Question 1:
In Uriel Weinreich's classification, which type of bilingual is characterized by linking
the vocabulary of the Second Language (L2) to the First Language (L1), rather than directly
to the concept?
A. Coordinate bilingual
B. Compound bilingual
C. Subordinate bilingual
D. Maximal bilingualism
Question 2:
According to Leonard Bloomfield's definition of Maximal bilingualism, a bilingual
person is described as:
A. Someone who can produce complete, meaningful utterances in the second
language.
B. Someone who uses two languages in different situations (e.g., using L1 at home,
L2 at school).
C. Someone who has native-like control of two languages.
D. Someone who can easily and fluently translate words between two languages.
Question 3:
Ngoc is a university student in Hanoi, Vietnam. She takes 4 English lessons a week at
school and participates in an international online English club. She works in an international
company and uses English everyday with her customers. She has a high IELTS score and a
large range of English vocabulary. Based on the classification of learning environment and
purpose, what is Ngoc’s case and why?
A. ESL (English as a Second Language), because she uses English frequently in an
academic and professional environment.
B. EFL (English as a Foreign Language), because she is learning English in a
country where English is not the official or daily language of communication.
C. Cannot be clearly classified, because the online club and her high English
proficiency blurs the boundary between ESL and EFL.
D. ESL, because the international online learning environment creates an 'English
environment' with native speakers.
Question 4
According to Cambridge Dictionary, what is the key characteristic of a native
speaker?
A. A person who speaks a language fluently at an academic level.
B. A person who learned the language through formal education.
C. A person who has spoken the language since infancy and continues to
use it as their dominant language.
D. A person who can translate and analyze the language accurately.
Question 5
According to Richards & Schmidt (2010), how does the term L2 learner differ from
L2 user?
A. An L2 learner focuses mainly on the process of acquiring the language,
while an L2 user focuses on using the language in real-life situations.
B. An L2 learner always has a lower proficiency level than an L2 user.
C. An L2 user only uses the language inside the classroom, while an L2 learner
uses it outside.
D. There is no difference between the two terms.
Question 6 (Fill in the Blanks) Fill in the blanks to complete the description of
cognitive changes in L2 users:
“When learning and using a second language, individuals do not merely acquire a new
linguistic system; they also begin to think in different ways. This can lead them to
feel as though they have a different / alternate identity version of themselves when
using their L2.”
Question 7: Which of the following describes naturalistic learning most accurately?
A. Learning a language in a formal classroom with a teacher.
B. Acquiring a language naturally through exposure and communication.
C. Studying grammar rules before speaking.
D. Using translation exercises to practice.
Q8: According to Krashen’s Input Hypothesis, learners acquire a second language
when:
A. They memorize grammar rules perfectly.
B. They receive input that is incomprehensible.
C. They receive input slightly above their current level (i + 1).
D. They translate every word from their first language.
Q9: Which of the following best defines Second Language Acquisition
A. The process of forgetting one’s first language.
B. The process of learning a second language after the first language.
C. The study of translation between two languages.
D. The process of creating a new language system.
Open question: How do naturalistic learning and instructed learning complement
each other in the process of Second Language Acquisition?
- Each one compensates for what the other lacks.
- Naturalistic learning provides real-life exposure that builds fluency and
communication skills, but lack of grammatical accuracy or awareness of
complex language forms.
- Instructed learning offers structured guidance, explanation which strengthens
accuracy and form control, however it may lack the spontaneous use of
language.
- No one is better than the other. Learners can reach the best result when
balancing these two types. Instruction helps learners notice and refine what
they experience naturally, while naturalistic exposure reinforces and
contextualizes what they have learned in class.
+ Instructed learning develops explicit knowledge — understanding
grammar rules and vocabulary consciously.
+ Naturalistic learning allows for proceduralization, transforming explicit
knowledge into automatic, implicit use through repeated real-world
practice.
+ Complement: instruction builds the “what” and “why,” while natural
experience builds the “how” — the ability to use language
spontaneously and efficiently.
Open-ended question:
The term L2 is used to refer to "somebody who is actively using a language other than
their first" to resolve the dilemma between maximal bilingualism and minimal bilingualism.
Explain the reason by briefly stating the limitations of these two definitions.
Maximal bilingualism: Requires a perfect language use in both languages
(that only exists in a small group of people)
-> Too exclusive
Minimal bilingualism: Includes all people who use the language (for
communication)
-> Too inclusive
L2 learner/user: No overtones of either maximal or minimal bilingualism
(Optional)