angle bisector.
6. If a1a2 + b1b2 < 0, then the positive bisector is the
where m = tan q. acute-angle bisector and the negative bisector is the
Y obtuse-angle bisector.
F D 7. If a1a2 + b1b2 > 0, the origin lies in obtuse angle and
P(x1, y1) if a1a2 + b1b2 < 0, the origin lies in acute angle.
180° – q B
8. The equation of the bisector of the angle between the
a q two lines containing the point (a, b) will be positive
a R bisector according as (a1a + b1b + c1) and (a2a + b2b
q E + c2) are of the same sign and will be negative bisec-
q Q tor if (a1a + b1b + c1) and (a2a + b2b + c2) are of the
X
A
O
C
opposite signs.

12. A LINE IS EQUALLY INCLINED WITH TWO LINES 14. FOOT OF THE PERPENDICULAR DRAWN FROM THE
L2 POINT (x1, y1) TO THE LINE ax + by + c = 0
L P(x1, y1)

L1
q
q

O A M ax + by + c = 0 B

If two lines y = m1x + c1 and y = m2x + c2 be equally inclined The foot of the perpendicular from the point (x1, y1) to the line
to a line y = mx + c, then ax+ by + c = 0 is given by
x2 - x1 y2 - y1 (ax + by + c)
Ê m1 - m ˆ Ê m2 - m ˆ = = - 1 2 12 .
ÁË 1 + mm ˜¯ = - ÁË 1 + mm ˜¯ . a b (a + b )
1 2

15. IMAGE OF A POINT (x1, y1) WITH RESPECT TO A LINE

13. EQUATION OF BISECTORS
MIRROR ax + by + c = 0
The equation of the bisectors of the angles between the
The image of a point (x1, y1) with respect to a line mirror
lines a1x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2 y + c2 = 0 is given by
ax + by + c = 0 is given by
Ê a1 x + b1 y + c1 ˆ Ê a x + b2 y + c2 ˆ x2 - x1 y2 - y1 Ê ax + by + c ˆ
=± 2 . = = - 2 Á 1 2 12 ˜
Á ˜ Á ˜
Ë a12 + b12 ¯ Ë a22 + b22 ¯ a b Ë a +b ¯

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 Straight Lines 1.11

P(x1, y1) Y
Rule 6 The image of a point P
y=x
P(a, b) with respect to the line M
y = x is Q(b, a).
Q
A M ax + by + c = 0 B X¢ O X
Note: The image of a line
ax + by + c = 0 about the
line y = x is ay + bx + c = 0.
Y¢
Q(x2, y2)
Y Rule 7 The image of a point P(a, b) with respect to the line y
Rule 1 The image of a point P = mx, where m = tan q, is given by
P(a, b) with respect to x-axis
is given by Q(a, – b). Q(a cos 2q + b sin 2q, a sin 2q – b cos 2q).
X¢ X Y
O
Note: The image of the line
P
ax + by + c = 0 about x-axis
M
is given by ax – by + c = 0. Q
Y¢ q Q
X¢ x
Y O
Rule 2 The image of a point
mx
P(a, b) with respect to y-axis Q P y=
is given by Q(–a, b).
X¢ X Y¢
Note: The image of the line O
ax + by + c = 0 about y-axis Note: The image of a line ax + by + c = 0 with respect to the
is given by –ax + by + c = 0. line y = mx, where m = tan q, is given by
Y¢
a(a cos 2q + b sin 2q) + b(a sin 2q – b cos 2q) + c = 0.
Rule 3 The image of a point Y
P(a, b) with respect to the P
origin is given by Q(–a, –b). 16. REFLECTION OF LIGHT
Note: The image of the X¢ O X When you play billiards, you will notice that when a ball
line ax + by + c = 0 with bounces from a surface, the angle of rebound is equal to the
respect to origin is given angle of incidence. This observation is also true with light.
Q
by –ax – by + c = 0. When an incident light ray strikes a smooth surface (like a
Y¢
plane mirror) at an angle, the angle formed by the incident
Rule 4 The image of a point
ray measured from the normal is equal to the angle formed
P(a, b) with respect to the
Y by the reflected ray.
line x = a is given by Q(2a
M
– a, b). P Q
Law of Reflection
Note: The image of the X¢ X The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. The
line ax + by + c = 0 with reflected and incident rays lie in a plane that is normal to the
respect to the line x = l is x=a reflecting surface.
given by a(2l – x) + by +
c = 0. Y¢
Angle of Angle of
Y incidence equals reflection
Rule 5 The image of a point P
P(a, b) with respect to the line
M
y = b is given by Q(a, 2b – b). y=b
Q Incident ray Reflected ray
Note: The image of the X¢ X
O
line ax + by + c = 0 about
the line y = m is ax + b(2m
Plane mirror
– y) + c = 0. Y¢

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 Pair of Straight Lines 2.1

C H A P T E R

2 Pair of Straight Lines

CONCEPT BOOSTER Y

2x
m
y=
1. INTRODUCTION y=
m 1x

A pair of lines is the locus of a point moving on two lines. X¢ X

O
Let the two lines be
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
Y¢
The joint equation of the given equations is
(a1x + b1y + c1) (a2x + b2y + c2) = 0 A homogeneous equation of 2nd degree in x and y is
and conversely if joint equation of two lines be ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
(a1x + b1y + c1) (a2x + b2y + c2) = 0,
Ê 2h ˆ a
then their separate equations will be fi y 2 + Á ˜ x + x2 = 0
Ë b¯ b
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
Ê 2h ˆ 4h 2 4a
Notes: -Á ˜ x ± x -
Ë b¯ b2 b
1. In order to find the joint equation of two lines make fi y=
RHS of equation of the straight lines to zero and then 2
multiply the equations. Ê Ê hˆ h2 a ˆ
2. In order to find the separate equations of two lines, = Á -Á ˜ ± - ˜x
when their joint equation is given. Simply factorize Ë Ë b¯ b2 b ¯
the joint equation and reduces into two linear factors. Ê Ê hˆ h 2 - ab ˆ
= Á -Á ˜ ± ˜x
Ë Ë b¯ b2 ¯
2. HOMOGENEOUS EQUATION Ê —h ± h 2 - ab ˆ
In an equation, if the degree of each term throughout the =Á ˜¯ x
Ë b
equation is same, it is known as homogeneous equation.
Thus ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is a homogeneous equation of Ê - h + h 2 - ab ˆ Ê - h - h 2 - ab ˆ
2nd degree and ax3 + 2hx2y + by3 = 0 is a homogeneous equa- =Á ˜ x or Á ˜¯ x
Ë b ¯ Ë b
tion of degree 3.
fi (y – m1x)(y – m2x) = 0,
3. PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES THROUGH THE ORIGIN 2h a
where m1 + m2 = - and m1 ◊ m2 =
Theorem b b
Any homogeneous equation of 2nd degree in x and y repre- fi y – m1x = 0 or y – m2x = 0
sents two straight lines which are passing through the origin. both of which are pass through the origin.

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 2.2 Coordinate Geometry Booster

4. ANGLE BETWEEN THE LINES REPRESENTED BY Let the given equation represents the straight lines
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 y – m1x = 0 and y – m2x = 0
2h a
Let the lines are represented by Then m1 + m2 = - , m1m2 = .
b b
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
are y – m1x = 0 and y – m2x = 0 The equation of the bisectors of the angles between the given
2h straight lines are
where m1 + m2 = - A
b y - m1 x y - m2 x
=
2a 1+ m12 1 + m22
and m1 ◊ m2 =
b y - m1 x y - m2 x
and =-
Let q be the angle between them. B
1+ m12 1 + m22
m1 - m2 The joint equation of the bisectors is
Then tan q =
1 + m1m2 O
Ê y - m1 x y - m2 x ˆ Ê y - m1 x y - m2 x ˆ
fi - + =0
2 Á 2 ˜Á ˜
(m1 + m2 ) - 4m1m2 Ë 1 + m1 1 + m22 ¯ Ë 1 + m12 1 + m22 ¯
=
1 + m1m2 2 2
Ê y - m1 x ˆ Ê y - m2 x ˆ
fi =
4h 2 a Á 2 ˜ Á 2˜
-4 Ë 1 + m1 ¯ Ë 1 + m2 ¯
2
b b
= fi (y – m1x)2(1 + m22) = (y – m2x)2 (1 + m22)
a
1+ fi (1 + m22) (y2 – 2m1xy + m12x2)
b
= (1 + m12) (y2 – 2m2xy + m22x2)
2 h 2 - ab fi (m12 – m22) (x2 – y2)
=
a+b + 2(m1m2 – 1) (m1 – m2)xy = 0
Ê 2 h 2 - ab ˆ fi (m1 + m2)(x2 – y2) + 2(m1m2 – 1)xy = 0
Thus q = tan -1 Á ˜. Ê 2h ˆ 2 2 Êa ˆ
Ë a+b ¯ fi ÁË - ˜¯ ( x - y ) + 2 ÁË - 1˜¯ xy = 0
b b
(i) Condition of parallelism
In this case, q = 0 Ê 2h ˆ 2 2 Êa ˆ
fi ÁË - ˜¯ ( x - y ) = - 2 ÁË - 1˜¯ xy
fi h2 = ab b b
(ii) Condition of perpendicularity x 2 - y 2 xy
p fi =
In this case, q = a-b h
2
fi a+b=0 which is the required equation of bisectors of the lines rep-
(iii) Condition of coincidency resented by
In this case also, q = 0 ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
fi h2 = ab.
6. GENERAL EQUATION OF 2ND DEGREE IS
5. BISECTORS OF ANGLES BETWEEN THE LINES ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
REPRESENTED BY ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 Theorem
Y L2 The general equation of 2nd degree is
A2 A1 ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
L1 which represents a pair of straight lines if
abc + 2fgh – af 2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0.
q1 Proof: The general equation of 2nd degree is
q2
X¢ X ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 …(i)
fi by2 + 2(hx + f)y + (ax2 + 2gx + c) = 0

- 2(hx + f ) ± 4(hx + f ) 2 - 4b(ax 2 + 2gx + c)

fi y=
2b
Y¢ - (hx + f ) ± (h 2 - ab) x 2 + 2( gh - af ) x + ( g 2 - ac)
=
b

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 Pair of Straight Lines 2.3

Equation (i) represents two straight lines if LHS of Eq (i) can

be resolved into two linear factors, therefore the expression 2 h 2 - ab
under the square root should be a perfect square. q = tan -1
(a + b)
Hence, 4(gh – af )2 – 4(h2 – ab) (g2 – ac) = 0
fi g2h2 + a2f 2 – 2afgh – h2g2 + abg2 + ach2 – a2bc = 0 Result 6
fi a(af 2 + bg2 + ch2 – 2fgh – abc) = 0 The lines represented by
fi abc + 2fgh – af – bg – ch2 = 0 ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
which is the required condition. will be coincident if
h2 – ab = 0, g2 – ac = 0 and f 2 – bc = 0
Result 1
Result 7
The lines represented by
The pair of bisectors of the lines represented by
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 …(i)
are parallel if
is
D = abc + 2fgh – af 2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0
and h2 – ab = 0 ( x - a) 2 - ( y - b) 2 ( x - a)( x - b)
= ,
Result 2 ( a - b) h
The lines represented by where (a, b) be the point of intersection of the pair of
ax 2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 straight lines represented by Eq. (i).
are perpendicular if Result 8
D = abc + 2fgh – af 2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0 The combined equation of the straight lines joining the ori-
and a + b = 0. gin to the points of intersection of a second degree curve
Result 3 ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
The point of intersection of the lines represented by and a straight line lx + my + n = 0 is
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 Ê lx + my ˆ
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2gx Á
is obtained by Ë - n ˜¯
df df 2
= 0 and =0 Ê lx + my ˆ Ê lx + my ˆ
dx dy + 2fy Á + c ˜ =0
Ë - n ˜¯ ÁË
-n ¯
i.e 2ax + 2hy + 2g = 0
fi ax + hy + g = 0 A
and 2hx + 2by + 2f = 0
fi hx + by + f = 0
Result 4
The point of intersection of the lines represented by B
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Ê f 2 - bc g 2 - ac ˆ O
is Á 2 , ˜
ÁË h - ab h 2 - ab ˜¯ After simplification, the above equation will be reduced to
Ax2 + 2Hxy + By2 = 0 and it will represent two straight lines,
Ê bg - hf af - gh ˆ
or Á 2 , which are passing through the origin.
Ë h - ab h 2 - ab ˜¯ Let q be the angle between them, then
Result 5
2 H 2 - AB
The angle between the lines represented by q = tan -1
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is A+ B

E XERCISES

LEVEL I 2. Find the joint equation of the lines x = y and x + y = 1.

3. Find the separate equations of the lines represented by
(Problems Based on Fundamentals) x2 – 3xy + 2y2 = 0.
4. Find the separate equations of the lines represented by
ABC OF PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES
x2 – y2 + 2y – 1 = 0.
1. Find the joint equation of the lines x – y + 2 = 0 and 5. Find the straight lines which are represented by
2x + y + 4 = 0. x2 + 5xy + 6y2 = 0.

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 Circle 3.1

C H A P T E R

3 Circle

CONCEPT BOOSTER Definition 4

It is the locus of a point which moves
in a plane in such a way that its dis-
1. INTRODUCTION tance from a fixed point is always
Ra
the same. The fixed point is called diu
The word ‘circle’ is derived from the Greek word kirkos s
the centre and the distance between
which means a circle, from the base ker which means to turn
the point and the centre is known as
or bend. The origins of the words ‘circus’ and ‘circuit’ are
the radius of the circle.
closely related.
The circle has been known since before the beginning of Definition 5
recorded history. Natural circles would have been observed, Circle
such as the Moon, Sun, and a short plant stalk blowing in the
wind on sand, which forms a circle-like shape in the sand.
The circle is the basis for the wheel, which, with related in-
ventions such as gears, made much of modern civilisations
possible. In mathematics, the study of the circle has helped Sphere
the development of geometry, astronomy, and calculus.

2. MATHEMATICAL DEFINITIONS In 3D geometry, the section of a sphere by a plane is a circle.

Definition 6
Definition 1 Let z be a complex number and a be a positive real number.
The intersection of a right If |z| = a, the locus of z is a circle.
circular cone and a plane is
Definition 7
a circle, in which the plane
Let z be a complex number and a ΠR+, b ΠR. If |z Рb| = a,
is perpendicular to the axis
the locus of z will be a circle, with the centre at b and the
or parallel to the base of the
radius a.
cone.
Definition 8
Definition 2
Let z1, z2 and z3 be three non-zero complex numbers such that
A circle is a conic section
z - z1
whose eccentricity is zero. = k , where k π 1. The locus of z is a circle.
z - z2
Definition 3
A conic ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a Definition 9
circle if Let z, z1 and z2 be three non-zero complex numbers such that
(i) a = b, |z – z1|2 + |z – z2|2 = |z1 – z2|2. The locus of z is a circle with the
(ii) h = 0, and
z +z 1
(iii) D π 0, where D = abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 centre at ÊÁ 1 2 ˆ˜ and the radius | z1 - z2 |.
Ë 2 ¯ 2

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 3.2 Coordinate Geometry Booster

Definition 10 5. NATURE OF THE CIRCLE

Let z, z1 and z2 be three non-zero complex numbers such that
The nature of the circle depends on its radius.
Ê z - z2 ˆ p , the locus of z is a circle. Let the equation of a circle is x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
arg Á =
Ë z - z1 ˜¯ 2
and its radius is g2 + f 2 - c .
Definition 11
(i) If (g2 + f 2 – c) > 0, it represents a real circle.
Let z, z1 and z2 be three non-zero complex numbers such that
(ii) If (g2 + f 2 – c) < 0, it represents a virtual circle or an
Ê z - z2 ˆ
arg Á = a , where a π 0, p. The locus of z is a circle. imaginary circle.
Ë z - z1 ˜¯ (iii) If (g2 + f 2 – c) = 0, it represents a point circle.

3. STANDARD EQUATION OF A CIRCLE 6. CONCENTRIC CIRCLES

2 2 2
(i) x + y = a , where the centre is (0, 0) and the radius is Two circles having the same centre, say (h, k) and different
a. radii, say r1 and r2 respectively, are called concentric circles.
Y Thus, ( x - h) 2 + ( y - k ) 2 = r12
and ( x1 - h) 2 + ( y1 - k ) 2 = r22
P(x, y)
a y are two concentric circles.
X¢ X Y
O xM
P(x, y)
r1
r2
Y¢ Q(x1, y1)
C(h, k)
(ii) (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = a2, where the centre is (h, k) and the
radius is ‘a’.
Y X
O
P(x, y)

7. CONCYCLIC POINTS
C(h, k)
If P, Q, R and S lie on the same circle, the points P, Q, R and
S are known as concyclic points.
X¢ X
O
S R
Y¢

4. GENERAL EQUATION OF A CIRCLE

P Q
The general equation of a circle is x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0,
where the centre is (–g, –f) and the radius is g 2 + f 2 - c .
As we know that the equation any of circle, when centre 8. PARAMETRIC EQUATION OF A CIRCLE
of a circle is not the origin, is
If the radius of a circle, whose centre is the origin, makes an
(x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = a2
angle q with the positive direction of x-axis, then q is called a
fi x2 – 2hx + h2 + y2 – 2ky + k2 = a2 parameter and 0 £ q < 2p.
fi x2 + y2 – 2hx – 2ky + h2 + k2 – a2 = 0 (i) If the equation of a circle be x2 + y2 = a2, its parametric
fi x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, equations are
x = a cos q, y = a sin q,
where h = –g, k = –f and c = h2 + k2 – a2
where q is a parameter.
fi x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, (ii) If the equation of a circle be (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = a2, its
where h = –g, k = –f and parametric equations are
x = h + a cos q, y = k + a sin q,
a = h2 + k 2 - c = g 2 + f 2 - c
where q is a parameter.

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 Circle 3.3

9. DIAMETRIC FORM OF A CIRCLE will intersect each other in four concyclic points, if
a1 - b1 h1
The equation of a circle, when the end-points (x1, y1) and = .
a2 - b2 h2
(x2, y2) of a diameter are given is
(x – x1)(x – x2) + (y – y1) (y – y2) = 0.
13. INTERCEPTS MADE ON THE AXES BY A CIRCLE
10. EQUATION OF A CIRCLE PASSING THROUGH Let the circle be x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0. Then the
THREE NON-COLLINEAR POINTS
(i) length of x-intercept = 2 g 2 - c
Let the equation of a circle be
(ii) length of y-intercept = 2 f 2 - c .
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0.
If three points (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3) lie on a circle, then
14. DIFFERENT FORMS OF A CIRCLE
x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c = 0,
(i) When the circle touches the x-axis
x22 + y22 + 2gx2 + 2fy2 + c = 0 and The equation of a circle is (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = k2.
x32 + y32 + 2gx3 + 2fy3 + c = 0. Y

Eliminating g, f and c, we get

x2 + y 2 x y 1
C(h, k)
x12 + y12 x1 y1 1
=0 k
x22 + y22 x2 y2 1 X
O P
x32 + y32 x3 y3 1

(ii) When the circle touches the y-axis

The equation of a circle is (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = h2.
11. CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL D C
Y
If all the vertices of a quadrilateral lie
on a circle, the quadrilateral is called a
cyclic quadrilateral and the four vertices A B
are known as concyclic points. h
P C(h, k)

12. CONDITION FOR CONCYCLIC POINTS

X
A B O

O (iii) When the circle touches both the axes

The equation of a circle is

D C (x – h)2 + (y – h)2 = h2
or (x – k)2 + (y – k)2 = k2
If A, B, C and D are concyclic points, then Y
OA. OD = OB. OC,
where O is the point of intersection of the chords AD and BC,
and O is not the centre of a circle.
If the lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 cut the Q C(h, h)
x-axis and y-axis in four concyclic points, then
a1a2 = b1b2.
X
Two conics O P
a1x2 + 2h1xy + b1y2 + 2g1x + 2f1y + c1 = 0
and a2x2 + 2h2xy + b2y2 + 2g2x + 2f2y + c2 = 0

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 3.4 Coordinate Geometry Booster

(iv) When the circle passes through the origin and the 15. POSITION OF A POINT WITH RESPECT TO A CIRCLE
centre lies on x-axis
The equation of a circle is (i) A point (x1, y1) lies outside, on and inside of a circle
x2 + y2 = a2, if
(x – h)2 + y2 = h2
or x2 + y2 – 2hx = 0 x12 + y12 - a 2 > 0, = 0, < 0
Y
P

X
O C(h, 0)

(ii) A point (x1, y1) lies outside, on and in-

side of a circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, if
(v) When the circle passes through the origin and the x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c > 0, = 0, < 0 .
centre lies on y-axis
The equation of a circle is 16. SHORTEST AND LARGEST DISTANCE OF A
x2 + (y – k)2 = k2
CIRCLE FROM A POINT
or x2 + y2 – 2ky = 0
Y Let P(x1, y1) be any point and the circle be
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0.
Case I: When P lies inside the circle. A
Draw a line through P passing through the
P
C(0, k) centre and intersects the circle at A and B,
respectively. C
Shortest distance, PA = CA – CP
O X B
Longest distance, PB = CP + CB.
(vi) When the circle passes through the origin and has Case II: When P lies outside on the P
intercepts a and b on the x and y axes respectively circle.
The equation of the circle is Draw a line through P passing through A
x2 + y2 – ax – by = 0 the centre and intersects the circle at A
Y and B, respectively. C
Shortest distance = PA = CP – CA
B
Longest distance = PB = CP + CB
B(0, b)
Case III: When P lies on the circle A
Draw a line through P passing through P
X the centre and intersects the circle at A
O A(a, 0)
and B, respectively. C
Shortest distance = 0
Longest distance, PB = 2 radius. B
(vii) When the circle passes through the origin
The equation of the circle is 17. INTERSECTION OF A LINE AND A CIRCLE
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy = 0
Let the circle be x2 + y2 = a2 …(i)
Y
and the line be y = mx + c …(ii)
From Eqs (i) and (ii), we get
x2 + (mx + c)2 = a2
fi (1 + m2)x2 + 2mcx + (c2 – a2) = 0
O
X (i) The line y = mx + c will intersect the circle in two dis-
tinct points, if
D>0

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 Circle 3.5

fi 4m2c2 – 4(1 + m2)(c2 – a2) > 0 Proof: We have,

fi m2c2 – [c2 + m2c2 – a2(1 + m2)] > 0 c
OD =
fi c2 – a2(1 + m2) > 0 1 + m2
fi a2(1 + m2) > c2
In DAOD, AD 2 = OA2 - OD 2
2 c2
fi a > c2
(1 + m 2 ) = a2 -
|c| (1 + m 2 )
fi a>
(1 + m 2 ) a 2 (m 2 + 1) - c 2
=
fi radius > the length of the perpendicular from the (1 + m 2 )
origin to the line y = mx + c. a 2 (m 2 + 1) - c 2
(ii) The line y = mx + c will intersect the circle in two coin- fi AD =
(1 + m 2 )
cident points if
D = 0. Thus, the length of the intercept = AB
fi 4m2c2 – 4(1 + m2)(c2 – a2) = 0 = 2AD
fi m2c2 – (1 + m2)(c2 – a2) = 0 a 2 (m 2 + 1) - c 2
=2¥
fi c2 = a2(1 + m2) (1 + m 2 )
2
c
fi a2 =
(1 + m 2 ) 19. TANGENT AND SECANT
|c|
fi a= . If a line intersects the curve in two coincident points, it is
(1 + m 2 ) called a tangent and if a line intersects the curve in two dis-
fi radius = the length of the perpendicular from the tinct points, it is called a secant.
centre of a circle to the line y = mx + c. Here, PT is a tangent and MN a secant.
(iii) The line y = mx + c will not intersect the circle if
D<0 Q
fi 4m2c2 – 4(1 + m2)(c2 – a2) < 0 Q1
fi m2c2 – [c2 + m2c2 – a2(1 + m2)] < 0
fi c2 – a2(1 + m2) < 0 Q2
fi a2(1 + m2) < c2 Q3
c2
fi a2 <
(1 + m 2 )
|c|
fi a< Different forms of the Equations of Tangents
(1 + m 2 )
1. Point form
fi radius < the length of the perpendicular from the
(i) The equation of tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 at
origin to the line y = mx + c.
(x1, y1) is xx1 + yy1 = a2.
18. LENGTH OF INTERCEPT CUT OFF FROM A Proof: Let C be the centre of the circle.
Now slope of CP
LINE BY A CIRCLE y - 0 y1
= 1 = .
The length of the intercept cut off from the line y = mx + c by x1 - 0 x1
C(0, 0)
Ê a 2 (1 + m 2 ) - c 2 ˆ Here, PT is the perpen-
the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is 2 ¥ Á ˜ . dicular to CP.
Ë (1 + m 2 ) ¯
x
Thus, slope of PT = - 1 .
y1 T
P(x1, y1)
Hence, the equation of
the tangent is
O x
fi y - y1 = - 1 ( x - x1 )
y1
fi yy1 - y1 = - xx1 + x12
2
A D B
fi xx1 + yy1 = x12 + y12 = a 2

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 3.6 Coordinate Geometry Booster

(ii) The equation of tangent to the circle

c2
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at (x1, y1) is fi a2 =
(1 + m 2 )
x2 + y2 + xx1 + yy1 + c = 0.
Proof: Let C (–g, –f) be the centre of the circle. fi c2 = a2(1 + m2)
y + f
Now, slope of CP = 1 . which is the required condition.
x1 + g
3. Slope form
Here, PT is the perpendicular to CP. The equation of tangent with slope m to a circle x2 + y2 = a2
x +g
Thus, slope of PT = - 1 . is y = mx ± a (1 + m 2 ) and the co-ordinates of the point of
y1 + f
contact are
Hence, the equation of the tangent at (x1, y1) is Ê am a ˆ
x +g ± ,
Á 2 2 ˜
( y - y1 ) = - 1 ( x - x1 ) Ë (1 + m ) (1 + m ) ¯
y1 + f
fi xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c = 0. Note: Equation of any tangent to the circle can be consid-
Note: The equation of the tangent to the 2nd degree ered as y = mx + a 1 + m 2 .
curve ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is
T
axx1 + h(xy1 + x1y) + byy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c Number of tangents
=0 (i) If a point lies outside of a
circle, the two tangents can
In order to find out the equation of tangent to any 2nd be drawn. Here, TP and TQ
degree curve, the following points must be kept in your are two tangents.
mind A R B
(ii) If a point lies on the circle,
x2 is replaced by xx1, then one tangent can be
y2 is replaced by yy1, drawn. Here, ARB be a tan- P Q
xy + x y
xy is replaced by 1 1 , gent.
2 (iii) If a point lies inside the cir-
x + x1 cle, then no tangent can be
x is replaced by ,
2 drawn.
y + y1
y is replaced by , Tangents from a point to a circle
2
and c will remain c. A
This method is applicable only for a 2nd degree conic.
2. Parametric form P
The equation of a tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 at (a cos q,
a sin q) is x cos q + y sin q = a
Proof: The equation of the chord joining the points (a cos q, B
a sin q) and (a cos j, a sin j) is Let the point be (x1, y1) and the circle be x2 + y2 = a2.
Êq + jˆ Êq + jˆ Êq - jˆ The equation of any tangent from a point (x1, y1) to a circle
x cos Á + y sin Á = a cos Á
Ë 2 ˜¯ Ë 2 ˜¯ Ë 2 ˜¯
.
x2 + y2 = a2 is
The equation of the tangent to the circle (y – y1) = m(x – x1) …(i)
(x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = a2 at (h + a cos q, k + a sin q) is The line (i) will be the tangent to the given circle if the
(x – h)cos q + (y – k)sin q = a length of the perpendicular from the centre of a circle =
radius of a circle
Condition of tangency
The line y = mx + c will be a tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 (mx1 - y1 )
=a
if c2 = a2(1 + m2). 1 + m2
Proof: The line y = mx + c will be a tangent to the circle
fi (mx1 – y1)2 = a2(1 + m2)
x2 + y2 = a2 if radius = the length of perpendicular from the
centre of a circle to the line y = mx + c. fi m 2 x12 - 2mx1 y1 + y12 = a 2 + a 2 m 2
|c| which is a quadratic in m, gives two values of m.
fi a= Put those values of m in Eq (i), we get the required equa-
(1 + m 2 )
tions of tangents.

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 Circle 3.7

Length of tangent from a point to a circle 20. DIRECTOR CIRCLE

(i) The length of the tangent from a point (x1, y1) to the P(h, k)
The locus of the point of intersec-
circle x2 + y2 = a2 is x12 + y12 - a 2 . tion of two perpendicular tangents
to a circle is known as the director
circle. It is a concentric circle hav- A B
0) P(x1, y1) ing radius 2 times the radius of
C(0,
the original circle.
The equation of the director
circle to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is
T x2 + y2 = 2a2.
(ii) The length of the tangent from a point (x1, y1) to the circle
21. NORMAL N
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c .
If a line is perpendicular to the
Power of a point with respect to a circle point of contact to the tangent is
The power of a point P with re- B called a normal. P
spect to any circle is The relation between tangent
PA ◊ PB. A and normal is
From the geometry, we can write P m(T) ¥ m(N) = –1. T

PA ◊ PB = PT 2
Different Forms of the Equation of Normals
T
Thus, the power of a point is the 1. Point form
square of the length of the tan- (i) The equation of a normal to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 at
gent to a circle from that point. x y
(i) The power of a point (x1, y1) with respect to a circle (x1, y1) is = .
x1 y1
x2 + y2 = a2 is ( x12 + y12 - a 2 ) .
Proof: Let PT be a tangent and PN be a normal.
(ii) The power of a point (x1, y1) with respect to a circle Clearly PN must be a perpendicular to PT.
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is
N
( x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c) .

Pair of tangents T1
(i) The equation of a pair of C(0, 0)
tangents to a circle x2 + y2 P
= a2 from a point (x1, y1) is
SS1 = T2, P(x1, y1) T
T2
where S ∫ x2 + y2 – a2; Equation of tangent at P is
S1 ∫ x12 + y12 2
- a ; T ∫ xx1 + yy1 - a . 2 xx1 + yy1 = a2 …(i)
(ii) The equation of a pair of tangents to a circle Equation of normal at P is
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is xy1 – yx1 + k = 0 …(ii)
2
SS1 = T , which is passing through (0, 0)
where S ∫ x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c; S1 Therefore, k = 0.
Hence, the equation of the normal is xy1 – yx1 + k = 0
∫ x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c
x y
T ∫ xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c fi =
x1 y1
(iii) The angle between the pair of tangents from (x1, y1) to
(ii) The equation of a normal to the circle
the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at (x1, y1) is
Ê a ˆ
2 tan -1 , where S1 = x12 + y12 – a2. x - x1 y - y1
ÁË S ˜¯ =
1 x1 + g y1 + f

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 3.8 Coordinate Geometry Booster

Proof: As we know that the normal always passes (ii) The equation of the chord of contact of tangents drawn
through the centre of a circle. from a point (x1, y1) to the circle
Thus, the equation of the normal at P to the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is is xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c = 0
y1 + f (iii) The chord of contact exists only when if the point P not
y - y1 = ( x - x1 )
x1 + g lies inside of the circle.
x - x1 y - y1 2LR
= (iv) The length of the chord of contact, T1T2 = ,
fi
x1 + g y1 + f R 2 + L2
where R = radius and L = length of tangent.
(iii) The equation of a normal to a conic
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 (v) Area of the triangle formed by the pair of tangents and
RL2
at (x1, y1) is its chord of contact = 2 .
R + L2
x - x1 y - y1
=
ax1 + hy1 + g hx1 + by1 + f (vi) Tangents of the angle between the pair of tangents from
2RL
the point (x1, y1) = 2 .
2. Parametric form L - R2
The equation of the normal to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 at
(vii) Equation of the circle circumscribing the triangle
x y
(a cos q, a sin q) is = DPT1T2 is
cos q sin q
(x – x1)(x + g) + (y – y1)(y + f) = 0
3. Slope form
The equation of a normal to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is y = mx. (viii) The distance between the chord of contact of tan gents
to x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 from the origin and the
4. Normal always passes through the centre of the circle point (g, f) is
Y
g2 + f 2 - c
P(x1, y1) 2 (g 2 + f 2 )

C(h, k)
23. CHORD BISECTED AT A GIVEN POINT
(i) The equation of the chord of
X
O the circle x2 + y2 = a2 bisected
at a point (x1, y1) is given by T O
= S1, where S1 ∫ x12 + y12 - a 2
5. Line y = mx + c will be a normal to the circle x2 + y2 = and T ∫ xx1 + yy1 – a2. A B
a2 if c = 0. M
(ii) The equation of the chord of
22. CHORD OF CONTACT the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 bisected at a point
(x1, y1) is given by
O T = S1, where S1 ∫ x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c and T ∫ xx1
+ yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c
P
24. DIAMETER OF A CIRCLE
The locus of the mid-points of
R a system of parallel chords of a
circle is known as diameter of
From any external point, two tangents can be drawn to a giv- the circle. C
en circle. The chord joining the points of contact of the two A B
The diameter of a circle al-
tangents is called the chord of contact of tangents. ways passes through the centre
Here, QR is the chord of contact of tangents. of a circle and perpendicular to
(i) The equation of the chord of contact of tangents drawn the parallel chords.
from a point (x1, y1) to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is Let the circle be x2 + y2 = a2 and parallel chord be y = mx
xx1 + yy1 = a2. + c.

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 Circle 3.9

Equation of any diameter to the given circle is perpendicu- (ix) Conjugate lines: Two straight lines are said to be con-
lar to the given parallel chord is my + x + l = 0 which passes jugate lines if the pole of either lies on the other.
through the centre of a circle. (x) If the lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 are
Thus 0+0+l=0 conjugate to each other with respect to the circle x2 + y2
fi l=0 cc
Hence, the required equation of the diameter is x + my = 0. = c2, then a1a2 + b1b2 = 1 22 .
r
(xi) If O be the centre of a circle and P be any point, OP is
25. POLE AND POLAR perpendicular to the polar of P.
If from a point P, any straight line is drawn to meet the circle (xii) If O be the centre of a circle and P be any point, then if
in Q and R and if tangents to the circle at Q and R meet in OP (produced, if it is necessary) meet the polar of P in
T, the locus of T is called the polar of P with respect to the Q, then OP ◊ OQ = (radius)2.
circle.
The point P is known as the pole of its polar. 26. COMMON CHORD OF TWO CIRCLES
Q
A
B
O O¢
A
P Polar
C B

D The chord joining the points of intersection of two given cir-

cles is called their common chord.
The equation of the common chord between two circles
R
is S1 – S2 = 0
Polar of a circle exists only when the point P lies either fi 2(g1 – g2)x + 2(f1 – f2)y = c1 – c2,
outside or inside of the given circle.
(i) The equation of a polar of the point (x1, y1) with respect where S1 ∫ x2 + y2 + 2g1x + 2f1y + c1 = 0
to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is xx1 + yy1 = a2 and S2 ∫ x2 + y2 + 2g2x + 2f2y + c2 = 0
(ii) The equation of polar of the point (x1, y1) with respect
to the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is (i) The length of the common chord = PQ = 2 ◊ PM =
xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c = 0. 2 (C1P ) 2 - (C1M ) 2 ,
(iii) If a point P lies outside of a circle, then the polar and
where
the chord of contact of this point P are the same straight
line. C1P = radius of the circle S1 = 0 and
(iv) If a point P lies on the circle, then the polar and the C1M = Length of the perpendicular from C1 on the
tangent to the circle at P are the same straight line. common chord PQ.
(v) The pole of a line lx + my + n = 0 with respect to the (ii) The common chord PQ of two circles becomes of the
Ê a 2l a 2 m ˆ maximum length, when it is a diameter of the smaller
circle x2 + y2 = a2 is Á - ,- ˜.
Ë n n ¯ one between them.
(iii) If the circle on the common chord be a diameter, then
(vi) If the polar of a point P with respect to a circle passes
the centre of the circle passing through P and Q lie on
through Q, then the polar of Q with respect to the circle
the common chord of the two circles.
will pass through P.
(iv) If the circle S1 = 0, bisects the circumference of the
Here, the points P and Q are called the conjugate
circle S2 = 0, then their common chord will be the di-
points.
ameter of the circle S2 = 0.
(vii) Conjugate Points: Two points are said to be conju-
gate points with respect to a circle, if the polar of either
27. INTERSECTION BETWEEN TWO CIRCLES
passes through the other.
(viii) If the pole of a line L1 with respect to a circle lies on Let the two circles be (x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = r12 and (x – g)2 +
another line L2, then the pole of the other line L2 with (y – d)2 = r22, where centres are C1(a, b) and C2(g, d) and radii
respect to the same circle will lie on the first line L1. are r1 and r2, respectively.
Here, the lines L1 and L2 are conjugate lines.

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 3.10 Coordinate Geometry Booster

(i) When two circles do not intersect (iii) When two circles touch each other externally

T2

T4 P
C1 C2
D
C1 r1 T 2 C2 P

T3 Then C1C2 = r1 + r2
Thus three common tangents can be drawn.
T1
Let the point of contact be P.
Then the co-ordinates of P are
Then C1C2 > r1 + r2 Ê r1 x2 + r2 x1 r1 y2 + r2 y1 ˆ
Thus four common tangents can be drawn. ÁË r + r , r + r ˜¯
1 2 1 2
Let P be the point of intersection of two transverse tan-
gents and D be the point of intersection of two direct Hence the equation of the common transverse tangent
common tangents. is S1 – S2 = 0 which is the same as the equation of the
Then the co-ordinates of P and D are common chord.
Ê r1 x2 + r2 x1 r1 y2 + r2 y1 ˆ Let two direct common tangents intersect at D exter-
ÁË r + r , r + r ˜¯ = (h, k ) nally in the ratio r1 : r2.
1 2 1 2 Êrx -r x ry -r y ˆ
Then the co-ordinates of D are Á 1 2 2 1 , 1 2 2 1 ˜
Ê r1 x2 - r2 x1 r1 y2 - r2 y1 ˆ Ë r1 - r2 r1 - r2 ¯
and ÁË r - r , r - r ˜¯ = (l , m ) = (h, k)
1 2 1 2
Hence the equation of the direct common tangent is
respectively (y – k) = m(x – h).
The equation of the transverse common tangents is (y Now values of m can be obtained from the length of
– k) = m1(x – h) and the equation of direct common perpendicular from the centre C1 or C2 on the tangent
tangent is (y – m) = m2(x – l). is equal to r1 or r2. Put two values of m on the common
Now values of m1 and m2 can be obtained from the tangent equation, then we get the required equation of
length of the perpendicular from the centre C1 or C2 on direct common tangents.
the tangent is equal to r1 or r2. Put two values of m1 and (iv) When two circles touch each other internally
m2 on the common tangent equations, then we get the P
required results.
(ii) When two circles intersect
O
C
r1 r2
C1 C2
Q

Then C1C2 = |r1 – r2|

Then |r1 – r2| < C1C2 < r1 + r2 Thus, only one tangent can be drawn.
Thus two common tangents can be drawn. Equation of the common transverse tangent is
Let two direct common tangents intersect at D exter- S1 – S2 = 0.
nally in the ratio r1 : r2. (v) When one circle lies inside the other one
Then the co-ordinates of D are
Ê r1 x2 - r2 x1 r1 y2 - r2 y1 ˆ
ÁË r - r , r - r ˜¯ = (h, k )
1 2 1 2
C
Hence the equation of the direct common tangent is C2
y – k = m(x – h).
Now values of m can be obtained from the length of the
perpendicular from the centre C1 or C2 on the tangent
is equal to r1 or r2.
Put two values of m on the common tangent equation, then Then C1C2 > |r1 – r2|
we get the required equation of direct common tangents. Thus, no common tangent can be drawn.

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 Circle 3.11

(vi) The direct common tangents meet at a point which di- Condition of Orthogonality
vides the line joining the centres of the circles exter-
nally in the ratio of their radii.
(vii) Transverse common tangents meet at a point which P
divides the line joining the centres of the circles inter-
nally in the ratio of their radii. r1 r2
(viii) The length of an external common tangent and inter-
nal common tangent to the two circles is given by the C1 C2
length of external common tangent
Lex = d 2 - (r2 - r1 ) 2
and the length of internal common tangent Here, q = 90°, then
2 2
Lin = d - (r2 + r1 ) , r12 + r22 - d 2
fi =0
(it is applicable only when d > r1 + r2) 2r1r2
Where d is the distance between the centres of two r12 + r22 - d 2 = 0
circles and r1 and r2 are the radii of two circles where
fi r12 + r22 = d 2
C1C2 = d.
fi g12 + f12 - c1 + g 22 + f 22 - c2
29. ANGLE OF INTERSECTION OF TWO CIRCLES = g12 + f12 + g 22 + f 22 - 2( g1 g 2 + f1 f 2 )
Let the two circles be fi 2(g1g2 + f1f2) = c1 + c2
S1: x2 + y2 + 2g1x + 2f1y + c1 = 0 which is the required condition.
S2: x2 + y2 + 2g2x + 2f2y + c2 = 0
30. RADICAL AXIS
P
P

(–g1 – f1) q
A B
O1 O2
(–gz – fz)
C1 C2

Let C1 and C2 are the centres of the given circles and r1 and
r2 are the radii of the circles. The radical axis of two circles is the locus of a point which
Thus C1 = (–g1, –f1) and C2 = (–g2, –f2) moves in a plane in such a way that the lengths of the tan-
gents drawn from it to the two circles are same.
r1 = g12 + f12 - c1 , Consider
S1 : x2 + y2 + 2g1x + 2f1y + c1 = 0
and r2 = g 22 + f 22 - c2
and S2 : x2 + y2 + 2g2x + 2f2y + c2 = 0
Let d = C1C2 = ( g1 - g 2 ) 2 + ( f1 - f 2 ) 2 Let P(x1, y1) be a point such that PA = PB
Thus, PA2 = PB2
= g12 + g 22 + f12 + f 22 - 2( g1 g 2 + f1 f 2 )
fi x12 + y12 + 2g1 x1 + 2f1 y1 + c1
Ê r12 r22
+ -d 2ˆ
= x22 + y22 + 2g 2 x2 + 2f 2 y2 + c2
In C2PC2, cos a = Á ˜¯
Ë 2r1r2
fi 2(g1 – g2)x + 2(f1 – f2)y = c2 – c1
Ê r 2 + r22 - d 2 ˆ
fi cos (180° - q ) = Á 1 ˜¯ 31. PROPERTIES OF THE RADICAL AXIS
Ë 2r r 1 2
(i) The radical axis and common chord are identical.
Orthogonal Circles Since the radical axis and common chord of two circles
If the angle between two circles is 90°, then the circles are S1 = 0 and S2 = 0 are the same straight line S1 – S2 = 0,
said to be orthogonal circles. they are identical.

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 3.12 Coordinate Geometry Booster

The only difference is that, the common chord exists (v) The radical axis of three circles taken in pairs are
only if the circles intersect in two real points, while the concurrent.
radical axis exists for all pair of circles irrespective of Let
their position. S1 : x2 + y2 + 2g1x + 2f1y + c1 = 0,
(ii) The radical axis is perpendicular to the straight line S2 : x2 + y2 + 2g2x + 2f2y + c2 = 0
which joins the centres of the circles. and
P
S3 : x2 + y2 + 2g3x + 2f3y + c3 = 0
L

S
T

O
A B S1 = 0 S2 = 0

M
N
Consider
S1 : x2 + y2 + 2g1x + 2f1y + c1 = 0 S3 = 0

and S2 : x2 + y2 + 2g2x + 2f2y + c2 = 0 Now S1 – S2 : 2(g1 – g2)x + 2(f1 – f2)y = c2 – c1

Here, A(–g1, – f1) and B(–g2, –f2) are the centres of the S2 – S3 : 2(g2 – g3)x + 2(f2 – f3)y = c3 – c2
circles. S3 – S1 : 2(g3 – g1)x + 2(f3 – f1)y = c1 – c3
f - f Adding we get, both the sides are identical.
Now the slope of AB = 1 2 .
g1 - g 2 Thus three radical axes are concurrent.
Equation of the radical axis is (vi) If two circles cut a third circle othogonally, the radi-
cal axis of the two circles will pass through the cen-
2(g1 – g2)x + 2(f1 – f2)y = c2 – c1.
tre of the third circle.
g - g2
\ Slope of the radical axis is - 1 .
f1 - f 2 P A P
Clearly the product of their slopes is –1.
Hence AB and radical axis are perpendicular to each
other.
(iii) If two circles touch each other externally or inter-
nally, the common tangents itself becomes the radi-
cal axis.
Q
S
C C¢
A B
B
Radical axis 2 2
Radical axis Let S1 : x + y + 2g1x + 2f1y + c1 = 0, …(i)
2 2
(iv) The radical axis bisects common tangents of two S2 : x + y + 2g2x + 2f2y + c2 = 0 …(ii)
circles. and S3 : x2 + y2 + 2g3x + 2f3y + c3 = 0 …(iii)
P
Since (i) and (ii) both cut (iii) orthogonally, then
L 2(g1g3 + f1f3) = c1 + c3
M
2(g2g3 + f2f3) = c2 + c3
Subtracting, we get
A B 2g3(g1 – g2) + 2f3(f1 – f2) = c1 – c2 …(iv)
Also radical axis of (i) and (ii) is
S1 – S2 : 2(g1 – g2)x + 2(f1 – f2)y = c2 – c1
Q
Since it will pass through the centre of third circle, so
Radical axis we get
In this case the radical axis bisects the common tangent –2g3(g1 – g2) – 2f3(f1 – f2) = –c1 + c2

CG_03.indd 12 2/6/2017 4:00:11 PM

 Circle 3.13

fi 2g3(g1 – g2) + 2f3(f1 – f2) = c1 – c2

A
which is identical with (iv).
(vii) Radical axis need not always pass through the mid- E
point of the line joining the centres of the two cir- F H
cles.
It will pass through the mid-point of the line joining the C
centres of the two circles only if they have equal radii. B D
(viii) The centre of a variable circle orthogonal to two fixed
circles lies on the radical axis of two circles.
(ix) If two circles are orthogonal, then the polar of a point
P on the first circle with respect to the second circle 2. The radical centre of the three given circles will be the
passes through the point Q, which is the other end of centre of a fourth circle, which cuts all the three circles
the diameter through P. orthogonally and the radius of the fourth circle is the
Hence the locus of a point which moves in such a way length of the tangent drawn from the radical centre of
that, its polars with respect to the circles S1 = 0, S2 = 0 the three given circles to any of these circles.
and S3 = 0 are concurrent in a circle which is orthogo- A
nal to all the three circles.
(x) Pairs of circles which do not have radical axis are con-
current.
(xi) A system of circles, every two of which have the same
O
radical axis, is called a coaxial system.

32. RADICAL CENTRE

B C
L

Let the fourth circle be (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2, where

(h, k) is the centre of the circle and r be the radius. The
centre of the circle is the radical centre of the given
O
S1 = 0 S2 = 0 circles and r is the length of the tangent from (h, k) to
any of the given three circles.
M
N
33. FAMILY OF CIRCLES
S3 = 0

The radical axes of three circles, taken in pairs, meet at a

point, which is called their radical centre.
Let S1: x2 + y2 + 2g1x + 2f1y + c1 = 0,
S2: x2 + y2 + 2g2x + 2f2y + c2 = 0
and S3: x2 + y2 + 2g3x + 2f3y + c3 = 0 S1 = 0 S2 = 0
Equations of three radical axes are
S1 – S2: 2(g1 – g2)x + 2(f1 – f2)y = c2 – c1 Family of circles
S2 – S3: 2(g2 – g3)x + 2(f2 – f3)y = c3 – c2
and 1. The equation of the family of circles passing through
S3 – S1: 2(g3 – g1)x + 2(f3 – f1)y = c1 – c3 the point of intersection of two given circles S1 = 0 and
S2 = 0 is given by
Solving the three equations of radical axes, we get the re-
quired radical centre. S1 + lS2 = 0, where l is a parameter and l π –1.
2. The equation of the family of circles passing through
Properties of the Radical Centres the point of intersection of a circle S = 0 and a line
1. The radical centre of the three circles described on the L = 0 is given by
sides of a triangle as diameters is the orthocentre of the S + lL = 0, where l is a parameter.
triangle.

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 3.14 Coordinate Geometry Booster

(x – x1)(x – x2) + (y – y1)(y – y2)

x y 1
+ l x1 y1 1 = 0
x2 y2 1

L=0 P(x1, y1)

S=0
3. The equation of the family of circles touching the circle
S = 0 and the line L = 0 is
S + lL = 0, where l is a parameter.
4. The equation of the family of circles passing through
the two given points P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) can be writ- Q(x1, y1)
ten in the form S=0

E XERCISES

LEVEL I 12. Find the equation of a circle passing through the points
(1, 2) and (3, 4) and touching the line 3x + y = 5.
(Problems Based on Fundamentals) 13. Find the length of intercepts to the circle x2 + y2 + 6x +
10y + 8 = 0.
ABC OF CIRCLES
14. Find the length of y-intercept to the circle x2 + y2 – x – y
1. Find the centre and the radius of the circles = 0.
(i) x2 + y2 = 16 15. Show that the circle x2 + y2 – 2ax – 2ay + a2 = 0
(ii) x2 + y2 – 8x + 15 = 0 touches both the co-ordinate axes.
(iii) x2 + y2 – x – y = 0
2. Prove that the radii of the circles POSITION OF A POINT WITH RESPECT TO A CIRCLE
x2 + y2 = 1, x2 + y2 – 2x – 6y = 6
16. Discuss the position of the points (1, 2) and (6, 0) with
and x2 + y2 – 4x – 12y = 9 are in AP.
respect to the circle x2 + y2 – 4x + 2y – 11 = 10.
3. Find the equation of the circle concentric with the cir-
17. If the point (l, –l) lies inside the circle
cle x2 + y2 – 8x + 6y – 5 = 0 and passing through the
point (–2, –7). x2 + y2 – 4x + 2y – 8 = 0, then find range of l.
4. Find the equation of the circle passing through the
SHORTEST AND LONGEST DISTANCE OF A CIRCLE FROM A POINT
point of intersection of x + 3y = 0 and 2x – 7y = 0 and
whose centre is the point of intersection of lines x + y + 18. Find the shortest and the longest distance from the
1 = 0 and x – 2y + 4 = 0. point (2, –7) to the circle
5. Find the equation of the circle touching the lines x2 + y2 – 14x – 10y – 151 = 0
4x – 3y = 30 and 4x – 3y +10 = 0 having the centre on
the line 2x + y = 0. INTERSECTION OF A LINE AND A CIRCLE
6. Let the equation of a circle is x2 + y2 – 16x – 24y + 183 19. Prove that the line y = x + 2 touches the circle x2 + y2 =
= 0. Find the equation of the image of this circle by the 2. Find its point of contact.
line mirror 4x + 7y + 13 = 0. 20. Find the equation of the tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = 4
7. Find the area of an equilateral triangle inscribed in the parallel to the line 3x + 2y + 5 = 0.
circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0. 21. Find the equation of the tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = 9
8. A circle has radius 3 units and its centre lies on the line perpendicular to the line 4x + 3y = 0.
y = x – 1. Find the equation of the circle if it passes 22. Find the equation of the tangent to the circle x2 + y2 +
through (7, 3). 4x + 3 = 0, which makes an angle of 60° with the posi-
9. Find the point P on the circle x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y + 9 = 0 tive direction of x-axis.
such that –POX is minimum, where O is the origin and 23. If a tangent is equally inclined with the co-ordinate
OX is the x-axis. axes to the circle x2 + y2 = 4, find its equation.
10. Find the equation of the circle when the end-points of a 24. Find the equation of the tangents to the circle x2 + y2 =
diameter are (2, 3) and (6, 9). 25 through (7, 1).
11. Find the equation of a circle passing through (1, 2),
(4, 5) and (0, 9).

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 Parabola 4.1

C H A P T E R

4 Parabola

CONCEPT BOOSTER (ii) Parabola

The section of a right circular cone by a plane which is paral-
lel to a generator of a cone is called a parabola.
1. INTRODUCTION
It is believed that the first definition of a conic section is due
to Menaechmus (died 320 BC). His work did not survive and
is only known through secondary accounts. The definition Generator
used at that time differs from the one commonly used today.
It requires the plane cutting the cone to be perpendicular to
one of the lines (a generatrix), that generates the cone as a Parabola
surface of revolution. Thus the shape of the conic is deter-
mined by the angle formed at the vertex of the cone (between
two opposite generatrices). If the angle is acute, the conic is
an ellipse; if the angle is right, the conic is a parabola; and if Plane
the angle is obtuse, the conic is a hyperbola.
Note: The circle cannot be defined in this way and was not (iii) Ellipse
considered as a conic at this time.
The section of a right circular cone by a plane which is nei-
Euclid (300 BC) is said to have written four books on con- ther parallel to a generator of a cone nor parallel or perpen-
ics but these were lost as well. Archimedes (died 212 BC)
dicular to the axis of a cone is called an ellipse.
is known to have studied conics, having determined the area
bounded by a parabola and an ellipse. The only part of this
work to survive is a book on the solids of revolution of conics.

2. BASIC DEFINITIONS
(i) Circle
The section of a right circular cone by a plane which is paral- Ellipse
lel to its base is called a circle.
Plane

(iv) Hyperbola
The section of a double right circular cone by a plane which
is parallel to the axis of a cone is called a hyperbola.
Circle
Plane

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 4.2 Coordinate Geometry Booster

Latus rectum
Any chord passing through the focus and perpendicular to the
axis is known as latus rectum of the conic section.
Centre
The point which bisects every chord of the conic passing
Hyperbola through it, is called the centre of the conic section.

4. RECOGNITION OF CONICS
A general equation of 2nd degree is
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0,
3. CONIC SECTION
a h g
It is the locus of a point which moves in a plane in such a way
that its distance from a fixed point to its perpendicular dis- where D= h b f
tance from a fixed straight line is always constant. The fixed g f c
point is called the focus of the conic and this fixed straight
= abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2
line is called the directrix of the conic and this constant ratio
is known as the eccentricity of the conic. It is denoted as e. a h
and H= = ab - h 2
h b
M P There are two types of conics.
(i) Degenerate conic, and
(ii) Non-degenerate conic.
We use the term degenerate conic sections to describe the
S(Focus) single point, single line and pair of lines and the term non-
Directirix degenerate conic sections to describe those conic sections
that are circles, parabolas, ellipses or hyperbolas.
A non-degenerate conic represents
(i) a circle if, D π 0, h = 0, a = b
(ii) a parabola if D π 0, H = 0
Conic Section with Respect to Eccentricity (iii) an ellipse, if D π 0, H < 0
(iv) a hyperbola, if D π 0, H > 0
(i) If e = 0, the conic section is called a circle (v) a rectangular hyperbola, if D π 0, H > 0 and a + b = 0.
(ii) If e = 1, the conic section is called a parabola. Now, the centre of the conics is obtained by
(iii) If e < 1, the conic section is called an ellipse.
df
(iv) If e > 1, the conic section is called a hyperbola. = 2ax + 2hy + 2g = 0
dx
(v) If e = 2 , the conic section is called a rectangular hy-
perbola. df
and = 2hx + 2by + 2f = 0 .
dy
Some Important Definitions to Remember fi ax + hy + g = 0, hx + by + f = 0
Axis: The straight line passing through the focus and perpen- Solving the above equations, we get the required centre of
dicular to the directrix is called the axis of the conic section. the given conic.
Vertex: The point of intersection of the conic section and the
axis is called the vertex of the conic section. 5. EQUATION OF CONIC SECTION
Double ordinate
Any chord, which is perpendicular to the axis of the conic
M P
section, is called a double ordinate of the conic section.
Focal chord
Any chord passing through the focus is called the focal chord
of the conic section.
S(Focus)
Focal distance Directirix
The distance between the focus and any point on the conic is
known as the focal distance of the conic section.

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 Parabola 4.3

Let the focus be (h, k), directrix be ax + by + c = 0 and the Definition 3

eccentricity is e. In algebra, the parabolas are frequently encountered as
SP
Then the equation of the conic section is =e graphs of quadratic functions, such as y = ax2 + bx + c or
PM
x = ay2 + by + c.
ax + by + c
fi ( x - h) 2 + ( y - k ) 2 = e Definition 4
a 2 + b2 It is a section of a conic, whose eccentricity is 1.
Ê (ax + by + c) 2 ˆ Definition 5
fi ( x - h) 2 + ( y - k ) 2 = e 2 Á ˜
Ë a 2 + b2 ¯ A plane curve formed by the intersection of a right circular
cone and a plane parallel to an element of the cone is called
which is the general equation of the conic section.
parabola.
6. PARABOLA
The term parabola comes from Greek word, para ‘alongside,
nearby, right up to,’ and bola, from the verb ballein means Generator
‘to cast, to throw.’ Understandably, parallel and many of its
derivatives start with the same root. The word parabola may
Parabola
thus mean ‘thrown parallel’ in accordance with the definition.

7. MATHEMATICAL DEFINITIONS
Plane
Definition 1
It is the locus of a point which moves in a plane in such a Definition 6
way that its distance from a fixed point is equal to its distance A conic ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a
from a fixed straight line. The fixed point S is called the focus parabola if
and the fixed straight line OM is called the directrix. (i) D π 0
(ii) h2 – ab = 0, where
Y
P D = abc + 2fgh – af 2 – bg2 – ch2
M
8. STANDARD EQUATION OF A PARABOLA
X Y
O S P
M

X¢ O X
Z S

Definition 2
Let D be a line in the plane and F a fixed point not on D. A Y¢
parabola is the collection of points in the plane that are equi- Let S be the focus and MN be the directrix of the parabola.
distant from F and D. The point F is called the focus and the Draw SZ perpendicular to ZM and let O be the mid-point
line D is called the directrix. of FN.
Y Thus OS = OZ
So O lies on the parabola.
Consider O as the origin and OX and OY as x and y axes,
D respectively.
Let OS = OZ = a.
X Then the co-ordinates of F is (a, 0) and the equation of
O F
ZM is x + a = 0.
Now from the definition of the parabola, we get,
SP = PM
fi SP2 = PM2

CG_04.indd 3 2/6/2017 4:01:59 PM

 4.4 Coordinate Geometry Booster

fi (x – a)2 + (y – 0)2 = (x + a)2 (vi) Length of the latus rectum: 4a

fi y2 = 4ax (vii) Extremities of the latus rectum are: L(a, 2a), L¢(a, –2a)
which is the required equation of a parabola. This is also (viii)Equation of the latus rectum is: x = a
known as horizontal parabola or right-ward parabola. (ix) Parametric equations of the parabola:
y2 = 4ax are x = at2 and y = 2at
9. IMPORTANT TERMS RELATED TO PARABOLA (x) Focal distance: x + a
(xi) Any point on the parabola can be considered as
Y (at2, 2at).
M P
Parabola openning leftwards
i.e y2 = –4ax
X¢ X Y
Z O S
L(–a, 2a)
M
P(x, y)
Y¢
Focus X¢ X
It is the fixed point with reference to which the parabola is S(–a, 0) O
constructed. Here, S is the focus.
Directrix
x–a=0
It is a straight line outside the parabola. Here ZM is the L¢(–a, –2a)
directrix. Y¢
Axis of symmetry (i) Vertex is (0, 0)
It is the line which is perpendicular to the directrix and passes (ii) Focus is (–a, 0)
through the focus. It divides the parabola into two equal halves. (iii) Equation of the directrix is x – a = 0
Vertex (iv) Equation of the axis is y = 0
It is the point on the axis of symmetry that intersects the pa- (v) Equation of the tangent at the vertex is x = 0
rabola when the turn of the parabola is the sharpest. (vi) Length of the latus rectum is 4a
The vertex is halfway between the directrix and the focus. (vii) Extremities of the latus rectum are:
L(–a, 2a), L¢(a, –2a)
Focal chord
(viii) Equation of the latus rectum is x = –a
It is any chord that passes through the focus.
(ix) Parametric equations of the parabola:
Latus rectum y2 = –4ax are x = –at2 and y = 2at
It is that focal chord which is perpendicular to the axis of
(x) Focal distance is x – a
symmetry. The latus rectum is parallel to the directrix. Half
(xi) Any point on the parabola can be considered as
of the latus rectum is called the semi-latus rectum.
(–at2, 2at).
Focal parameter
Parabola opening upwards
The distance from the focus to the directrix is called the focal
i.e. x2 = 4ay
parameter. Y
Focal distance S
The distance between any point on the parabola to the focus (0, a)
is called the focal distance. Here, SP is the focal distance. P
X¢ X
Parametric equation O
From the equation of the parabola, we can write y+a=0 Z M
y 2x
= =t Y¢
2a y (i) Vertex is (0, 0)
Then x = at2, y = 2at, where t is a parameter. (ii) Focus is (0, a)
The equations x = at2 and y = 2at are called the parametric (iii) Equation of the directrix is y + a = 0
equations and the point (at2, 2at) is also referred to as the (iv) Equation of the axis is x = 0
point t. (v) Equation of the tangent at the vertex is y = 0
(i) Vertex is: (0, 0) (vi) Length of the latus rectum 4a
(ii) Focus is: (a, 0) (vii) Extremities of the latus rectum are L(2a, a), L¢(–2a, a)
(iii) Equation of the directrix is: x + a = 0. (viii) Equation of the latus rectum is y = a
(iv) Equation of the axis is: y = 0 (ix) Parametric equations of the parabola x2 = 4ay are
(v) Equation of the tangent at the vertex is: x = 0 x = –2at and y = at2

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 Parabola 4.5

(x) Focal distance is y + a 11. EQUATION OF A PARABOLA WHEN THE VERTEX IS

(xi) Any point on the parabola can be considered as
(h, k) AND AXIS IS PARALLEL TO x-AXIS
(2at, at2).
Parabola Opening Downwards The equation of the parabola y2 = 4ax can be written as
i.e. x2 = –4ay (y – 0)2 = 4a(x – 0)
Y The vertex of the parabola is O(0, 0). Now the origin is
Z M
shifted to V(h, k) without changing the direction of axes, its
X¢
O
X equation becomes (y – k)2 = 4a(x – h)
P Y
S

Y¢ y=k
V(h, k)
(i) Vertex is (0, 0)
(ii) Focus is (0, –a) X
O
(iii) Equation of the directrix is y – a = 0
(iv) Equation of the axis is x = 0
Thus its focus is F(a + h, k), latus rectum = 4a and the
(v) Equation of the tangent at the vertex is y = 0
equation of the directrix is
(vi) Length of the latus rectum is 4a x = h – a, i.e. x + a – h = 0
(vii) Extremities of the latus rectum are: The parametric equation of the curve (y – k)2 = 4a(x – h)
L(2a, –a), L¢(–2a, –a) are x – h + at2 and y = k + 2at.
(viii) Equation of the latus rectum is y = –a
(ix) parametric equations of the parabola x2 = –4ay are 12. EQUATION OF A PARABOLA WHEN THE VERTEX IS
x = 2at and y = –at2 (h, k) AND AXIS IS PARALLEL TO y-AXIS
(x) Any point on the parabola can be considered as
Y
(2at, –at2).
(xi) Focal distance is y – a
y=k
10. GENERAL EQUATION OF A PARABOLA V(h, k)
X¢ X
O
Y P(x, y) x=h
Y¢
The equation of a parabola with the vertex V(h, k) is
M S(h, k) (x – h)2 = 4a(y – k)
Thus, its focus is F(h, a + k), latus rectum = 4a and the
Z
X¢ X equation of the directrix is
O
y = k – a, i.e. y + a – k = 0
The parametric equation of the curve (x – h)2 = 4a(y – k)
are x = h + 2at and y = k + at2.
Y¢
Note: The equation of a parabola, whose axis is parallel to
Let S(h, k) be the focus and lx + my + n = 0 is the equation of y-axis can also be considered as y = ax2 + bx + c.
the directrix and P(x, y) be any point on the parabola.
Then, Polar form of a Parabola
SP = PM In polar coordinates, the equation of a parabola with param-
lx + my + n eters r and q and the centre (0, 0) is given by
fi ( x - h) 2 + ( y - k ) 2 =
(l 2 + m 2 ) 2a
r=-
1 + cos q
(lx + my + n) 2
fi ( x - h) 2 + ( y - k ) 2 =
(l 2 + m 2 ) 13. FOCAL CHORD
fi m x + l y – 2lmxy + (term)x
2 2 2 2
Any line passing through the focus and intersects the parabola
+ (term)y + (constant term) = 0 in two distinct points, it is known as focal chord of the parabola.
fi (mx – ly) + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
2
Any point on the parabola y2 = 4ax can be considered as
2
which is the general equation of a parabola. (at , 2at).

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 4.6 Coordinate Geometry Booster

14. POSITION OF A POINT RELATIVE TO A PARABOLA Equation of the Tangent to a Parabola in Different
Forms
Consider the parabola y2 = 4ax and the point be (x1, y1).
Y P(x1, y1)
(i) Point form
The equation of the tangent to the parabola y2 = 4ax at
L (x1, y1) is
yy1 = 2a(x + x1)
X
O M Now the given equation is
y2 = 4ax.
Differentiating with respect to x, we get
The point (x1, y1) lies outside, on and inside of the pa- dy
2y = 4a
rabola y2 = 4axy2 = 4ax according as dx
y12 – 4ax1 > 0, = 0, < 0 dy 2a
fi =
dx y
15. INTERSECTION OF A LINE AND A PARABOLA dy
Ê ˆ 2a
Now m = ÁË ˜¯ = .
Let the parabola be y2 = 4ax dx ( x1, y1 ) y1
M
and the line be y = mx + c. T R Thus the equation of tangent is
Eliminating x between fi yy1 – y12 = 2ax – 2ax1
these two equations, we get fi yy1 = 2ax – 2ax1 + 4ax1
Ê y - cˆ = 2a (x + x1)
y 2 = 4a Á
Ë m ˜¯
P
which is the required equation of the tangent to the pa-
fi my2 – 4ay + 4ac = 0 rabola y2 = 4ax at (x1, y1).
N (ii) Parametric form
The given line will cut the Q
The equation of the tangent to the parabola y2 = 4ax at
parabola in two distinct, co-
(at2, 2at) is
incident and imaginary points according as
yt = x + at2
D > 0, = 0, < 0
fi 16a2 – 16amc > 0, = 0, < 0 The equation of the tangent to the parabola y2 = 4ax at
fi a > cm, a = cm, a < cm (x1, y1) is
yy1 = 2a(x + x1)
Condition of tangency: The line y = mx + c will be a tangent
fi y ◊ 2at = 2a(x + at2)
a
to the parabola y2 = 4ax, if c = . fi yt = x + at2
m
(iii) Slope form
The equation of any tangent to the parabola can be consid-
The equation of the tangent to the parabola y2 = 4ax at
a
ered as y = mx + . Ê a 2a ˆ
m ÁË 2 , ˜¯ is
m m
The co-ordinates of the point of contact in terms of m is
Ê a 2a ˆ a
y = mx + , where m = slope
ÁË 2 , ˜¯ m
m m
The equation of the tangent to the parabola y2 = 4ax at
16. TANGENT (x1, y1) is
yy1 = 2a(x + x1) …(i)
If a line intersects the parabola in two coincident points, it is
known as the tangent to a parabola. 2a 2a
Here, m = fi y1 =
y1 m
Q Since the point (x1, y1) lies on the parabola y2 = 4ax, we
have,
Q1
y12 = 4ax1.
Q2
4a 2
fi 4ax1 =
Q3 m2
Q4 a
T fi x1 =
P
m2

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 Parabola 4.7

Putting the values of x1 and y1 in Eq. (i), we get 17. NORMAL

Ê 2a ˆ Ê a ˆ It is a line which is perpendicular to the point of contact to
y ◊ Á ˜ = 2a Á x + 2 ˜
Ë m¯ Ë m ¯ the tangent.
a
fi y = mx + N
m
(iv) Condition of tangency
The line y = mx + c will be a tangent to the parabola
a P
y2 = 4ax is c = .
m
Note: Any tangent to the parabola can be considered T
a Here PT is a tangent and PN is a normal.
as y = mx + .
m
Equation of Normals to the Parabola in Different
(v) Director circle Forms
The locus of the point of intersection of two perpen-
(i) Point form
dicular tangents to a parabola is known as the director
The equation of the normal to the parabola y2 = 4ax at
circle.
(x1, y1) is
(vi) The equation of the pair of tangents can be drawn to the y - y1 x - x1
parabola from the point (x1, y1). =
y1 2a
M(h, k) The equation of the tangent to the parabola y2 = 4ax at
(x1, y1) is
yy1 = 2a(x + x1) …(i)
2a
Slope of the tangent is m(T ) =
P(x1, y1) y1
y1
N Slope of the normal is m( N ) = -
2a
Thus the equation of the normal is
Let (h, k) be any point on either of the tangents drawn y1
from (x1, y1). y - y1 = - (x - x1)
2a
The equation of the line joining (x1, y1) and (h, k) is
(ii) Parametric form
k - y1
y - y1 = ( x - x1 ) The equation of the normal to the parabola
h - x1 y2 = 4ax at (at2, 2at) is
k - y1 hy - kx1 y = –tx + 2at + at3
fi y= x+ 1
h - x1 h - x1 As we know that the equation of the normal to the pa-
a rabola y2 = 4ax at (x1, y1) is
If this be a tangent, it must be of the form y = mx + .
m y - y1 x - x1
k - y1 a hy1 - kx1 =-
Thus, m = and = y1 2a
h - x1 m h - x1
Replacing x1 by at2 and y1 by 2at, we get
Therefore, by multiplication we get
y - 2at x - at 2
Ê k - y1 ˆ Ê hy1 - kx1 ˆ =-
a=Á 2at 2a
Ë h - x1 ˜¯ ÁË h - x1 ˜¯ fi y = –tx + 2at + at3
fi a(h – x1)2 = (k – y1)(hy1 – kx1) which is the required equation of the normal to the giv-
Hence, the locus of the point (h, k) is en parabola.
fi a(x – x1)2 = (y – y1)(xy1 – yx1) (iii) Slope form
fi (y2 – 4ax)(y12 – 4ax1) = {yy1 – 2a(x + x1)}2. The equation of the normal to the parabola
y2 = 4ax at (ax2, –2am) is
fi SS1 = T2
y = mx – 2am – am3
where, S: (y2 – 4ax), S1:(y12 – 4ax1)
As we know that the equation of the normal to the pa-
and T:{yy1 – 2a(x + x1)}. rabola

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 4.8 Coordinate Geometry Booster

y2 = 4ax at (at2, 2at) is y2 = 4ax is

y = –tx + 2at + at3 …(i) yy1 = 2a(x + x1)
The slope of the normal is
m = –t Q
fi t = –m
Putting the values of m in Eq. (i), we get
y = mx – 2am – am3 P Chord of contact
which is the required equation of the normal to the pa-
rabola y2 = 4ax at (am2, –2am).
R
(iv) Condition of normal
The line y = mx + c will be a normal to the parabola
y2 = 4ax, if c = –2am – am3 and the co-ordinates of the 19. CHORD BISECTED AT A GIVEN POINT
point of contact are (am2, –2am).
(v) Co-normal points Y
A
In general, three normals can be drawn from a point to
a parabola and their feet (points) where they meet the
parabola are called the co-normal points.
Y X
O M

A B

P(h, k)
The equation of the chord of the parabola
O X y2 = 4ax is bisected at the point (x1, y1) is
C T = S1
fi yy1 – 2a(x + x1) = y12 – 4ax1
B where
T: y1 – 2a(x + x1), S:y12 – 4ax1
Here A, B and C are three co-normal points.
Let P(h, k) be any given point y2 = 4ax be a parabola. 20. DIAMETER
The equation of any normal to the parabola The locus of the mid-points of a system of parallel chords to a
y2 = 4ax is parabola is known as the diameter of the parabola.
y = mx – 2am – am3
Y
which passes through P(h, k). Then
k = mh – 2am – am3
fi am3 + (2a – h)m + k = 0
which is a cubic equation in m. So it has three roots. M(h, k) y = 2a/m
Thus, in total, three normals can be drawn from a point X
lies either outside or inside of a parabola. O

Notes:
1. We can draw one and only one normal to a pa-
rabola, if a point lies on the parabola.
2. From an external point to a parabola, only one
normal can be drawn. The equation of the diameter to the parabola y2 = 4ax
bisecting a system of parallel chords with slope m is

18. CHORD OF CONTACT 2a

y=
m
The chord joining the points of contact of two tangents drawn
Let (h, k) be the mid-point of the chord y = mx + c of the
from an external point to a parabola is known as the chord of
parabola y2 – 2ah.
contact.
The equation of the chord of contact of tangents drawn Then, T = S1
from a point (x1, y1) to the parabola fi ky – 2a(x + h) = k2 – 2ah

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 Parabola 4.9

2a 21. REFLECTION PROPERTY OF A PARABOLA

Now slope =
k All rays of light coming from the positive direction of x-axis
2a 2a and parallel to the axis of the parabola are reflected through
m= fi k= the focus of the parabola
k m
2a Y
Hence the locus of the mid-point (h, k) is y = .
m P
M
Note: Any line which is parallel to the axis of the parabola
drawn through any point on the parabola is called the di- X
O S
ameter of the parabola and its equation is the y-coordinate
of that point. Z

E XERCISES

LEVEL I 12. Find the equation of a parabola whose vertex is (1, 2)

and the axis is parallel to x-axis and also passes through
(Problems based on the point (3, 4).
Fundamentals) 13. If the axis of a parabola is parallel to y-axis, the ver-
tex and the length of the latus rectum are (3, 2) and 12
1. What conic does ax + by = 1 represent? respectively, find its equation.
2. If the conic x2 – 4xy + ly2 + 2x + 4y + 10 = 0 represents
a parabola, find the value of l. PROPERTIES OF THE FOCAL CHORD

3. If the conic 16( x 2 + ( y - 1) 2 ) = ( x + 3 y - 5) 2 repre- 14. If the chord joining P(at12, 2at1) and is the focal chord,
sents a non-degenerate conic, write its name and also prove that t1t2 = –1.
find its eccentricity. 15. If the point (at2, 2at) be the extremity of a focal chord
4. If the focus and the directrix of a conic be (1, 2) and of the parabola y2 = 4ax, prove that the length of the
2
x + 3y + 10 = 0 respectively and the eccentricity be Ê 1ˆ
focal chord is a Á t + ˜ .
1 Ë t¯
, then find its equation.
2 16. If the length of the focal chord makes an angle q with
5. Find the equation of a parabola, whose focus is (1, 1) the positive direction of x-axis, prove that its length is
and the directrix is x – y + 3 = 0. 4a cosec2q.
17. Prove that the semi-latus rectum of a parabola y2 = 4ax
ABC OF PARABOLA is the harmonic mean between the segments of any
focal chord of the parabola.
6. Find the vertex, the focus, the latus rectum, the direc- 18. Prove that the length of a focal chord of the parabola
trix and the axis of the parabolas varies inversely as the square of its distance from the
(i) y2 = x + 2y + 2 vertex.
(ii) y2 = 3x + 4y + 2 19. Prove that the circle described on the focal chord as the
(iii) x2 = y + 4x + 2 diameter touches the tangent to the parabola.
(iv) x2 + x + y = 0 20. Prove that the circle described on the focal chord as the
7. If the focal distance on a point to a parabola y2 = 12x is diameter touches the directrix of the parabola.
6, find the co-ordinates of that point.
8. Find the equation of a parabola, whose focus (–6, –6) POSITION OF A POINT RELATIVE TO A PARABOLA
and the vertex is (–2, –2). 21. If a point (l, –l) lies in an interior point of the parabola
9. The parametric equation of a parabola is x = t 2 + 1 and y2 = 4x, find the range of l.
y = 2t + 1. Find its directrix. 22. If a point (l, 2) is an exterior point of both the parabo-
10. If the vertex of a parabola be (–3, 0) and the directrix las y2 = (x + 1) and y2 = –x + 1, find the value of l.
is x + 5 = 0, find its equation.
11 Find the equation of the parabola whose axis is parallel INTERSECTION OF A LINE AND A PARABOLA
to y-axis and which passes through the points (0, 2),
23. If 2x + 3y + 5 = 0 is a tangent to the parabola y2 = 8x,
(–1, 0) and (1, 6).
find the co-ordinates of the point of contact.

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 Ellipse 5.1

C H A P T E R

5 Ellipse

CONCEPT BOOSTER Definition 2

An ellipse is the set of all points in a plane, the sum of whose
distances from two fixed points is a constant, i.e.
1. INTRODUCTION SP + S¢P = 3a
An oval is generally regarded as any ovum (egg)-shaped
smooth, convex closed curve. The word convex means any P
chord connecting two points of the curve lies completely
within the curve, and smooth means that the curvature does
not change rapidly at any point. The ellipse is a typical oval, S¢ S
but a very particular one with a shape that is regular and can
be exactly specified.
It has two diameters at right angles that are lines of sym-
metry. It is best to reserve the word ellipse for real ellipses, Definition 3
and to call others ovals. A diameter is any chord through the A conic
centre of the ellipse. The diameters that are lines of symme-
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
try are called the major axis (2a), and the minor axis (2b),
where a > b. If a = b, we have the very special ellipse, the represents an ellipse if
circle, which has enough special properties that it should be (i) D π 0 and
distinguished from an ellipse, though, of course, it has all
the properties of an ellipse in addition to its own remarkable (ii) h2 – ab < 0, where
properties. a h g
A vertex of a curve is a point of maximum or minimum D= h b f
radius of curvature. An ellipse has vertices at the ends of
the major axis (minimum) and at the ends of the minor axis g f c
(maximum). Definition 4
Let z, z1 and z3 be three complex numbers such that |z – z1| +
2. MATHEMATICAL DEFINITIONS |z – z2| = k, where k > |z1 – z2| and k be a positive real number,
the locus of z is an ellipse.
Definition 1
Y
It is the locus of a point which moves
in a plane in such a way that its dis- M P P(z)
tance from a fixed point is a constant
ratio from a fixed straight line. This S (Focus) X¢ X
A¢ F1(z1) O F2(z2) A
ratio is always less than 1. This fixed
point is called the focus and the fixed Z (Directrix)
straight line is called the directrix. The
constant ratio is called the eccentricity.
Y¢

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 5.2 Coordinate Geometry Booster

3. EQUATION OF AN ELLIPSE
x2 y 2
fi + = 1, b 2 = a 2 (1 - e 2 ) , …
Y a 2 b2
This is the standard equation of an ellipse.
B P
M¢ M
X¢ X 4. PROPERTIES OF AN ELLIPSE
Z¢ A¢ S¢ C S N A Z
B¢ Y

Y¢ B P
M¢ M
Let S be the focus and ZM be the directrix of the ellipse. Draw X¢ X
L¢ A¢ S¢ C S N A L
SZ ^ ZM. Divide SZ internally and externally in the ratio
e : 1 (e < 1) and let A and A¢ be the internal and external B¢
point of division.
Y¢
Then SA = e AZ …(i)
and SA¢ = e A¢Z …(ii) Centre
Clearly A and A¢ will lie on the ellipse. A point inside the ellipse which is the mid-point of the line
Let AA¢ = 2a and take C be the mid-point of AA¢ as origin. segment linking the two foci, i.e. the intersection of the major
Thus, CA = CA¢ = a …(iii) and minor axes. Here C = (0, 0).
Let P(x, y) be any point on the ellipse referred to CA and Major/minor axis
CB as co-ordinate axes. The longest and the shortest diameters of an ellipse are
Adding Eqs (i) and (ii), we get known as the major axis and the minor axis respectively. The
SA + SA¢ = e(AZ + A¢Z) length of the major axis is equal to the sum of the two genera-
tor lines.
fi AA¢ = e(CZ – CA + CA¢ + CZ)
Here, major axis = AA¢ = 2a,
fi AA¢ = e(2CZ) and minor axis = BB¢ = 2b
fi 2a = 2eCZ
Semi-major/Half the major axis
a
fi CZ = The distance from the centre to the farthest point on the el-
e lipse is known as the semi-major axis.
a
Thus the directrix ZM is x = CZ = . Semi-minor axis/Half the minor axis
e
Again subtracting Eqs (i) from (ii), we get The distance from the centre to the closest point on the ellipse
is known as the semi-minor axis.
SA – SA¢ = e(A¢Z – AZ)
fi (CA¢ + CS) – (CA – CS) = e(AA¢) Directrices
LM and L¢M¢ are two directrices of the ellipse.
fi 2CS = e(AA¢)
a a
fi 2CS = e(2a) Thus LM: x = and L¢M¢: x = - .
e e
fi CS = ae 2a
The distance between two directrices: LL ¢ =
Thus the focus is S(CS, 0) = S(ae, 0) e
Foci (Focus points)
Now draw PM ^ ZM,
The two points that define the ellipse is known as the foci.
SP
=e Here S = (ae, 0) and S¢ = (–ae, 0)
PM
Distance between two foci: SS¢ = 2ae
fi SP2 = e2PM2
2 Perimeter
2 a
2 ˆ 2Ê The perimeter is the distance around the ellipse, i.e.
fi ( x - ae) + y = e Á - x˜
Ëe ¯
È3 ˘
Perimeter = p ¥ Í (a + b) + ab ˙ .
fi x2 + a2e2 – 2aex + y2 = a2 – 2aex + e2x2 Î2 ˚
It is not easy to calculate.
fi x2(1 – e2) + y2 = a2(1– e2)
x2 y2 Area
fi + =1 The number of square units it takes to fill the region inside an
a 2 a 2 (1 - e 2 )
ellipse is called the area of an ellipse.

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 Ellipse 5.3

Thus the co-ordinates of L and L¢ are

x2 y 2
If the equation of ellipse is + = 1 , then its area is pab.
a 2 b2 Ê b2 ˆ Ê b2 ˆ
ÁË ae, ˜¯ and ÁË ae, - ˜¯ .
If the equation of ellipse is a a
2p Hence the length of the latus rectum,
Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 = 1, then its area is .
4AC - B 2 2b 2
LL¢ = .
a
Chord
A line segment linking any two points on an ellipse is known Relation amongst a, b, and e:
as the chord of the ellipse. b2 = a2(1 – e2)
Focal chord Eccentricity (e)
A chord of the ellipse passing through its focus is called the
focal chord. b2 a 2 - b2
e = 1- =
Focal distances a2 a2
Let P(x, y) be any point on the ellipse. Auxiliary circle
Êa ˆ The circle described on the major axis of an ellipse as diam-
Here, SP = ePM = e Á - x˜ = a - ex
Ëe ¯ eter is called an auxilliary circle.
Êa ˆ Relation to a circle
S¢P = ePM¢ = e ÁË + x˜¯ = a + ex
e A circle is actually a special case of an ellipse. In an ellipse,
Now, SP + S¢P = a – ex + a + ex = 2a = constant. if you make the major and minor axes of the same length, the
Thus the sum of the focal distances of a point on the ellipse result is a circle, with both foci at the center C.
is constant.
5. PARAMETRIC EQUATION OF AN ELLIPSE
Notes
Focal distances are also known as focal radii of the ellipse. Y

Vertices P
The vertices of the ellipse are the points where the ellipse N
meets its major axis. f
X¢ M X
Here, A = (a, 0) and A¢ = (–a, 0) are the vertices of the ellipse. C
Co-vertices
The co-vertices of the ellipse are the points where the ellipse
meets its minor axis. Y¢
Here, B = (0, b) and B¢ = (0, –b) are the co-vertices of the x2 y 2
ellipse. Let the equation of the ellipse be + = 1.
a 2 b2
Double ordinate The equation of its auxilliary circle is x2 + y2 = a2.
It is a chord perpendicular to the major axis and intersects the Let Q be a point on the auxilliary circle x2 + y2 = a2 such
curve in two distinct points. that QP produced is perpendicular to the x-axis.
Latus rectum Thus P and Q are the corresponding points on the ellipse
It is a double ordinate, perpendicular to the major axis and and the auxilliary circle.
passes through the foci. Here LSL¢ and L1SL1¢ are two latus Let –QCA = j, where 0 £ j < 2p
recta. Let Q = (a cos j, a sin j) and P = (a cos j, y).
Length of the LR x2 y 2
Since P lies on the ellipse + = 1 , so we can write
Let the co-ordinates of L and L¢ be (ae, y1) and (ae, –y1). a 2 b2
x2 y 2 a 2cos 2j y 2
Since L lies on the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 , so we have + 2 =1
a b a2 b
a 2e 2 y12 fi y2 = b2 sin2 j
+ 2 =1
a2 b fi y = b sin j
Ê b2 ˆ b4 since P lies in the 1st quadrant.
fi y12 = b 2 (1 - e 2 ) = b 2 Á 2 ˜ = 2
Ëa ¯ a Thus the parametric equations of the ellipse are
fi y1 = b2/a x = a cos j, y = b sin j.

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 5.4 Coordinate Geometry Booster

Notes Proof
B
P(r cos q, r sin q)
Any point, say P, on the ellipse can be considered as (a cos
j, b sin j). Since the point is known when f is given, then r
it is often called ‘the point f’ or P(j).. A¢ A
S¢ C S

6. IMPORTANT PROPERTIES RELATED TO CHORD AND

B¢
FOCAL CHORD We have, SP = a – ex and S¢P = a + ex.
(i) Equation of the chord joining the points P(j1) and Thus,
Q(j2) SP. S¢P = (a2 – e2x2) = (a2 – a2e2 cos2 q)
P(f1) = a2 + (b2 – a2) cos2 q
= a2(1 – cos2 q) + b2 cos2 q
= a2 sin2 q + b2 cos2 q
(iv) If PQ be a focal chord and S, S¢ are the foci of an el-
Q(f2)
lipse, the perimeter of the triangle described by DS¢PQ
The equation of the chord joining the points P(a cos j, is 4a.
b sin j1) and Q(a cos j2, b sin j2) is Proof
x Ê j + j2 ˆ y Ê j1 + j 2 ˆ P
cos Á 1 ˜¯ + sin ÁË ˜
a Ë 2 b 2 ¯
Ê j - j2 ˆ S¢ S
= cos Á 1
Ë 2 ˜¯
(ii) The length of a radius vector from the centre drawn in Q
a given direction We have, perimeter of the DS¢PQ
B P(r cos q, r sin q) = S¢P + S¢Q + PQ
= (S¢P + S¢Q) + (SP + SQ)
r = (S¢P + SP) + (S¢Q + SQ)
A¢ A = 2a + 2a = 4a
C
(v) The length of the focal chord of an ellipse which makes
2ab 2
B¢ an angle q with the major axis is 2 2 .
As we know that the equation of the ellipse is a sin q + b 2cos 2q
Proof
x2 y 2
+ = 1. P
a 2 b2
Put x = r cos q, y = r sin q, we have q
2 2 2 2 S
r cos q r sin q
2
+ = 1.
a b2
Q
2 a 2b 2
fi r = 2 2 Let the chord be PQ, where P = (x1, y1), Q = (x2, y2) and
b cos q + a 2sin 2q S(ae, 0) be the focus.
ab The chord PQ be
fi r=
b cos q + a 2sin 2q
2 2
(y – 0) = tan q (x – ae) …(i)
which is the required distance from the centre of the Now PQ = SP + SQ
= a – ex1 + a – ex2 = 2a = e(x1 + x2)
x2 y 2
point P(q) on the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 . Let the equation of the ellipse be
a b
x2 y 2
(iii) Product of the focal radii of an ellipse from any point + =1 …(ii)
a 2 b2
x2 y 2
P(q) on the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 is Now PQ = SP + SQ
a b
= a – ex1 + a – ex2
a2 sin2 q + b2 cos2 q. = 2a – e(x1 + x2)

CG_05.indd 4 2/6/2017 4:04:50 PM

 Ellipse 5.5

From Eqs (i) and (ii), we get Ê a - bˆ

cos Á
x 2 tan 2q ( x - ae) 2 Ë 2 ˜¯
+ =1 fi =e
a2 b2 Ê a + bˆ
cos Á
fi b2x2 + a2 tan2 q(x – ae)2 = a2b2 Ë 2 ˜¯
fi b2x2 + a2 tan2 q(x2 – 2aex + a2e2) = a2b2 Ê a - bˆ Ê a + bˆ
cos Á ˜ + cos Á
fi (b2 + a2 tan2 q)x2 – 2a3e tan2 q x Ë 2 ¯ Ë 2 ˜¯ e - 1
fi =
+ a2(a2e2 tan2 q – b2) = 0 Ê a - bˆ Ê a + bˆ e + 1
cos Á - cos
Let its roots are x1 and x2. Ë 2 ˜¯ ÁË
2 ¯
˜

2a 3e tan 2q Ê aˆ Ê bˆ e - 1
Then x1 + x2 = fi tan Á ˜ tan Á ˜ =
Ë 2¯ Ë 2¯ e +1
b 2 + a 2 tan 2q
Therefore, PQ = 2a – e(x1 + x2) Hence, the result.
Ê 2a 3e tan 2q ˆ (vii) If a and b are the eccentric angles of the extremities
= 2a - e Á 2 ˜ x2 y 2
Ë b + a 2 tan 2q ¯ of a focal chord of the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 , then the
a b
Ê b 2 + a 2 tan 2q - a 2e 2 tan 2q ˆ eccentricity of the ellipse is
= 2a Á ˜
Ë b 2 + a 2 tan 2q ¯ sin a + sin b
2 2 2
Ê b + a (1 — e ) tan q ˆ 2 sin (a + b )
= 2a Á ˜
Ë b 2 + a 2 tan 2q ¯ Proof
Ê b 2 + b 2 tan 2q ˆ P
= 2a Á 2 ˜
Ë b + a 2 tan 2q ¯
S
Ê b 2 (1 + tan 2q) ˆ
= 2a Á 2 ˜
Ë b + a 2 tan 2q ¯
Q
2ab 2
= 2 2 The equation of the chord joining the points P(a) and
a sin q + b 2cos 2q
P(b) is
Hence the result. x Ê a + bˆ y Ê a + bˆ Ê a - bˆ
cos Á ˜ + sin Á ˜ = cos Á
(vi) If P(a) and P(b) are the extremities of a focal chord, a Ë 2 ¯ b Ë 2 ¯ Ë 2 ˜¯
then
which is passing through (ae, 0),
Êaˆ Ê bˆ e -1
tan Á ˜ tan Á ˜ = .
Ë 2¯ Ë 2¯ e +1 We have,
Ê a + bˆ Ê a — bˆ
Proof e cos Á = cos Á
P(a) Ë 2 ˜¯ Ë 2 ˜¯
Ê a + bˆ Ê a + bˆ
fi e ¥ 2 sin Á cos Á
Ë 2 ˜¯ Ë 2 ˜¯
Ê a + bˆ Ê a - bˆ
= 2 sin Á cos Á
Q(b) Ë 2 ˜¯ Ë 2 ˜¯
Let the equation of the ellipse be fi e ¥ sin (a + b) = sin a + sin b
2 2
x y sin a + sin b
+ = 1. fi e=
a 2 b2 sin (a + b)
Equation of the chord PQ is Hence, the result.
x Êa + bˆ y Êa + bˆ Êa - bˆ
cos Á + sin Á = cos Á
a Ë 2 ˜¯ b Ë 2 ˜¯ Ë 2 ˜¯ 7. POSITION OF A POINT WITH RESPECT TO AN ELLIPSE
which is passing through the focus (ae, 0), then The point (x1, y1) lies outside, on or inside the ellipse
x2 y 2
Êa + bˆ Êa - bˆ + = 1 according as
e cos Á = cos Á a 2 b2
Ë 2 ˜¯ Ë 2 ˜¯

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 5.6 Coordinate Geometry Booster

x12 y12 10. VARIOUS FORMS OF TANGENTS

+ -1> , = , < 0
a 2 b2 (i) Point form
x2 y 2
8. INTERSECTION OF A LINE AND AN ELLIPSE The equation of the tangent to the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1
a b
at (x1, y1) is
x2 y 2
The line y = mx + c intersects the ellipse + = 1 into two xx1 yy1
a 2 b2 + 2 =1
a2 b
(i) real and distinct points if x2 < a2m2 + b2.
(ii) coincident points if c2 = a2m2 + b2. (ii) Parametric form
x2 y 2
(iii) imaginary points if c2 > a2m2 + b2. The equation of the tangent to the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1
at (a cos q, b sin q) is a b
Also
(iv) The line y = mx + c will be a tangent to the given ellipse x y
cos q + sin q = 1
if a b
c2 = a2m2 + b2.
(iii) Slope form
(v) The co-ordinates of the point of contact is x2 y 2
Ê a 2 m b2 ˆ The equation of the tangent to the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1
a b
ÁË ± , ± ˜ which is also known as the m-point on in terms of the slope m is
c c¯
the ellipse. y = mx + a 2 m 2 + b 2
(vi) The equation of any tangent to the ellipse can be con-
(iv) The co-ordinates of the points of contact are
sidered as y = mx + a 2 m 2 + b 2 .
Ê a2m b2 ˆ
Á ,± ˜.
(vii) The line lx + my + n = 0 will be a tangent to the ellipse Ë a 2 m2 + b2 a 2 m2 + b2 ¯
x2 y 2
+ = 1, if a2l2 + b2m2 = n2
a 2 b2 (v) The point of intersection of the tangents at P(q) and
Q(j) is
9. THE LENGTH OF THE CHORD INTERCEPTED Ê Ê q + jˆ Ê q + jˆ ˆ
BY THE ELLIPSE ON THE LINE Y = mx + C. Á a cos ÁË 2 ˜¯ b sin ÁË 2 ˜¯ ˜
Á , ˜
Let the equation of the ellipse be Á cos Ê q — j ˆ cos Ê q — j ˆ ˜
ÁË ÁË ˜ ÁË ˜
2 ¯ 2 ¯ ˜¯
x2 y 2
+ =1
a 2 b2
11. DIRECTOR CIRCLE
x 2 (mx + c) 2
fi + =1 The locus of the point of intersec-
P(h, k)
a2 b2
tion of two perpendicular tangents
fi (a2m2 + b2)x2 + 2a2mcx + a2(c2 – b2) = 0 to an ellipse is known as the direc-
Let its roots are x1, x2. tor circle.
a 2 (c 2 - b 2 ) The equation of the director cir-
2a 2 mc
Then x1 + x2 = - and x ◊ x = .
a 2m2 + b2
1 2
a 2 m2 + b2 x2 y 2
cle to an ellipse 2
+ 2 = 1 is x2 +
a b
2ab a 2 m 2 + b 2 - c 2 y2 = a2 + b2.
Thus, x1 - x2 = .
a 2 m2 + b2
12. PAIR OF TANGENTS
Hence the length of the chord
Equation of a pair of tangents from a point (x1, y1) to an
= ( x1 - x2 ) 2 + ( y1 - y2 ) 2 x2 y 2
ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 is
= ( x1 - x2 ) 1 + m 2 a b
Ê x2 y 2 ˆ Ê x12 y12 ˆ Ê xx1 yy1 ˆ 2
2ab ¥ 1 + m 2 a 2 m 2 + b 2 - c 2 1 1
= Á 2 + - ˜Á 2 + - ˜ = ÁË 2 + 2 - 1˜¯
a 2 m2 + b2 Ëa b2 ¯Ëa b2 ¯ a b

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 Ellipse 5.7

P Let Q(a, b) be any point in the xy-plane.

Equation (i) passes through Q(a, b), so we have
aa sec q – bb cosec q = a2 – b2
Ê 2 Ê qˆ ˆ Ê 2 Ê qˆ ˆ
Á 1 + tan ÁË 2 ˜¯ ˜ Á 1 + tan ÁË 2 ˜¯ ˜
Q R
2 2
fi aaÁ ˜ - bb Á ˜ =a -b
Á 1 - tan 2 Ê q ˆ ˜ Á 2 tan Ê q ˆ ˜
ÁË ÁË ˜¯ ˜¯ ÁË ÁË ˜¯ ˜¯
2 2
13. VARIOUS FORMS OF NORMALS Ê Ê qˆˆ Ê qˆ Ê Ê qˆˆ
fi 2aaÁ1 + tan 2 Á ˜ ˜ tan Á ˜ - b b Á1 - tan 4 Á ˜ ˜
T Ë Ë 2¯ ¯ Ë 2¯ Ë Ë 2¯ ¯
Ê qˆ Ê Ê qˆˆ
P = 2(a 2 - b 2 ) tan Á ˜ Á1 - tan 2 Á ˜ ˜
Ë 2¯ Ë Ë 2¯ ¯
fi bbt4 + 2(a2 – b2 + aa)t3 –2(a2 – b2 – aa)t – bb = 0
…(ii)
Ê qˆ
where t = tan Á ˜
N Ë 2¯

Here, PT be a tangent and PN be a normal. The above equation will give four values of t say, t1, t2, t3, t4.
The angle between the tangent and the normal is 90°. Corresponding to these four values of t, we will get 4
(i) Point form points, say A, B, C, D on the ellipse, the normals to which
x2 y 2 pass through the point Q(a, b).
The equation of the normal to the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1
a b Hence, in general four normals can be drawn from any
at the point (x1, y1) is point to an ellipse.
a 2 x b2 y (i) Co-normal points
- = a 2 - b2 . Let P, Q, R, S are four points on the ellipse. If the nor-
x1 y1
mals at these points meet at a point, say M, then these
(ii) Parametric form four points are known as co-normal points.
x2 y 2
The equation of the normal to an ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 at
the point (a cos q, b sin q) is a b R Q

ax sec q – by cosec q = a – b .
2 2
M
(iii) Slope form
The equation of the normal in terms of slope is
m( a 2 - b 2 )
y=mx P
a 2 + b2 m2 S
x2 y 2
(iv) The line y = mx + c is a normal to an ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 (ii) If a, b, g, d be the eccentric angles of the four points
if a b
on the ellipse such that the normals at these points are
2 2 2 2
m (a - b ) concurrent, then a + b + g + d = (2n + 1) p, n Π1.
c2 = .
(a 2 + b 2 m2 ) As we know that if four normals are concurrent at a
point, say, M(a, b), then
(v) The straight line lx + my + n = 0 is a normal to an
bbt2 + 2(a2 – b2 + aa)t3 –2(a2 – b2 – aa)t = bb = 0,
x2 y 2
ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 if Ê qˆ
a b where t = tan Á ˜
Ë 2¯
a 2 b 2 (a 2 - b 2 )2
+ = Êa b g dˆ S1 - S3
l 2 m2 n2 Now, tan Á + + +
Ë2 2 2 ˜¯ =
2 1 - S2 + S4
14. NUMBER OF NORMALS ARE DRAWN TO AN - 2[aa + (a 2 - b 2 )] 2[ab - (a 2 - b 2 )]
+
ELLIPSE FROM A POINT TO ITS PLANE bb bb
=
1- 0 -1
x2 y 2 =
The equation of the normal to the ellipse + = 1 at P(q) is
a 2 b2 Ê a b g dˆ
fi cot Á + + + ˜ = 0
ax sec q – by cosec q = a – b2 2
…(i) Ë 2 2 2 2¯

CG_05.indd 7 2/6/2017 4:04:51 PM

 5.8 Coordinate Geometry Booster

Êa b g dˆ Ê 2n + 1ˆ Properties related to pole and polar

fi cot Á + + + ˜¯ = 0 = cot ÁË ˜p (i) The polar of the focus is the directrix.
Ë2 2 2 2 2 ¯
(ii) Any tangent is the polar of the point of contact.
Ê a b g d ˆ Ê 2n + 1ˆ
fi ÁË + + + ˜¯ = ÁË ˜p (iii) The pole of a line lx + my + n = 0 with respect to the
2 2 2 2 2 ¯
x2 y 2 Ê a 2l b 2 m ˆ
fi a + b + g + d = (2n + 1)p. ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 is Á - ,- ˜.
a b Ë n n ¯
Hence, the result.
(iv) The pole of a given line is the same as the point of in-
15. CHORD OF CONTACT tersection of tangents at its extremities.
(v) If the polar of P(x1, y1) passes through Q(x2, y2), the
P polar of Q(x2, y2) goes through P(x1, y1) and such points
are said to be conjugate points.
R
(vi) If the pole of a line lx + my + n = 0 lies on the another
line l¢x + m¢y + n¢ = 0, the pole of the second line will lie
Q on the first and such lines are said to be conjugate lines.

Chord of contact 18. DIAMETER

The equation of the chord of contact of tangents drawn from The locus of the mid-points of a system of parallel chords of
a point (x1, y1) to an ellipse an ellipse is called a diameter and the point where the diam-
x2 y 2 xx yy eter intersects the ellipse is called the vertex of the diameter.
2
+ 2 = 1 is 21 + 21 = 1
a b a b B

16. CHORD BISECTED AT A GIVEN POINT (h

,k
)
A¢ M A
The equation of the chord bi- B
sected at a point (x1, y1) to an
x2 y 2 M(h, k) y = mx + c
ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 is B¢
a b A
2 2 Let (h, k) be the mid-point of the chord, then
xx1 yy1 x y
+ 2 - 1 = 12 + 12 - 1
a 2
b a b x2 y 2
y = mx + c of the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 .
i.e. T = S1 a b
Then T = S1
17. POLE AND POLAR xh yk h 2 k 2
fi + = +
a 2 b2 a 2 b2
The equation of the polar of an ellipse
b2h
x2 y 2 fi k=-
+ =1 a2m
a 2 b2 b2 x
Hence, the locus of the mid-point is y = - .
from a point (x1, y1) is a2m
xx1 yy1 19. CONJUGATE DIAMETERS
+ 2 = 1,
a2 b
where S P

(x1, y1) is the pole of polar.

Q C
B R
A Q
P
C
Polar Two diameters are said to be conjugate when each bisects all
chords parallel to the other.
Q¢ If y = m1x and y = m2x be two conjugate diameters of an
D
b2
ellipse, then m1m2 = - 2 .
a

CG_05.indd 8 2/6/2017 4:04:52 PM

 Ellipse 5.9

Let PQ and RS be two conjugate diameters. Proof

Then the co-ordinates of the four extremities of two con- D P
jugate diameters are
P(a cos j, b sin j),
C
Q(–a cos j, – b sin j),
S(– a sin j, b cos j),
Let CP and CD be two conjugate semi-diameters of an
and R(a sin j, –b cos j)
x2 y 2
Properties of conjugate diameters ellipse + = 1 and the eccentric angle of P is f.
(i) Prove that the eccentric angles of the ends of a pair a 2 b2
p
of conjugate diameters of an ellipse differ by a right Thus the eccentric angle of D is + j .
angle. 2
Proof Therefore the co-ordinates of P and D are (a cos j, b
sin j) and
R(f¢) P(f)
Ê Êp ˆ Êp ˆˆ
ÁË a cos ÁË 2 + j˜¯ , b sin ÁË 2 + j˜¯ ˜¯

C i.e. (–a sin j, b cos j).

Thus CP2 + CD2
Q S = (a2 cos2 j + b2 sin2 j) + (a2 sin2 j + b2 cos2 j)
= a2 + b2
Let PCQ and RCS be two conjugate diameters of an Hence, the result
x2 y 2 (iii) Prove that the product of the focal distances of a point
ellipse + = 1. on an ellipse is equal to the square of the semi-diameter,
a 2 b2 which is conjugate to the diameter through the point.
Then the co-ordinates are P(a cos j, b sin j) and Proof
R(a cos j¢, a sin j¢). D P
b
Now, m1 = Slope of CP = tan j and
a
S(–æ, 0) C S(æ, 0)
b
m2 = Slope of CR = tan j ¢
a
Since the diameters PCQ and RCS are conjugate diam-
Let CP and CD be the conjugate diameters of the
eters, then
ellipse.
b2 Let P = (a cos j, b sin j), then the co-ordinates of D is
m1 ◊ m2 = -
a2 (–a sin j, b cos j).
Thus,
b2 b2 SP ◊ S¢P = (a – ae cos j) ◊ (a + ae cos j)
fi tan j tan j ¢ = -
a2 a2 = a2 – a2e2 cos2 j
fi tan j tan j¢ = –1 = a2 – (a2 – b2) cos2 j
= a2 sin2 j + b2 cos2 j
Êp ˆ
fi tan j = - cot j¢ = tan Á + j¢˜ = CD2
Ë2 ¯
Hence, the result.
p (iv) Prove that the tangent at the extremities of a pair of
fi j= + j¢
2 conjugate diameters form a parallelogram whose area
is constant and equal to the product of the axes.
p
fi j - j¢ = Proof
2 Y
Hence, the result.
R P
(ii) Prove that the sum of the squares of any two conjugate
semi-diameters of an ellipse is constant and equal to
the sum of the squares of the semi-axes of the ellipse, X¢ X
C
i.e.
CP2 + CD2 = a2 + b2. Q B
Y¢

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 5.10 Coordinate Geometry Booster

Let PCQ and RCS be two conjugate diameters of the (v) Equi-conjugate diameters
x2 y 2 B
ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 . R P
a b
Then the co-ordinates of P, Q, R, and S are A¢ A
P(a cos j, b sin j), Q(–a cos j, – b sin j), C
R(–a sin j, b cos j) and S(a sin j, –b cos j) respec-
tively. B¢
Equations of tangents at P, R, Q and S are
Two conjugate diameters are said to be equi-conjugate
x y diameters if their lengths are equal.
cos j + sin j = 1,
a b
a 2 + b2
x y i.e. CP = CR =
- sin j + cos j = 1, 2
a b
x y
- cos j - sin j = 1
a b
20. REFLECTION PROPERTY OF AN ELLIPSE
x y If an incoming light ray passes through one focus (S) strikes
and sin j - cos j = 1
a b the concave side of the ellipse, it will get reflected towards
Thus, the tangents at P and Q are parallel. other focus.
Also the tangents at R and S are are parallel. Y¢
Hence, the tangents at P, R, Q, S form a parallelogram.
Area of the parallelogram = MNM¢N¢ P
= 4(the area of the parallelogram CPMR)
ab X¢ X
= 4 ¥ a 2cos 2j + b 2sin 2j ¥ S¢ C S
a 2cos 2j + b 2sin 2j
= 4ab
= constant
Hence, the result. Y¢

E XERCISES

LEVEL I 5. Find the equation of the ellipse whose axes are co-ordi-
nate axes and foci are (±2, 0) and the eccentricity is 1/2.
(Problems based on Fundamentals) 6. If the distance between the foci of an ellipse is equal
to the length of its latus rectum, the eccentricity is
ABC OF AN ELLIPSE 5 -1
.
2
1. Find the centre, vertices, co-vertices, lengths of major x2 y 2
and minor axes, eccentricity, lengths of latus rectum, 7. Find the eccentricity of the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 whose
a b
equation of directrices and the end-points of a latus latus rectum is half of its major axis.
recta. 8. Find the eccentric angle of a point on the ellipse
(i) 9x2 + 16y2 = 144
x2 y 2
(ii) 2x2 + 3y2 – 4x – 12y + 8 = 0 + = 1 whose distance from the centre of the
6 2
2. Find the sum of the focal distances of any point on the ellipse is 5 .
ellipse 16x2 + 25y2 = 400. 9. Find the area of the greatest rectangle that can be in-
x2 y2 x2 y 2
3. If the equation + = 1 represents of an scribed in the ellipse + = 1.
10 - a a — 4 16 9
ellipse such that the length of the interval, where a lies, 10. Find the locus of a point whose co-ordinates are given
is m, find m. by x = 3 + 4 cos q cy = 2 + 3 sin q.
4. If (5, 12) and (24, 7) are the foci of an ellipse passing 11. If PSQ is a focal chord of an ellipse 16x2 + 25y2 = 400
through the origin, find the eccentricity of the ellipse. such that SP = 8, find the length of SQ.

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 Hyperbola 6.1

C H A P T E R

6 Hyperbola

CONCEPT BOOSTER i.e. S¢P – SP = 2a

1. INTRODUCTION P

The word ‘hyperbola’ has ben derived from the Greek lan-
S¢ S
guage meaning ‘over-thrown’ or ‘excessive’, from which the
English term hyperbole is also derived. The term hyperbola is
believed to have been coined by Apollonius of Perga (c.262–
c.190 BC), who was a Greek geometer and astronomer noted
for his writings on conic sections. His innovative method- Definition 3
ology and terminology, especially in the field of the conic A conic section is said to be a hyperbola, if its eccentricity is
sections, the conics. According to him, hyperbola, the incli- more than 1, i.e. e > 1.
nation of the plane to the base of the cone exceeds that of the
side of the cone Definition 4
A conic
2. MATHEMATICAL DEFINITIONS ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
represents a hyperbola if
Definition 1 (i) D π 0
It is the locus of a point which moves in a plane in such a way (ii) h2 – ab > 0,
that its distance from a fixed point (focus) to a fixed straight a h g
line (directrix) is constant (> 1), i.e.
where D = h b f
SP g f c
= e (> 1)
PM = abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2
M P Definition 5
The section of a double right circular cone and a plane is said
S (Focus) to be a hyperbola if the plane is parallel to the axis of a double
right circular cone.
Z (Directrix)

Definition 2
A hyperbola is a conic section defined as the locus of all
points P in the plane, the difference of whose distances from
two fixed points (the foci S and S¢) is a constant,

CG_06.indd 1 2/6/2017 4:06:15 PM

 6.2 Coordinate Geometry Booster

Definition 6
x 2 (e 2 - 1) y2
Let z, z1 and z2 be three complex numbers such that fi - =1
a 2 (e 2 - 1) a 2 (e 2 - 1)
|z – z1| – |z – z2| = k,
where k < |z1 – z2| x2 y2
Then the locus of z is known as a hyperbola. fi - = 1,
a2 b2
where, b2 = a2(e2 – 1)
P(z)
which is the standard equation of a hyperbola.

S¢(z2) A¢ 2a A S(z1) 4. DEFINITION AND BASIC TERMINOLOGY OF THE

x2 y2
HYPERBOLA - =1
a2 b2

(i) Centre: C(0, 0). All chords passing through C and are
3. STANDARD EQUATION OF A HYPERBOLA bisected at C.
(ii) Vertices: A(a, 0) and A¢(–a, 0)
Y
(iii) Co-vertices: B(0, b) and B¢(0, –b)
B
(iv) Transverse axis: AA¢ = 2a
M P (v) Conjugate axis: BB¢ = 2b
b2
(vi) Eccentricity: e = 1 +
X¢ X a2
A¢ Z¢ C Z A N S (vii) Latus rectum: Any chord passing through the focus
and perpendicular to the axis is known as latus rectum.
B¢ 2b 2
The length of the latus rectum = .
a
Y¢ (viii) End-points of a latus recta: Let LL¢ and L1L¢1 be
Let ZM be the directrix, S be the focus and SZ be the per- two latus recta pass through the focus S(ae, 0) and
pendicular to the directrix. S¢(–ae, 0).
From the definition of hyperbola, we can write Ê b2 ˆ Ê b2 ˆ
Then, L Á ae, ˜ ; L ¢ Á ae, - ˜ ;
SA = [Link] …(i) Ë a¯ Ë a¯
and SA¢ = eA¢Z …(ii) Ê b2 ˆ Ê b2 ˆ
Let the length of AA¢ = 2a and C be the mid-point of AA¢. L1 Á - ae, ˜ ; L1¢ Á - ae, - ˜
Ë a¯ Ë a¯
Adding Eqs (i) and (ii), we get
SA + SA¢ = e(AZ + A¢Z) Y
fi (CS – CA) + (CS + CA) = e(AZ + AA¢ – AZ) L1 L
fi 2CS = e(AA¢) = 2e
fi CS = ae …(iii)
X¢ X
Subtracting Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii), we get S¢ O S
(SA¢ – SA) = e(A¢Z – AZ)
fi AA¢ = e((CA¢ + CZ) – (CA – CZ))
L¢1
fi 2a = e ◊ 2CZ Y¢ L¢
a
fi CZ = …(iv) (ix) Equation of the latus recta: x = ±ae
e (x) Co-ordinates of Foci: S(ae, 0) and S¢(–ae, 0)
Let P(x, y) be any point on the curve and PM be the (xi) Distances between two foci (Focal length): 2ae
perpendicular to the directrix. a
Now from the definition of hyperbola, we get, (xii) Equation of directrices: x = ±
e
SP2 = e2 ◊ PM2
2
Ê ˆ 2a
2 2 2 ex - a 2 (xiii) Distance between the directrices:
fi ( x - ae) + y = e Á ˜ = (ex - a ) e
Ë e2 ¯
fi x2 – 2aex + a2e2 + y2 = (e2x2 – 2aex + a2) (xiv) Focal distances
fi x2(e2 – 1) – y2 = a2(e2 – 1) SP = ex – a and S¢P = ex + a
(xv) |S¢P – SP| = 2a

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 Hyperbola 6.3

Join NU.
P Let –UCN = j
Here P and U are the corresponding points of the hy-
S¢ S perbola and the auxiliary circle and f is the eccentric
angle of P, where 0 £ f < 2p.
Now, U = (a cos j, a sin j)
CN
Also, x = CN = ◊ CU = [Link] j
(xvi) Diameter: Any chord passing through the centre of the CU
hyperbola is known as the diameter. Thus the co-ordinates of P be (a sec f, y).
(xvii) Focal chord: Any chord passing through the focus is Since the point P lies on the hyperbola, so
called the focal chord.
a 2 sec 2j y2
Y P 2
- =1
a b2
y2
S
X fi sec 2j - =1
X¢
C b2

y2
Q fi 2
= sec 2j - 1 = tan 2j
b
Y¢
fi y2 = b2 tan2j
(xviii) Auxiliary circle: Any circle is drawn with centre C
fi y = ±b tan j
and the transverse axis as a diameter is called the aux-
fi y = b tan j
iliary circle.
(since P lies in the first quadrant)
The equation of the auxiliary circle is given by
Hence, the parametric equations of the hyperbola are
x2 + y2 = a2
x = a sec j and y = b tan j.
Y (xx) Any point on the hyperbola can be considered as (a sec
j, b tan j).
(xxi) Eccentric angle: If two points P(a sec j, b tan j) and
U(a cos j, a sin j) are the corresponding points on the
X¢ X hyperbola and the auxiliary circle, then f is called the
A¢ O A
eccentric angle of the point P on the hyperbola, where
0 £ j < 2p.
Y
Y¢
P
(xix) Parametrics equations: Let the auxiliary circle be
U
x2 + y2 = a2 and U (a cos j, b sin j) be any point on the
auxiliary circle. f
X¢ N X
O
Y

P
U
Y¢
f
X¢
O N X (xxii) Conjugate hyperbola: Corresponding to every hyper-
bola, there exists a hyperbola in which the conjugate
and the transverse axes of one is equal to the transverse
and the conjugate axes of the other. Such types of hy-
Y¢ perbolas are known as the conjugate hyperbola.
The equation of the conjugate hyperbola to the
x2 y2 x2 y 2
Let P(x, y) be any point on the hyperbola - =1. hyperbola 2 - 2 = 1 is
a2 b2 a b
Draw PN perpendicular to x-axis
Let NU ba tangent to the auxiliary circle. x2 y2
- = -1
a2 b2

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 6.4 Coordinate Geometry Booster

(xxvii) Condition of a focal chord: The equation of

the chord joining the points P(a sec j1, b tan j1)
and Q(a sec j2, b tan j2) is
x Ê j - j2 ˆ y Ê j + j2 ˆ Ê j + j2 ˆ
cos Á 1 - sin Á 1 = cos Á 1
a Ë 2 ˜¯ b Ë 2 ˜¯ Ë 2 ˜¯
which is passing through the focus S(ae, 0). So
Ê j - j2 ˆ Ê j + j2 ˆ
e cos Á 1 = cos Á 1
Ë 2 ˜¯ Ë 2 ˜¯
It is also known as vertical hyperbola.
(xxiii) Rectangular or equilateral hyperbola: If the semi- Ê j - j2 ˆ
cos Á 1
transverse axis is equal to the semi-conjugate axis of Ë 2 ˜¯ 1
fi =
a hyperbola, i.e. a = b, then it is known as the rectan- Ê j1 + j 2 ˆ e
cos Á
gular hyperbola or the equilateral hyperbola. Ë 2 ˜¯
Y
Ê j - j2 ˆ Ê j + j2 ˆ
cos Á 1 - cos Á 1
B Ë 2 ˜¯ Ë 2 ˜¯ 1 - e
fi =
Ê j1 - j 2 ˆ Ê j1 + j 2 ˆ 1 + e
cos Á + cos Á
Ë 2 ˜¯ Ë 2 ˜¯
X¢ X
A¢ C A
Êj ˆ Ê j ˆ 1- e
fi tan Á 1 ˜ tan Á 2 ˜ =
B¢ Ë 2¯ Ë 2 ¯ 1+ e

Y¢ (xxviii) Condition of a focal chord with respect to

eccentricity (e): As we know that if the chord
The equation of a rectangular hyperbola is
passing through the focus, then
x2 – y2 = a2.
Clearly its eccentricity (e) Ê j - j2 ˆ Ê j + j2 ˆ
e cos Á 1 = cos Á 1
Ë 2 ˜¯ Ë 2 ˜¯
b2 a2
= 1+ = 1+ = 1+1 = 2 Ê j + j2 ˆ Ê j - j2 ˆ
a2 a2 fi e ¥ 2 sin Á 1 ˜ cos Á 1
Ë 2 ¯ Ë 2 ˜¯
(xxiv) Equation of a hyperbola whose axes are paral- Ê j + j2 ˆ Ê j + j2 ˆ
= 2 sin Á 1 cos Á 1
lel to the co-ordinate axes and the centre (h, k) is Ë 2 ˜¯ Ë 2 ˜¯
( x - h) 2 ( y - k ) 2
- =1, fi e ¥ (sin j1 + sin j2) = sin (j1 + j2)
a2 b2
where the foci are (h ± ae, k) and the directrix is sin(j1 + j 2 )
fi e=
a (sinj1 + sinj 2 )
x = h±
e which is the required condition.
Y (xxix) Rule to find out the centre of the hyperbola
P(x, y) If f(x, y) = 0 is the equation of a hyperbola, the
centre of the hyperbola is obtained by the rela-
C(h, k) df df
tion = 0 and = 0.
dx dy
X¢ X Let
O
f(x, y) = ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
be the equation of a hyperbola.
df
Y¢
Now, =0
dx
(xxvi) Equation of the chord joining the points P(j1) fi 2ax + 2hy + 2g = 0
and Q(j2): The equation of the chord joining the fi ax + y + g = 0 …(i)
points
df
P(a sec j1, b tan j1) and Q(a sec j2, b tan j2) is and =0
dy
x Ê j - j2 ˆ y Ê j + j2 ˆ Ê j + j2 ˆ fi
cos Á 1 - sin Á 1 = cos Á 1 2hx + 2by + 2f = 0
a Ë 2 ˜¯ b Ë 2 ˜¯ Ë 2 ˜¯ fi hx + by + f = 0 …(ii)

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 Hyperbola 6.5

Solving Eqs (i) and (ii), we get the required 6. INTERSECTION OF A LINE AND A HYPERBOLA
centre.
Y
(xxx) Polar form of a hyperbola
The equation of hyperbola is
x2 y2
=1 -
a 2 b2 X¢ X
C
Putting x = r cos q and y = r sin q, we get
+c
1 cos 2q sin 2q =m
x
= - y
r2 a2 b2 Y¢
2 2
2 a b a 2 (e 2 - 1) 2 2
fi r = = x y
b 2 cos 2q - a 2 sin 2q (e 2 cos 2q - 1) Let the hyperbola be 2
- =1 …(i)
a b2
(xxxi) Polar form of a hyperbola if centred at focus and the line be y = mx + c …(ii)
The equation of a hyperbola is From Eqs (i) and (ii), we get
x2 y2 x2 (mx + c) 2
2
- 2
=1 2
- =1
a b a b2
If centred C(0, 0) at the focus (ae, 0), then the fi b2x2 – a2(mx + c)2 = a2b2
polar form of the hyperbola becomes fi (a2m2 – b2)x2 + 2mca2x + a2(b2 + c2) = 0
a (e 2 - 1) Now,
r=
1 - e cosq D = 4m2c2a4 – 4a2(a2m2 – b2)(b2 + c2)
= 4(m2c2a4 – a4m2b2 – a4m2c2 + a2b4 + a2b2c2)
= 4(–a4m2b2 + a2b4 + a2b2c2)
= 4a2b2(b2 + c2 – a2m2)
r
q (i) The line y = mx + c will never intersect the hyper-
a (0, 0) bola, if
D<0
fi c2 < a2m2 – b2
(ii) The line y = mx + c will be a tangent to the hyper-
(xxxii) Polar form of a rectangular hyperbola bola if D = 0
The equation of rectangular hyperbola is fi c2 = a2m2 – b2
x2 – y2 = a2 This is known as the condition of tangency.
Putting x = r cos q and y = r sin q, we get, (iii) The line y = mx + c will intersect the hyperbola in
r2 cos 2q = a2 two real and distinct points, if
D>0
5. POSITION OF A POINT WITH RESPECT TO A HYPERBOLA fi c2 > a2m2 – b2
(iv) Any tangent to the hyperbola can be considered as
y = mx + a 2 m 2 - b 2 .
(v) Co-ordinates of the point of contact.
If the line y = mx + c be a tangent to the hyperbola
x2 y2
2
- = 1 , the co-ordinates of the point of contact is
a b2
Ê a2m b2 ˆ
Á± c , ± c ˜.
Ë ¯
which is also known as m-point on the hyperbola.
The point (x1, y1) lies outside, on or inside the hyperbola (vi) Number of tangents: If a point lies outside, on
and inside of a hyperbola, the number of tangents
x2 y2
- = 1 according as are 2, 1 and 0 respectively.
a2 b2 (vii) If the line lx + my + n = 0 be a tangent to the
x12 y12 x2 y 2
- - 1 < 0, = 0, > 0 hyperbola 2 - 2 = 1 , then
a2 b2 a b
a2l2 – b2m2 = n2

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 6.6 Coordinate Geometry Booster

7. DIFFERENT FORMS OF TANGENTS Y

(i) Point form: The equation of the tangent to the hy-

x2 y 2 P(h, k)
perbola 2 - 2 = 1 at the point (x1, y1) is
a b
xx1 yy1 X¢ X
- =1 O
a 2 b2
(ii) Parametric form: Equation of tangent to the hyper-
x2 y 2
bola 2 - 2 = 1 at (a sec js b tan j) is
a b Y¢
x y
sec j - cosecj = 1 Let it passes through the point (h, k).
a b Then,
(iii) The point of intersection of the tangents at P(q) and
k = mh + a 2 m 2 - b 2
x2 y 2
Q(j) on the hyperbola 2 - 2 = 1 is fi
a b (k - mh) 2 = ( a 2 m 2 - b 2 ) 2
Ê Ê q - j ˆ Êq +jˆ ˆ fi k2 + m2h2 – 2kmh = a2m2 – b2
Á a cos ÁË 2 ˜¯ b sin ÁË 2 ˜¯ ˜ fi (h2 – a2)m2 – 2khm + (k2 + b2) = 0
Á , ˜ It has two roots, say m1 and m2. Then
Á cos ÊÁ q + j ˆ˜ cos ÊÁ q + j ˆ˜ ˜
ÁË Ë 2 ¯ Ë 2 ¯ ¯ ˜ k 2 + b2
m1 ◊ m2 =
(iv) Slope form: The equation of the tangent to the hyper- h2 - a 2
x2 y 2 k 2 + b2
bola 2 - 2 = 1 in terms of the slope m is fi = -1
a b h2 - a 2
fi k2 + b2 = –h2 + a2
y = mx + a 2 m 2 - b 2
fi h2 + k2 = a2 – b2
The co-ordinates of the point of contact are Hence, the locus of (h, k) is
Ê a2m b2 ˆ x2 + y2 = a2 – b2
Á± 2 2 2
,±
2 2 2 ˜.
Ë a m -b a m -b ¯
Notes
(v) The equation of the tangent to the conjugate hy- x2 y 2
1. The director circle of a hyperbola - = 1 exists
x2 y 2 a 2 b2
perbola 2 - 2 = -1 is
a b only when a > b.
2
y = mx + b - a m 2 2 2. If a < b, the equation of the director circle x2 + y2 =
a2 – b2 does not exist.
The co-ordinates of the point of contact are 3. The equation of the director circle to the conjugate
Ê a2m b2 ˆ x2 y 2
Á ± , ± ˜ hyperbola 2 - 2 = -1 is
Ë 2 2 2 2 2 2 a b
b -a m b -a m ¯
(vi) The line y = mx + c be a tangent to the hyperbola x2 + y2 = b2 – a2
It exists only when b > a.
x2 y 2
- = 1 , if 4. If b < a, the equation of the director circle does not
a 2 b2 exist.
c2 = a2m2 – b2
(vii) Director circle: The locus of the point of intersec- (viii) Pair of tangents
tion of two perpendicular tangents to a hyperbola Y
is known as the director circle of the hyperbola.
The equation of the director circle to the hyper-
x2 y 2
bola 2 - 2 = 1 is
a b X¢ X
x2 + y2 = a2 – b2 O
P(x1, y1)
The equation of any tangent to a hyperbola is
y = mx + a 2 m 2 - b 2 .
Y¢

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 Hyperbola 6.7

The combined equation of the pair of tangents 9. CHORD OF CONTACT

drawn from a point P(x1, y1) lies outside of the hy-
If a tangent is drawn from a point P(x1, y1) to the hyperbola
x2 y 2 x2 y 2 x2 y 2
perbola 2 - 2 = 1 to the hyperbola 2 - 2 = 1 is - = 1 touching the hyperbola at Q and R, the equation
a b a b a 2 b2
of the chord of contact QR is
SS1 = T2
xx1 yy1
- =1
Ê x 2 y 2 ˆ Ê x12 y12 ˆ Ê xx1 yy1 ˆ 2 a 2 b2
fi Á 2 - 2 - 1˜ Á 2 - 2 - 1˜ = ÁË 2 - 2 - 1˜¯
Ëa b ¯Ëa b ¯ a b

8. DIFFERENT FORMS OF NORMALS

F1 F2
10. EQUATION OF THE CHORD BISECTED AT A POINT
x2 y 2
The equation of the chord of the hyperbola 2 - 2 = 1
(i) Point form: The equation of the normal to the hyper- a b
bisected at the point (x1, y1) is
x2 y 2 SS1 = T2
bola - = 1 at (x1, y1) is
a 2 b2 2
Ê x 2 y 2 ˆ Ê x 2 y 2 ˆ Ê xx yy ˆ
i.e. Á 2 - 2 - 1˜ Á 12 - 12 - 1˜ = Á 21 - 21 - 1˜
a 2 x b2 y Ëa b ¯Ë a b ¯ Ëa b ¯
+ = a 2 + b2
x1 y1
Y
(ii) Parametric form: The equation of the normal to the B
x2 y 2
hyperbola 2 - 2 = 1 at (a sec j, b tan j) is
a b
M(x1, y1)
ax cos j + by cot j = a2 + b2 X¢ X
C
(iii) Slope form: The equation of the normal to the hyper-
x2 y 2 A
bola - = 1 in terms of the slope m is
a 2 b2 Y¢
m( a 2 + b 2 )
y = mx
a 2 - m 2b 2 11. POLE AND POLAR
The co-ordinates of the point of contact are Y
Ê ˆ Q
a2 mb 2 B
Á ± , ˜
Ë a 2 - b2 m2 a 2 - b2m2 ¯
A
X¢ X
O
(iv) The line y = mx + c will be a normal to the hyperbola if P(x1, y1) Polar
A¢
2Ê m2 (a 2 + b 2 )2 ˆ
c =Á 2 ˜
Ë ( a - m 2b 2 ) ¯ Y¢ R
B¢
which is also known as the condition of the normalcy
to a hyperbola. Let P be any point inside or outside of the hyperbola. Sup-
pose any straight line through P intersects the hyperbola at

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 6.8 Coordinate Geometry Booster

A and B. Then the locus of the point of intersection of the

b2 x
tangents to the hyperbola at A and B is called the polar of the Hence, the locus of the mid-point is y = .
given point P with respect to the hyperbola and the point P is a2m
called the pole of the polar. 13. CONJUGATE DIAMETERS
The equation of the polar from a point (x1, y1) to the
Two diameters are said to be conjugate when each bisects all
x2 y 2 xx yy the chords parallel to the others.
hyperbola 2 - 2 = 1 is 21 - 21 = 1 Y
a b a b
Properties related to pole and polar
(i) The polar of the focus is the directrix.
(ii) Any tangent is the polar of the point of contact.
(iii) The pole of a line lx + my + n = 0 with respect to the
X¢
x2 y 2 X
ellipse - = 1 is
a 2 b2
Ê a 2l b 2 m ˆ
Á- n , - n ˜
Ë ¯ Y¢
(iv) The pole of a given line is same as point of intersection If y = m1x and y = m2x be two conjugate diameters,
then,
of tangents at its extremities.
b2
(v) If the polar of P(x1, y1) passes through Q(x2, y2), the m1 ◊ m2 = 2
polar of Q(x2, y2) goes through P(x1, y1) and such points a
are said to be conjugate points. Properties of diameters
(vi) If the pole of a line lx + my + n = 0 lies on the another Property-I
line l¢x + m¢y + n¢ = 0, the pole of the second line will If a pair of the diameters be conjugate with respect to a
lie on the first and such lines are said to be conjugate hyperbola, they are conjugate with respect to its conjugate
lines. hyperbola also.
Property-II
12. DIAMETER The parallelogram formed by the tangents at the extremities
The locus of the mid-points of a system of parallel chords of of the conjugate diameters of a hyperbola has its vertices ly-
a hyperbola is called a diameter of the hyperbola. ing on the asymptotes and is of conjugate area.
Y Property-III
P(x1, y1) If the normal at P meets the transverse axis in G, then
SG = [Link]
R(h, k)
Also, the tangent and the normal bisects the angle
C between the focal distances of P.
X¢ A
A
Q( Property-IV
x1 ,
y1 ) If a pair of conjugate diameters meet the hyperbola in P and
P¢ and its conjugate in D and D, then the asymptotes bisect
Y¢ PD, P¢D ◊ PD¢ and P¢D¢.
x2 y 2
The equation of a diameter to a hyperbola - = 1 is 14. ASYMPTOTES
a 2 b2
b2 Asymptote
y= x Asymptote
a2m b
y= a x Y b
y= a x
Let (h, k) be the mid-point of the chord y = mx + c of
x2 y 2 x2 – y2 –1
the hyperbola 2 - 2 = 1 . b
a b a2 b2
Then, T = S1 –a a a x
2 2
xh yk h k –b
fi 2
- 2 -1 = 2 - 2 -1
a b a b
b2h
Slope =
a2k

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 Hyperbola 6.9

An asymptotes of any hyperbola or a curve is a straight line be the equations of the hyperbola, its asymptote and its
which touches it in two points at infinity. conjugate, respectively, we can write from the above
The equation of the asymptotes of the hyperbola equations,
2
x y2 C + H = 2A
2
- 2 = 1 are
a b
15. RECTANGULAR HYPERBOLA
b
y=± x A hyperbola is said to be rectangular, if the angle between its
a
asymptote is 90°.
As we know that the difference between the 2nd de-
Ê bˆ
gree curve and pair of asymptotes is constant. Thus, 2 tan -1 Á ˜ = 90°
Ë a¯
x2 y 2
Given hyperbola is 2 - 2 = 1
a b Ê bˆ
fi tan -1 Á ˜ = 45°
The equation of the pair of asymptotes are Ë a¯
x2 y 2 b
- +l =0 …(i) fi = tan 45°
a 2 b2 a
Equation (i) represents a pair of straight lines, then fi b=a
D=0 Hence, the equation of the rectangular hyperbola is
1 Ê 1ˆ x2 – y2 = a2
fi Á - ˜ ◊l + 0 - 0 - 0 - l ◊0 = 0 The eccentricity (e) of the rectangular hyperbola is
a 2 Ë b2 ¯
fi l=0 a2
x2 y2 e = 1+ = 1+1 = 2
From Eq. (i) we get the equation of asymptotes as - = 0. a2
a2 b2
b
fi y=± x 16. RECTANGULAR HYPERBOLA XY = C2
a
The equation of a rectangular hyperbola is x2 – y2 = a2 and its
14.1 Important Points Related to Asymptotes asymptote are
(i) The asymptotes pass through the centre of the hyper- x – y = 0 and x + y = 0,
bola. where the asymptotes are inclined at 45° and 135°,
(ii) A hyperbola and its conjugate have the same asymp- respectively
totes. If we rotate the axes through an angle of 45° in clockwise
(iii) The equation of the hyperbola and its asymptotes differ direction without changing the origin, then we replace x by
by a constant only. [x cos (–45°) – y sin (–45°)] and y by [x sin (–45°) + y cos
(iv) The equation of the asymptotes of a rectangular hyper- (–45°)],
bola x2 – y2 = a2 are y = ±x Ê x + yˆ Ê -x + yˆ
i.e. x by Á and y by Á ˜
(v) The angle between the asymptotes of the hyperbola Ë 2 ˜¯ Ë 2 ¯
x2 y 2 Then the equation, x2 – y2 = a2 reduces to
- = 1 is
a 2 b2 Ê x + yˆ
2
Ê -x + yˆ
2
2
Ê bˆ ÁË ˜¯ - ÁË ˜ =a
2 tan -1 Á ˜ 2 2 ¯
Ë a¯
1
fi (2xy + 2xy ) = a 2
(vi) The bisectors of the angles between the asymptotes are 2
the co-ordinate axes.
a2
(vii) No tangent to the hyperbola can be drawn from its cen- fi xy = = c 2 (say)
tre. 2
(viii) Only one tangent to the hyperbola can be drawn from a fi xy = c2
point lying on its asymptotes other than its centre. y
y=x
(ix) Two tangents can be drawn to the hyperbola from any
of its external points which does not lie at its asymp-
totes.
x2 y 2 x2 y 2
(x) Let H: - - 1 = 0 , A: - = 0 and x
a 2 b2 a 2 b2
x2 y 2
C: - +1 = 0
a 2 b2 v = –x

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 6.10 Coordinate Geometry Booster

x2 = y1 = 1 xy = 1 Ê cˆ
(vi) The equation of the tangent at Á ct , ˜ to the hyperbola
Ë t¯
q x
F1 F2 O xy = c2 is + yt = 2 c .
t
(vii) The equation of the normal at (x1, y1) to the hyperbola
xy = c2 is
xx1 - yy1 = x12 - y12
(viii) The equation of the normal at t to the hyperbola xy = c2
Rectangular hyperbola
is
xt3 – yt – ct4 + c = 0
Properties of rectangular hyperbola
(i) The asymptotes of the rectangular hyperbola xy = c2 are 17. REFLECTION PROPERTY OF A HYPERBOLA
x = 0 and y = 0
(ii) The parametric equation of the rectangular hyperbola If an incoming light ray passing through one focus, after
c striking the convex side of the hyperbola, it will get reflected
xy = c2 are x = ct and y = . towards other focus.
t
(iii) Any point on the rectangular hyperbola xy = c2 can be Y
Ê cˆ
considered as Á ct , ˜ .
Ë t¯
(iv) The equation of the chord joining the points t1 and t2 is
x + yt1t2 – c(t1 + t2) = 0 X¢ X
(v) The equation of the tangent to the rectangular hyperbola S¢ C S
xy = c2 at (x1, y1) is
xy1 + x1y = c2

Y¢

E XERCISES

LEVEL I 5. Find the equation of the hyperbola, whose one focus is

(2, 1), the directrix is x + 2y = 1 and the eccentricity is
(Problems Based on Fundamentals) 2.
6. Find the equation of the hyperbola, whose distance be-
ABC OF HYPERBOLA
tween foci is 16 and the eccentricity is 2 .
1. Find the centre, the vertices, the co-vertices, the length
7. Find the equation of the hyperbola,whose foci are (6, 4)
of transverse axis, the conjugate axis and the latus rec-
and (–6, 4) and the eccentricity is 2.
tum, the eccentricity, the foci and the equation of direc-
8. Find the eccentricity of the hyperbola whose latus rec-
trices of each of the following hyperbolas.
tum is half of its transverse axis.
x2 y 2 9. If e1 and e2 be the eccentricities of a hyperbola and its
(i) - =1
9 4 1 1
conjugate, prove that 2 + 2 = 1 .
x2 y 2 e1 e2
(ii) - = -1 10. An ellipse and a hyperbola are confocal (have the same
16 9
focus) and the conjugate axis of the hyperbola is equal
(iii) 9x2 – 16y2 – 36x + 96y – 252 = 0 to the minor axis of the ellipse. If e1 and e2 are the ec-
2. Find the equation of the hyperbola, whose centre is centricities of the ellipse and the hyperbola, prove that
(1, 0), one focus is (6, 0) and the length of transverse
e12 + e22 = 2 .
axis is 6.
3. Find the equation of the hyperbola, whose centre is 11. Find the centre of the hyperbola
(3, 2), one focus is (5, 2) and one vertex is (4, 2). 4(2y – x – 3)2 – 9(2x + y – 1)2 = 80
4. Find the equation of the hyperbola, whose centre is 12. Find the centre of the hyperbola
(–3, 2), one vertex is (–3, 4) and eccentricity is 5/2. 3x2 – 5y2 – 6x + 20y – 32 = 0

CG_06.indd 10 2/6/2017 4:06:24 PM