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Calculus Differentiation and Integration Techniques

The document contains a series of calculus application questions that involve differentiation and finding antiderivatives. It includes specific functions such as tan(x), cot(2x), ln(x² + 4), and arctan(x²), along with the corresponding calculations and results for integrals. Each question demonstrates the use of differentiation rules and integration techniques to evaluate definite integrals.

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5 views2 pages

Calculus Differentiation and Integration Techniques

The document contains a series of calculus application questions that involve differentiation and finding antiderivatives. It includes specific functions such as tan(x), cot(2x), ln(x² + 4), and arctan(x²), along with the corresponding calculations and results for integrals. Each question demonstrates the use of differentiation rules and integration techniques to evaluate definite integrals.

Uploaded by

savroop1118
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Advanced Methods 3/4 - Calculus

Application Questions
1. Differentiate f(x) = tan(x) and hence find an antiderivative of sec^2(x).
We know that:
f(x) = tan(x) = sin(x)/cos(x)
Using the quotient rule:
f'(x) = (cos(x) * cos(x) + sin(x) * sin(x)) / cos^2(x) = (cos^2(x) + sin^2(x)) / cos^2(x)
= 1 / cos^2(x) = sec^2(x)
Therefore, an antiderivative of sec^2(x) is tan(x) + C

2. Differentiate f(x) = cot(2x) and hence find an antiderivative of -


cosec^2(2x).
f(x) = cot(2x) = cos(2x)/sin(2x)
Use the quotient rule:
f'(x) = (sin(2x)(-2sin(2x)) - cos(2x)(2cos(2x))) / sin^2(2x)
= (-2sin^2(2x) - 2cos^2(2x)) / sin^2(2x)
= -2(sin^2(2x) + cos^2(2x)) / sin^2(2x) = -2 / sin^2(2x) = -2cosec^2(2x)
Therefore, an antiderivative of cosec^2(2x) is -0.5 cot(2x) + C

3. Differentiate ln(x^2 + 4) and hence evaluate ∫₁² (2x / (x² + 4)) dx.
Let f(x) = ln(x² + 4)
Then f'(x) = (1 / (x² + 4)) * 2x = 2x / (x² + 4)
Therefore, ∫₁² (2x / (x² + 4)) dx = f(2) - f(1) = ln(2² + 4) - ln(1² + 4)
= ln(8) - ln(5) = ln(8/5)

4. Differentiate f(x) = x * sin(x) and hence evaluate ∫₀^{π} x * cos(x) dx.


Use product rule: f(x) = x * sin(x) ⇒ f'(x) = sin(x) + x * cos(x)
Then: ∫₀^{π} x * cos(x) dx = f(π) - f(0)
= [π * sin(π) - 0 * sin(0)] = 0 - 0 = 0
But wait — we only want x*cos(x):
f'(x) = sin(x) + x cos(x) ⇒ x cos(x) = f'(x) - sin(x)
∫₀^{π} x cos(x) dx = ∫₀^{π} [f'(x) - sin(x)] dx
= [f(x)]₀^π - ∫₀^{π} sin(x) dx
= [π*sin(π) - 0*sin(0)] - [-cos(x)]₀^π = 0 - (-cos(π) + cos(0)) = 0 - (-(-1 + 1)) = 0
5. If f(x) = ln(x² + 1), find an antiderivative of ((x + 1)²) / (x² + 1).
Let’s expand numerator:
(x+1)² = x² + 2x + 1
So expression becomes: (x² + 2x + 1) / (x² + 1)
= 1 + 2x / (x² + 1)
Now, ∫[(x² + 2x + 1)/(x² + 1)] dx = ∫1 dx + ∫[2x / (x² + 1)] dx
= x + ln(x² + 1) + C

6. Let f(x) = ln(3x² + 1), evaluate ∫₀^1 [6x / (3x² + 1)] dx.
f'(x) = (1 / (3x² + 1)) * 6x = 6x / (3x² + 1)
So the integral becomes f(1) - f(0) = ln(3*1 + 1) - ln(0 + 1) = ln(4) - ln(1) = ln(4)

7. Differentiate f(x) = x ln(x), and hence evaluate ∫₁^e ln(x) dx.


f(x) = x ln(x)
f'(x) = ln(x) + 1
So ln(x) = f'(x) - 1 ⇒ ∫₁^e ln(x) dx = ∫₁^e (f'(x) - 1) dx = f(e) - f(1) - ∫₁^e 1 dx
= [e ln(e) - 1 ln(1)] - (e - 1) = [e - 0] - (e - 1) = 1

8. Differentiate f(x) = arctan(x²), and hence evaluate ∫₀^1 [2x / (1 + x⁴)] dx.
f(x) = arctan(x²)
f'(x) = d/dx [arctan(u)] = 1 / (1 + u²) * du/dx
Let u = x², then:
f'(x) = 1 / (1 + x⁴) * 2x = 2x / (1 + x⁴)
Thus: ∫₀^1 [2x / (1 + x⁴)] dx = f(1) - f(0) = arctan(1) - arctan(0) = π/4

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