NCERT Books

Section
Topic Name
Name

2 Solutions

2.1 Types of Solutions

Expressing Concentration
2.2
of Solutions

2.3 Solubility

Vapour Pressure of Liquid

2.4
Solutions

Ideal and Non-ideal

2.5
Solutions
 Colligative Properties and

2.6 Determination of Molar

Mass

2.7 Abnormal Molar Masses

2.1. Calculate the mass percentage of benzene (C6H6) and carbon

tetrachloride (CCl4) if 22 g of benzene is dissolved in 122 g of carbon
tetrachloride.
Ans: Mass of solution = Mass of C6H6 + Mass of CCl4
= 22 g+122 g= 144 g
Mass % of benzene = 22/144 x 100 =15.28 %
Mass % of CCl4 = 122/144 x 100 = 84.72 %

2.2. Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in solution containing

30% by mass in carbon tetrachloride.
Ans: 30% by mass of C6H6 in CCl4 => 30 g C6H6 in 100 g solution
.’. no. of moles of C6H6,(nC6h6) = 30/78 = 0.385

2.3. Calculate the molarity of each of the following solutions

(a) 30 g of Co(NO3)26H2O in 4·3 L of solution
(b) 30 mL of 0-5 M H2SO4 diluted to 500 mL.
Ans:

2.4. Calculate the mass of urea (NH2CONH2) required in making 2.5

kg of 0.25 molal aqueous solution.
Ans: 0.25 Molal aqueous solution to urea means that
moles of urea = 0.25 mole
mass of solvent (NH2CONH2) = 60 g mol-1
.’. 0.25 mole of urea = 0.25 x 60=15g
Mass of solution = 1000+15 = 1015g = 1.015 kg
1.015 kg of urea solution contains 15g of urea
.’. 2.5 kg of solution contains urea =15/1.015 x 2.5 = 37 g

2.5. Calculate
(a) molality
(b) molarity and
(c) mole fraction of KI if the density of 20% (mass/mass) aqueous KI
solution is 1·202 g mL-1.
Ans:
Step I. Calculation of molality of solution
Weight of KI in 100 g of the solution = 20 g
Weight of water in the solution = 100 – 20 = 80 g = 0-08 kg
Molar mass of KI = 39 + 127 = 166 g mol-1.

Step II. Calculation of molarity of solution

Step III. Calculation of mole fraction of Kl

2.6. H2 S, a toxic gas with rotten egg like smell, is used for the
qualitative analysis. If the solubility of H2S in water at STP is 0.195
m, calculate Henry’s law constant.
Ans: Solubility of H2S gas = 0.195 m
= 0.195 mole in 1 kg of solvent
1 kg of solvent = 1000g

2.7. Henry’s law constant for CO2 in water is 1.67 x 108 Pa at 298 K.
Calculate the quantity of CO2 in 500 mL of soda water when packed
under 2.5 atm CO2 pressure at 298 K.
Ans.:

2.8 The vapour pressures of pure liquids A and B are 450 mm and
700 mm of Hg respectively at 350 K. Calculate the composition of
the liquid mixture if total vapour pressure is 600 mm of Hg. Also
find the composition in the vapour phase.
Ans:
Vapour pressure of pure liquid A (P∘A) = 450 mm
Vapour pressure of pure liquid B (P∘B) = 700 mm
Total vapour pressure of the solution (P) = 600 mm

2.9. Vapour pressure of pure water at 298 K is 23.8 m m Hg. 50 g of

urea (NH2CONH2) is dissolved in 850 g of water. Calculate the vapour
pressure of water for this solution and its relative lowering.
Ans:
2.10. Boiling point of water at 750 mm Hg is 99.63°C. How much
sucrose is to be added to 500 g of water such that it boils at 100°C.
Ans:

2.11 Calculate the mass of ascorbic acid (vitamin C, C 6H8O6) to be

dissolved in 75 g of acetic acid to lower its melting point by 1·5°C.
(Kf for CH3COOH) = 3·9 K kg mol-1)
Ans:

2.12. Calculate the osmotic pressure in pascals exerted by a

solution prepared by dissolving 1.0 g of polymer of molar mass
185,000 in 450 mL of water at 37°C.
Ans:

2.3 Define the following terms:

(i) Mole fraction
(ii) Molality
(iii) Molarity
(iv) Mass percentage
Sol: (i) Mole fraction: It is defined as the ratio of the number of moles of
the solute to the total number of moles in the solution. If A is the number of
moles of solute dissolved in B moles of solvent, then Mole fraction of solute

(ii) Molality: It is defined as die number of moles of a solute present in

1000g (1kg) of a solvent.
NOTE: Molality is considered better way of expressing concentration of
solutions, as compared to molarity because molality does not change with
change in temperature since the mass of solvent does not vary with
temperature,
(iii) Molarity: It is defined as the number of moles of solute present in one
litre of solution.

NOTE: Molarity is the most common way of expressing concentration of a

solution in laboratory. However, it has one disadvantage. It changes with
temperature because volume of a solution alters due to expansion and
contraction of the liquid with temperature.
(iv) Mass percentage: It is the amount of solute in grams present in 100g
of solution.

2.4. Concentrated nitric acid used in the laboratory work is 68%

nitric acid by mass in aqueous solution. What should be the molarity
of such a sample of acid if the density of the solution is 1·504 g mL-
1
?
Sol: Mass of HNO3 in solution = 68 g
Molar mass of HNO3 = 63 g mol-1
Mass of solution = 100 g
Density of solution = 1·504 g mL-1

2.5. A solution of glucose in water is labelled as 10% w/w, what

would be the molality and mole fraction of each component in the
solution? If the density of solution is 1 .2 g m L-1, then what shall be
the molarity of the solution?
Sol: 10 percent w/w solution of glucose in water means 10g glucose and 90g
of water.
Molar mass of glucose = 180g mol-1 and molar mass of water = 18g mol-1
2.6. How many mL of 0.1 M HCl are required to react completely
with 1 g mixture of Na2C03 and NaHCO3 containing equimolar amounts
of both?
Sol: Calculation of no. of moles of components in the mixture.
2.7. Calculate the percentage composition in terms of mass of a
solution obtained by mixing 300 g of a 25% and 400 g of a 40%
solution by mass.
Sol:

2.8. An antifreeze solution is prepared from 222.6 g of ethylene

glycol, (C2 H6O2 ) and200 g of water. Calculate the molality of the
solution. If the density of the solution is 1.072 g mL-1, then what
shall be the molarity of the solution?
Sol:

2.9. A sample of drinking water was found to be severely

contaminated with chloroform (CHCl3), supposed to be a carcinogen.
The level of contamination was 15 ppm (by mass).
(i) express this in percent by mass.
(ii) determine the molality of chloroform in the water sample.
Sol: 15 ppm means 15 parts in million (106) by mass in the solution.

2.10. What role does the molecular interaction play in solution of

alcohol in water?
Sol: In case of alcohol as well as water, the molecules are interlinked by
intermolecular hydrogen bonding. However, the hydrogen bonding is also
present in the molecules of alcohol and water in the solution but it is
comparatively less than both alcohol and water. As a result, the magnitude
of attractive forces tends to decrease and the solution shows positive
deviation from Raoult’s Law. This will lead to increase in vapour pressure of
the solution and also decrease in its boiling point.

2.11. Why do gases always tend to be less soluble in liquids as the

temperature is raised?
Sol: When gases are dissolved in water, it is accompanied by a release of
heat energy, i.e., process is exothermic. When the temperature is increased,
according to Lechatlier’s Principle, the equilibrium shifts in backward
direction, and thus gases becomes less soluble in liquids.

2.12. State Henry’s law and mention some of its important

applications.
Sol:
Henry’s law: The solubility of a gas in a liquid at a particular temperature is
directly proportional to the pressure of the gas in equilibrium with the liquid
at that temperature.
or
The partial pressure of a gas in vapour phase is proportional to the mole
fraction of the gas (x) in the solution. p = KHX
where KH is Henry’s law constant.
Applications of Henry’s law :
(i) In order to increase the solubility of CO 2 gas in soft drinks and soda water,
the bottles are normally sealed under high pressure. Increase in pressure
increases the solubility of a gas in a solvent according to Henry’s Law. If the
bottle is opened by removing the stopper or seal, the pressure on the surface
of the gas will suddenly decrease. This will cause a decrease in the solubility
of the gas in the liquid i.e. water. As a result, it will rush out of the bottle
producing a hissing noise or with a fiz.
(ii) As pointed above, oxygen to be used by deep sea divers is generally
diluted with helium inorder to reduce or minimise the painfril effects during
decompression.
(iii) As the partial pressure of oxygen in air is high, in lungs it combines with
haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin. In tissues, the partial pressure of
oxygen is comparatively low. Therefore, oxyhaemoglobin releases oxygen in
order to carry out cellular activities.

2.13. The partial pressure of ethane over a solution containing 6.56

× 10-3 g of ethane is 1 bar. If the solution contains 5.00 × 10-2 g of
ethane, then what shall be the partial pressure of the gas?
Sol:

2.14. According to Raoult’s law, what is meant by positive and

negative deviaitions and how is the sign of ∆solH related to positive
and negative deviations from Raoult’s law?
Sol: Solutions having vapour pressures more than that expected from
Raoult’s law are said to exhibit positive deviation. In these solutions solvent –
solute interactions are weaker and ∆solH is positive because stronger A – A or
B – B interactions are replaced by weaker A – B interactions. Breaking of the
stronger interactions requires more energy & less energy is released on
formation of weaker interactions. So overall ∆sol H is positive. Similarly ∆solV is
positive i.e. the volume of solution is some what more than sum of volumes
of solvent and solute.
So there is expansion in volume on solution formation.
Similarly in case of solutions exhibiting negative deviations, A – B
interactions are stronger than A-A&B-B. So weaker interactions are replaced
by stronger interactions so , there is release of energy i.e. ∆ sol H is negative.

2.15. An aqueous solution of 2 percent non-volatile solute exerts a

pressure of 1·004 bar at the boiling point of the solvent. What is the
molecular mass of the solute ?
Sol:
According to Raoult’s Law,

2.16 Heptane and octane form an ideal solution. At 373 K, the

vapour pressures of the two liquid components are 105.2 kPa and
46.8 kPa respectively. What will be the vapour pressure of a mixture
of 26.0 g of heptane and 35.0 g of octane?
Sol.
2.17. The vapour pressure of water is 12.3 kPa at 300 K. Calculate
vapour pressure of 1 molal solution of a non-volatile solute in it
Sol: 1 molal solution of solute means 1 mole of solute in 1000g of the
solvent.

2.18. Calculate the mass of a non-volatile solute (molecular mass 40

g mol-1) that should be dissolved in 114 g of octane to reduce its
pressure to 80%. (C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi 2008)
Sol: According to Raoult’s Law,

2.19. A solution containing 30g of non-volatile solute exactly in 90 g

of water has a vapour pressure of 2.8 kPa at 298 K. Further, 18g of
water is then added to the solution and the new of vapour pressure
becomes 2.9 kPa at 298 K. Calculate
(i) molar mass of the solute.
(ii) vapour pressure of water at 298 K.
Sol: Let the molar mass of solute = Mg mol-1
2.20. A 5% solution (by mass) of cane sugar in water has freezing
point of 271 K. Calculate the freezing point of 5% glucose in water if
freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K.
Sol: Mass of sugar in 5% (by mass) solution means 5gin 100g of solvent
(water)

2.21. Two elements A and B form compounds having formula

AB2 and AB4. When dissolved in 20g of benzene (C6H6), 1 g of
AB2 lowers the freezing point by 2.3 K whereas 1.0 g of AB4 lowers it
by 1.3 K. The molar depression constant for benzene is 5.1 K kg mol -
1
. Calculate atomic masses of A and B.
Sol:

2.22. At 300 K, 36 g glucose present per litre in its solution has

osmotic pressure of 4·98 bar. If the osmotic pressure of the solution
is 1·52 bar at the same temperature, what would be its
concentration?
Sol:
2.23. Suggest the most important type of intermolecular attractive
interaction in the following pairs:
(i) n-hexane and n-octane
(ii) I2 and CCl4.
(iii) NaCl04 and water
(iv) methanol and acetone
(v) acetonitrile (CH3CN) and acetone (C3H60)
Sol: (i) Both w-hexane and n-octane are non-polar. Thus, the intermolecular
interactions will be London dispersion forces.
(ii) Both I2 and CCl4 are non-polar. Thus, the intermolecular interactions will
be London dispersion forces.
(iii) NaCl04 is an ionic compound and gives Na+ and Cl04– ions in the Solution.
Water is a polar molecule. Thus, the intermolecular interactions will be ion-
dipole interactions.
(iv) Both methanol and acetone are polar molecules. Thus, intermolecular
interactions will be dipole-dipole interactions.
(v) Both CH3CN and C3H6O are polar molecules. Thus, intermolecular
interactions will be dipole-dipole interactions.

2.24. Based on solute solvent interactions, arrange the following in

order of increasing solubility in n-octane and explain. Cyclohexane,
KCl, CH3OH, CH3CN.
Sol: n-octane (C8H18) is a non-polar liquid and solubility is governed by the
principle that like dissolve like. Keeping this in view, the increasing order of
solubility of different solutes is:
KCl < CH3OH < CH3C=N < C6H12 (cyclohexane).

2.25. Amongst the following compounds, identify which are

insoluble, partially soluble and highly soluble in water?
(i) phenol
(ii) toluene
(iii) formic acid
(iv) ethylene glycol
(v) chloroform
(vi) pentanol
Sol: (i) Phenol (having polar – OH group) – Partially soluble.
(ii) Toluene (non-polar) – Insoluble.
(iii) Formic acid (form hydrogen bonds with water molecules) – Highly
soluble.
(iv) Ethylene glycol (form hydrogen bonds with water molecules) Highly
soluble.
(v) Chloroform (non-polar)- Insoluble.
(vi) Pentanol (having polar -OH) – Partially soluble.

2.26. If the density of lake water is 1·25 g mL-1, and it contains 92 g

of Na+ ions per kg of water, calculate the molality of Na+ ions in the
lake. (C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi 2008)
Sol:

2.27. If the solubility product of CuS is 6 x 10-16, calculate the

maximum molarity of CuS in aqueous solution.
Sol:

2.28. Calculate the mass percentage of aspirin (C9H8O4 in acetonitrile

(CH3CN) when 6.5g of CHO is dissolved in 450 g of CH3CN.
Solution:
Mass of aspirin = 6.5 g
Mass of acetonitrile = 450 g
Then, total mass of the solution = (6.5 + 450) g = 456.5 g
Therefore, mass percentage of C9H8O4 = 6.5456.5 × 100%
= 1.424%
2.29. Nalorphene (C19H21NO3), similar to morphine, is used to combat
withdrawal symptoms in narcotic users. Dose of nalorphene
generally given is 1.5 mg. Calculate the mass of 1.5 x 10 -3 m
aqueous solution required for the above dose.
Solution:

2.30. Calculate the amount of benzoic acid (C5H5COOH) required for

preparing 250 mL of 0· 15 M solution in methanol.
Solution:

2.31. The depression in freezing point of water observed for the

same amount of acetic acid, trichloroacetic acid and trifluoroacetic
acid increases in the order given above. Explain briefly.
Solution:
Fluorine being more electronegative than chlorine has the highest electron
withdrawing inductive effect. Thus, triflouroacetic acid is the strongest
trichloroacetic acid is second most and acetic acid is the weakest acid due to
absence of any electron withdrawing group. Thus, F 3CCOOH ionizes to the
largest extent while CH3COOH ionizes to minimum extent in water. Greater
the extent of ionization greater is the depression in freezing point. Hence,
the order of depression in freezing point will be CH 3COOH < Cl3CCOOH <
F3CCOOH.

2.32. Calculate the depression in the freezing point of water when

10g of CH3CH2CHClCOOH is added to 250g of water. Ka = 1.4 x 1o-3 Kg
= 1.86 K kg mol-1.

Solution:
Mass of solute (CH3CH2CHClCOOH) = 10 g
Molar mass of
CH3CH2CHClC00H = 4 × 12 + 7 × 1 + 1 × 35.5 + 2 × 16 = 48 + 7 + 35.5 +
32
= 122.5 g mol-1
\frac{\text { Mass / Molar mass }}{\text { Mass of solvent (Kg) }} = Mass /
Molar mass Mass of solvent
(Kg) [latex/latex]=[latex]10 g(122.5 g mol−1)×(0.25Kg)
= 0.326 m
Let α be the degree of dissociation of CH3CH2CHClCOOH then
Total no. of moles after dissociation = 1 – α + α + α
=1+α
Van’t Hoff factor
Total no. of moles after dissociation

∴ i = 1+α1
=1+α
= 1 + 0.0655
= 1.0655
Hence, the depression in the freezing point of water is given as:
ΔTf = [Link]
= 1.0655 × 1.86 kg mol-1 × 0.326 mol kg-1
= 0.65K
2.33. 19.5g of CH2FCOOH is dissolved in 500g of water. The
depression in the freezing point of water observed is 1.0°C.
Calculate the van’s Hoff factor and dissociation constant of
fluoroacetic acid.

Solution:
Calculation of Van’t Hoff factor (i)
Given, w1 = 500 g = 0.5 kg, w2 = 19.5 g, Kf = 1.86 K kg mol-1, ΔTf = 1 K
Molar mass of CH2FCOOH (M2)
= 2 × 12 + 3 × 1 + 1 × 19 + 2 × 16
= 24 + 3 + 19 + 32
= 78 g mol-1
ΔTf = i Kf m
2.34. Vapour pressure of water at 293 K is 17·535 mm Hg. Calculate
the vapour pressure of water at 293 K when 25 g of glucose is
dissolved in 450 g of water.
Solution:
According to Raoult’s Law,

2.35. Henry’s law constant for the molality of methane in benzene at

298 K is 4.27 x 105 mm Hg. Calculate the solubility of methane in
benzene at 298 K under 760 mm Hg.

Solution:
Here, p = 760 mm Hg, KH = 4.27 × 105 mm Hg (at 298 K)
According to Henry’s law, p = KHχ
χ = pkH
= 760 mmHg4.27×105 mmHg
= 177.99 × 10-5
= 178 × 10-5
Hence, the mole fraction of methane in benzene is 178 × 10 -5.
2.36. 100g of liquid A (molar mass 140 g mol-1) was dissolved in
1000g of liquid B (molar mass 180g mol-1). The vapour pressure of
pure liquid B was found to be 500 torr. Calculate the vapour
pressure of pure liquid A and its vapour pressure in the solution if
the total vapour pressure of the solution is 475 torr.

Solution:
Number of moles of liquid A, nA = w1M1 = 100140 mol = 0.714 mol
Number of moles of liquid B,nB = w2M2 = 1000180 mol = 5.556 mol
Then, mole fraction of A, χA = nAnA+nB
= 0.714 mol(0.714+5.556)mol = 0.114
Mole fraction of B, χB = 1 – 0.114 = 0.886
Vapour pressure of pure liquid B, p0B = 500 torr
Therefore, vapour pressure of liquid B in the solution,
PB = p0BχB
= 500 × 0.886
= 443 torr
∴ Vapour pressure of liquid A in the solution,
Total vapour pressure of the solution, ptotal = 475 torr

PA = Ptotal – PB
= 475 – 443 = 32 torr

⇒ pAχA = 320.114
Now, PA = p0AχA

= 280.7 torr
Hence, the vapour pressure of pure liquid A is 280.7 torr.
2.37. Vapour pressures of pure acetone and chloroform at 328 K are
741.8 mm Hg and 632.8 mm Hg respectively. Assuming that they
form ideal solution over the entire range of composition, plot Ptotal,
Pchlroform and Pacetone as a function of χacetone. The experimental data
observed for different compositions of mixtures is:

Plot this data also on the same graph paper. Indicate whether it has
positive deviation or negative deviation from the ideal solution.

Solution:

It can be observed from the graph that the plot for the ptotai of the solution
curves downwards. Therefore, the solution shows negative deviation from
the ideal behaviour.
2.38. Benzene and toluene form ideal solution over the entire range
of composition. The vapour pressure of pure benzene and toluene at
300 K are 50.71 mm Hg and 32.06 mm Hg respectively. Calculate the
mole fraction of benzene in vapour phase if 80g of benzene is mixed
with 100g of toluene.

Solution:
Molar mass of benzene (C6H6) = 6 × 12 + 6 × 1 = 78g mol-1
Molar mass of toluene (C6H5CH3 ) = 7 × 12 + 8 × 1 = 92 g mol-1
No. of moles present in 80 g of benzene = 8078 mol = 1.026 mol
No. of moles present in 100 g of toluene = 10092 mol = 1.087 mol

∴ Mole fraction of toluene,χC6H5CH35013 = 1 – 0.486 = 0.514

Mole fraction of benzene, χC6H6, = 1.0261.026+1.087 = 0.486

It is given that vapour pressure of pure benzene, p0C6H6 = 50.71 mm Hg

Vapour pressure of pure toluene, p0C6H5CH3 = 32.06 mm Hg
Therefore, partial vapour pressure of benzene,
Ptotal = χC6H6 × p0C6H6
= 0.486 × 50.71
= 24.645 mm Hg
Partial vapour pressure of toluene, PC6H5CH3 = χC6H5CH3 × P0C6H5CH3
= 0.514 × 32.06
= 16.479 mm Hg
Total vapour pressure of solution (p) = 24.645 + 16.479
= 41.124 mm Hg
Mole fraction of benzene in vapour phase
= χC6H6×p0C6H6ptotal

= 0.599 ≅ 0.6
= 0.486×(50.71)mm(41.124)mm

2.39. The air is a mixture of a number of gases. The major

components are oxygen and nitrogen with an approximate
proportion of 20% is to 79% by volume at 298 K. The water is in
equilibrium with air at a pressure of 10 atm. At 298 K if Henry’s law
constants for oxygen and nitrogen are 3.30 x 107 mm and 6.51 x
107 mm respectively, calculate the composition of these gases in
water.

Solution:
Percentage of oxygen (O2) in air = 20%
Percentage of nitrogen (N2) in air = 79%
Also, it is given that water is in equilibrium with air at a total pressure of 10
atm that is, (10 × 760) mm = 7600 mm
Therefore, partial pressure of oxygen,
PO2 = 20100 x 7600 mm
= 1520 mm Hg
Partial pressure of nitrogen, pN2 = 79100 x 7600 mm
= 6004 mm Hg
Now, according to Henry’s law,
p = KH.χ
For oxygen:

6004 mm6.51×107 mm
(Given KH = 6.51 × 107 mm)
= 9.22 × 10-5
Hence, the mole fractions of oxygen and nitrogen in water are 4.61 × 10 -
5
and 9.22 × 10-5 respectively.
2.40. Determine the amount of CaCl2 (i = 2.47) dissolved in 2.5 litre
of water such that its osmotic pressure is 0.75 atm at 27°C.

Solution:
We know that,

⇒ π = i RT
π = i RT

⇒w=
Given,
π = 0.75 atm
V = 2.5L
i = 2.47
T = (27 + 273)K = 300K
R = 0.0821 L atm K-1mol–
Molar mass of CaCl2(M) = 1 × 40 + 2 × 35.5 = 111 g mol -1
Therefore, w = 0.75×111×2.52.47×0.0821×300 = 3.42g
Hence the required amount of CaCl2 is3.42g
2.41. Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by
dissolving 25 mg of K2SO4 in 2 litre of water at 25°C, assuming that it
is completely dissociated. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Solution:
Step I. Calculation of Van’t Hoff factor (i)
K2SO4 dissociates in water as :

RD Sharma Class RD Sharma Class

10 9

RD Sharma Class RD Sharma Class

8 7

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