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SAGARMATHA S. B. SCHOOL
INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON – Class IX Notes-BY HEMANT POKHREL
What is Python?
Python is a popular programming language created by Guido van Rossum and released in 1991.
It is used for:
• Web development (server-side)
• Software development
• Mathematics
• System scripting
What Can Python Do?
• Python can be used on a server to create web applications.
• Python can be used alongside software to create workflows.
• Python can connect to database systems and read/modify files.
• Python can handle big data and perform complex mathematics.
• Python can be used for rapid prototyping or production-ready software
development.
Why Python?
• Works on different platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux, Raspberry Pi, etc.)
• Has simple syntax similar to English
• Requires fewer lines of code than many languages
• Runs on an interpreter system (quick prototyping)
• Supports procedural, object-oriented, and functional styles of
programming
⸻
Modes of Python
1. Script Mode
2. Command Mode
The First Python Program
print() is used to display content on the screen.
Example:
print("Hello, World!")
Note: Save your file with the extension .py
Python Indentation
Indentation refers to spaces at the beginning of a code line.
In Python, indentation is very important because it defines blocks of code.
Example:
if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")
Python Variables
Variables are created when you assign a value to them.
Example:
x = 5
y = "Hello, World!"
print(x)
print(y)
Python variables:
• Do not need explicit declaration
• Can change type after assignment
Example:
x = 4 # int
x = "Sally" # str
print(x)
Variable Naming Rules
• Must start with a letter or underscore (_)
• Cannot start with a number
• Can contain only letters, numbers, and underscores
• Are case-sensitive (age, Age, AGE are different)
• Cannot use Python keywords
Legal variable names:
myvar = "John"
my_var = "John"
_my_var = "John"
myVar = "John"
MYVAR = "John"
myvar2 = "John"
Illegal variable names:
2myvar = "John"
my-var = "John"
my var = "John"
Comments in Python
Used for documentation or explanations in code.
Single-line comment:
# This is a comment
print("Hello, World!")
Multi-line comment:
# This is a comment
# written in
# more than one line
print("Hello, World!")
Casting
Specify variable types manually if needed.
Example:
x = str(3) # '3'
y = int(3) # 3
z = float(3) # 3.0
⸻
Get the Data Type
Use the type() function to check the variable type.
x = 5
y = "John"
print(type(x))
print(type(y))
Single or Double Quotes
Both work the same for strings.
x = "John"
x = 'John'
Case Sensitivity
Python variable names are case-sensitive.
a = 4
A = "Sally"
# A will not overwrite a
Python Lists
Lists are used to store multiple items in a single variable.
They are ordered, changeable, and allow duplicates.
Example:
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(fruits)
Properties of Lists
1. Ordered – items have a defined order.
2. Changeable – you can modify the list.
3. Allow duplicates – repeated values are permitted.
Example:
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple", "cherry"]
print(fruits)
List Length
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(len(fruits))
Different Data Types in Lists
list1 = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
list2 = [1, 5, 7, 9, 3]
list3 = [True, False, False]
Lists can contain mixed data types:
list1 = ["abc", 34, True, 40, "male"]
Type of a List
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(type(fruits))
Creating a List Using Constructor
fruits = list(("apple", "banana", "cherry"))
print(fruits)
Accessing List Items
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(fruits[1]) # Output: banana
print(fruits[-1]) # Output: cherry
Range of Indexes
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi"]
print(fruits[1:4])
⸻
Check if Item Exists
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
if "apple" in fruits:
print("Yes, apple is in the fruits list")
Changing List Items
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
fruits[1] = "blackcurrant"
print(fruits)
Insert and Append
[Link](2, "watermelon")
[Link]("orange")
Remove Elements
[Link]("banana")
Loop Through a List
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in fruits:
print(x)
List Comprehension
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "kiwi", "mango"]
newlist = [x for x in fruits if "a" in x]
print(newlist)
Sort and Copy
[Link]()
copy_list = fruits×copy()
Join Lists
list1 = ["a", "b", "c"]
list2 = [1, 2, 3]
list3 = list1 + list2
print(list3)
Tuples
Tuples are ordered and unchangeable collections.
Defined using round brackets.
fruits = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
print(fruits)
Tuples can:
• Be indexed
• Allow duplicates
• Contain mixed data types
Tuple Operations
fruits = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
print(len(fruits))
print(fruits[1])
print(fruits[-1])
Tuple Packing and Unpacking
fruits = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
(green, yellow, red) = fruits
print(green)
print(yellow)
print(red)
Join and Multiply Tuples
tuple1 = ("a", "b")
tuple2 = (1, 2)
tuple3 = tuple1 + tuple2
print(tuple3)
mytuple = fruits × 2
print(mytuple)
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Sets
Sets are unordered, unchangeable, and do not allow duplicates.
Defined using curly braces {}.
Example:
fruits = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
print(fruits)
Add Items to a Set
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
[Link]("orange")
Add Multiple Items
tropical = {"pineapple", "mango"}
[Link](tropical)
Dictionaries
Dictionaries store data in key:value pairs.
mydict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1969
}
print(mydict["brand"])
• Ordered (from Python 3.7+)
• Changeable
• No duplicate keys
Python Modules
Modules are Python files containing code (functions, classes, or variables).
Example: [Link]
def add(x, y):
return x + y
def subtract(x, y):
return x - y
Using the module:
import calc
print([Link](10, 2))
Import with Alias
import calc as c
print([Link](5, 3))
Import Specific Items
Import Specific Items
from calc import add
print(add(10, 20))
Python Dates
import datetime
x = [Link]()
print(x)
Formatting Example:
x = [Link](2018, 6, 1)
print([Link]("%B"))
Python Math
import math
x = [Link](64)
print(x)
Other functions:
[Link](1.4)
[Link](1.4)
[Link]
Python Functions
Functions are defined using the def keyword.
Example:
def my_function():
print("Hello from a function")
my_function()
Function with Arguments
def greet(name):
print("Hello", name)
greet("Amit")
Default Parameter
def my_function(country="India"):
print("I am from", country)
my_function("Japan")
my_function()
*args and **kwargs
def my_function(*kids):
print("The youngest child is", kids[2])
my_function("Ram", "Mohan", "Raju")
def my_function(**child):
print("His last name is", child["lname"])
my_function(fname="Raju", lname="Amit")