Notes: Patterns
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Patterns are a fundamental concept in mathematics that is crucial for the CTET and
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other educational exams. Understanding patterns helps students recognize
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relationships, make predictions, and solve problems. Here's a brief overview:
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A pattern is a sequence, series, or arrangement of elements that repeats or follows a
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predictable rule.
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Patterns can be found in numbers, shapes, colors, movements, and processes.
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Types of Patterns:
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Number Patterns:
Arithmetic Sequence: A sequence where each term is obtained by adding a fixed
number (common difference) to the previous term (e.g., 2, 4, 6, 8...).
Geometric Sequence: A sequence where each term is obtained by multiplying the
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previous term by a fixed number (common ratio) (e.g., 2, 6, 18, 54...).
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Square Numbers: Patterns involving the squares of natural numbers (e.g., 1, 4, 9, 16...).
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Triangular Numbers: Patterns involving the sums of consecutive natural numbers (e.g.,
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1, 3, 6, 10...).
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Shape Patterns:
Repeating Shapes: Patterns formed by repeating a geometric shape (e.g.,
tessellations).
Symmetry Patterns: Patterns that exhibit symmetry, such as reflection or rotation
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symmetry (e.g., snowflakes, kaleidoscope designs).
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Color Patterns:
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Color Sequences: Patterns in color arrangements, such as alternating colors or
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gradients.
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Behavioral Patterns:
Movement Patterns: Patterns in the movement of objects or organisms, such as
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periodic movements or migrations.
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Pattern
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A pattern is formed by repeating a unit, which may be a set of numbers or shapes,
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according to a rule.
Number Patterns
1. Square Numbers
Patterns of squares using dots can be made in two different ways as.
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I. Rita uses coloured dots to make patterns of squares as:
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1x1=1
2x2=4
3x3=9
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4 x 4 = 12
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The number of dots in each square names a square number and this is so-called
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because the dots are arranged in a square shape.
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A square number is obtained by multiplying the number by itself.
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Now, can you name the next two square numbers and draw the square patterns?
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II. Abhinav makes the square patterns as:
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1×1=1
2×2=4=1+3
3×3=9=1+3+5
4 × 4 = 16 = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7
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Thus, we observe that,
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First square number = 1 = First odd number
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Second square number = 4 = 1 + 3 = Sum of first two odd numbers
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Third square number = 9 = 1 + 3 + 5 = Sum of first three odd numbers
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Fourth square number = 16 = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = Sum of first four odd numbers
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2. Triangular Numbers
Triangular patterns using dots can be made in two ways as given below.
The number of dots in each triangle is known as a triangular number.
1. Look at the pattern formed using dots.
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The numbers 1, 3, 6, 10, ... show a triangular-shaped picture of dots. So, they are called
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triangular numbers.
Following the above pattern draw the next two triangular numbers using dots.
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2. Look at the following triangular pattern by using dots.
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Thus, we observe the pattern as:
First triangular number = 1 = First natural number.
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Second triangular number = 3 = 1 + 2 = Sum of first two natural numbers.
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Third triangular number = 6 = 1 + 2 + 3 = Sum of first three natural numbers and so on.
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Now, see what happens if you add two consecutive triangular numbers?
1+3=4
3+6=9
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6 + 10 = 16
10 + 15 = 25
Square numbers
Edurev Tips: We get a square number on adding two
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We get a square number by adding two consecutive triangular numbers. The square
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numbers are shown in a multiplication square as given alongside. They lie on a
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diagonal line.
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Border Patterns
Observe the following patterns around you. Patterns in the border of dupatta,
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bedsheets,
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floors, etc.
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These are called border patterns. We see that border patterns enhance the original
beauty.
These border patterns are formed by repeating a certain shape or unit in one
direction.
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Following a basic symmetry repetition, maybe of translation, vertical reflection or
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horizontal reflection.
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To understand better, let us take an example.
Consider the symbol u dE
as the basic unit or shape in the border pattern. We can get the
following patterns when
follows the different symmetries as shown below.
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Tiling Patterns
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The most familiar examples of translations are the patterns formed by pairing stones
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or
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bricks and the cross-section of beehives.
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A tiling pattern is formed by the repetition of a single unit or shape which when
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repeated, fills the plane with no gaps and no overlaps.
Look at the following patterns.
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u dE
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Now, observe these patterns. Are they tiling patterns? If not, then why not?
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Thus, the above patterns are not tiling patterns.
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Tiling Patterns Around Us
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Tiling patterns are found in things around us.
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Multiple tiling patterns can be made using a single shape as shown.
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