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Python Cheatsheet

This Python cheatsheet is helpful for students and developers as well to learn Python
programming quickly.

Printing Hello World

Printing "Hello, World!" is a basic program. To print "Hello, World," use the print()
function. Here is the basic Python program −

print("Hello, World!") # Output: Hello, World!

Printing Output
The print() function can also be used to print the output, i.e., the value of the variables
on the screen.

name = "Kelly Hu"

print("Hi my name is: ", name)

To print multiple variables, you can use the following cascading form of the print()
function −

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name = "Kelly Hu"

age = 27
city = "Brentwood"
print("I am", name, ". I'm", age, "years old and lives in", city)

Print Without Newline

The print() method inserts a newline after printing the result. To print without a newline,
use the end=' ' parameter as the last parameter in print() method.

print("Hello", end=" ")

print("World")

You can specify any value to end parameter; the new assigned value will be printed after
the result.

print("Hello", end="####")
print("World")

Comments
Python provides three types of comments −

Single-line comment

Multi-line comment

Docstring comment

1. Single-line comment

Single-line comment is placed followed by the hash (#) single.

# This is single-line comment

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2. Multi-line comment

Multi-line comment is written between the set of three single quotes ('''). Anything is
written between ''' and ''' refers to a multi-line comment.

'''
name = "Kelly Hu"
age = 30
city = "Brentwood"
'''

print("Hello, World!")

Variables
Python variables are created when you assign values to them. There is no keyword to
declare a variable in Python.

name = "Kelly Hu"

age = 27
print(name)
print(age)

Specifying Variable's Data Type

The data type of a variable can be specified using the type casting with the help of built-
in functions such as str(), int(), float(), etc.

a = str(123)
b = int(123)
c = float(123)
# Printing type
print(type(a))

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print(type(b))
print(type(c))

Printing Type of Variable/Object

The type() function can be used to print the data type (object type) of a variable or an
object.

name = "Kelly Hu"

print(name, "is the type of", type(name))

Variable Names
Variable names (or identifiers) must be started with a letter or the underscore character,
and only alpha-numeric characters and underscores are allowed as the variable names.

Some of the valid variable names are: name, _name, my_name, name2, MY_NAME

Assign Multiple Values to Variables

You can assign multiple values to variables by separating the variable names and values
with commas.

name, age, city = "Kelly Hu", 27, "Brentwood"

print(name)
print(age)
print(city)

Data Types
The following are the Python data types −

1. Text Types: String (str)

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text = "Hello, World!"

2. Numeric Types

int

num_int = 10

float

num_float = 10.5

complex

num_complex = 2 + 3j

3. Sequence Types

list

my_list = [1, 2, 3]

tuple

my_tuple = (1, 2, 3)

range

my_range = range(1, 10)

4. Mapping Type: Dictionary (dict)

my_dict = {"name": "Kelly Hu", "age": 27}

5. Set Types

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set

my_set = {1, 2, 3}

frozenset

my_frozenset = frozenset([1, 2, 3])

6. Boolean Type: bool

my_bool = True

7. Binary Types

bytes

my_bytes = b"Hello"

bytearray

my_bytearray = bytearray(5)

memoryview

my_memoryview = memoryview(b"Hello")

8. None Type: NoneType

my_none = None

Operators
Python operators are used to perform various operations such as arithmetic, logical, etc.
on operands.

Arithmetic operators

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Python arithmetic operators are + (addition), - (subtraction), * (multiplication), /
(division), // (floor division), % (modulus), and ** (exponentiation).

Assignment operators
Python assignment operators are used to assign values to variables, including =, +=, -=,
*=, /=, %=, **=, //=, &=, |=, ^=, >>=, and <<=.

Comparison operators
Python comparison operators are used to compare two values, and include == (equal),
!= (not equal), > (greater than), < (less than), >= (greater than or equal to), and <=
(less than or equal to).

Logical operators
Python logical operators are and, or, and not.

Identity operators

Python identity operators are is and is not, used to check if two variables refer to the
same object in memory.

Membership operators

Python membership operators are in and not in. These operators are used to test
whether a value is found in a sequence or not.

Bitwise operators

Python bitwise operators perform operations on binary values; these operators are AND
(&), OR (|), NOT (~), XOR (^), left shift (<<), and right shift (>>).

User Input
Python allows you to take different types of input from the user. The input() function is
used to take user input as a string from the user. You can use the following basic
methods to convert input to the specific type −

int() − Converts input to an integer.

float() − Converts input to a float.

bool() − Converts input to a Boolean.

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Basic User Input

name = input("Enter your name: ")

print("Hello", name)

Integer Input

age = int(input("Enter your age: "))

print(f"You are {age} years old.")

Float Input

x = float(input("Enter any float value: "))

print(x)

Handling Invalid Inputs

You can use the try and except to handle the invalid inputs.

try:
x = int(input("Input an integer value: "))
print(x)
except ValueError:
print("Please enter a valid number.")

Conditions

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Python conditional statements are written using the if, elif, and else keywords.

a = 10
b = 20
if a > b:
print("a is greater than b")
elif b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
else:
print("a is greater than b")

Loops
There are two types of Python loops − the for loop and the while loop.

The for Loop

students = ["Kelly Hu", "Akanksha", "Peter"]

for s in students:
print(s)

The while Loop

i = 1
while i <= 10:
print(i)
i += 1

Strings

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Python strings are the sequence of characters enclosed within single or double quotation
marks.

Printing Strings

print("I'm Kelly Hu I live in Brentwood")

name, city = "Kelly Hu", "Brentwood"
# Printing string variables
print("I'm", name, "I live in", city)

Quotes Inside Quotes

You can print quotes as a string using the print() function.

print("I'm Kelly Hu")

print("I am 'Kelly Hu'")
print("I am \"Kelly Hu\"")

Multiline Strings
Python allows to assign multiline strings to a variable. Just place the multiline string
using three single or doble quotes.

a = """I am Kelly Hu
I lives in Brentwood.
I am 27 years old"""

b = '''I am Kelly Hu
I lives in Brentwood.
I am 27 years old'''

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print(a)
print(b)

Slicing Strings
String slicing can be done by using the start and the end index, separated by a colon
inside square brackets.

test = "Hello, World!"

print(test[2:5])
print(test[0:])
print(test[:13])
print(test[:5])

String Concatenation
You can concatenate two or more strings using the plus (+) operator.

name = "Kelly Hu"

city = "Brentwood"

person = name + " " + city

print(person)

String Format
String formatting is done using the Python f-string.

name = "Kelly Hu"

age = 27

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person = f"My name is {name}, I am {age} years old"
print(person)

String Methods

The following are the popular string methods −

[Link]. Method & Description

capitalize()
1
Capitalizes first letter of string

casefold()
2 Converts all uppercase letters in string to lowercase. Similar to lower(), but
works on UNICODE characters alos

lower()
3
Converts all uppercase letters in string to lowercase.

swapcase()
4
Inverts case for all letters in string.

title()
5 Returns "titlecased" version of string, that is, all words begin with uppercase
and the rest are lowercase.

upper()
6
Converts lowercase letters in string to uppercase.

Escape Characters
Python escape characters are the combination of escape (\) and a character that are
used for performing specific tasks. The following are the escape characters with their
meanings −

Escape
Description Example
Character

print("This is a backslash:
\\ Backslash
\\")

\' Single quote print('It\'s a sunny day!')

\" Double quote print("He said, \"Hello!\"")

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\n Newline print("Hello\nWorld")

\r Carriage return print("Hello\rWorld")

\t Horizontal tab print("Hello\tWorld")

\b Backspace print("Hello\bWorld")

\f Form feed print("Hello\fWorld")

\v Vertical tab print("Hello\vWorld")

Octal value (character represented by

\ooo print("\101") # Prints 'A'
octal number)

Hexadecimal value (character

\xhh print("\x41") # Prints 'A'
represented by hex number)

Lists
Python lists are used to store comma-separated values.

Creating Lists

# Empty list
my_list = []
# List with elements
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Accessing Elements
Accessing elements of a list can be done using the index and list slicing.

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
print(my_list[0])
print(my_list[2])
print(my_list[-1])
print(my_list[2:4])

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Appending and Inserting Elements

The elements in a list can be appended and inserted using the [Link]() and
[Link]() methods, respectively.

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
print(my_list)
my_list.append(6)
my_list.insert(0, 0)
print(my_list)

Removing List Elements

The remove() method is used to remove the elements of a list.

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
print(my_list)
my_list.remove(3)
print(my_list)

Copying Lists

The [Link]() method is used to copy a list to another.

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
new_list = my_list.copy()
print(my_list)
print(new_list)

Clearing a List
The [Link]() method is used to clear list elements.

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my_list.clear()

Nested Lists
Python nested list refers to the list within a list.

nested_list = [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]]

print(nested_list)

Tuples
Python tuples are used to store multiple comma-separated values in a variable. Tuple
values are given inside the round brackets.

Creating Tuples

my_tuple = (1, 2, 3)
print(my_tuple)

Creating Empty Tuples

my_tuple = ()
print(my_tuple)

Tuple Without Parentheses (Implicit Tuple)

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my_tuple = 1, 2, 3
print(my_tuple)

Single Element Tuple

my_tuple = (1,)
print(my_tuple)

Accessing Tuple Elements

Tuple elements can be accessed using the index and tuple slicing.

my_tuple = (10, 20, 30)

print(my_tuple[0])
print(my_tuple[1])
print(my_tuple[0:])
print(my_tuple[-1])
print(my_tuple[0:2])

Tuple Concatenation

To concatenate tuple, use the plus (+) operator.

tuple1 = (10, 20, 30)

tuple2 = (40, 50)
print(tuple1 + tuple2)

Tuple Unpacking

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tuple1 = (10, 20, 30)

a, b, c = tuple1
print(a)
print(b)
print(c)

Nested Tuples

nested_tuple = ((10, 20), (30, 40), (50, 60))

print(nested_tuple)

Sets
Python sets are the collection of multiple items that are unordered, unchangeable*, and
unindexed. Set values are comma-separated and enclosed within the curly braces.

Creating Sets

set1 = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}

# Set from a list
set2 = set([10, 20, 30, 40, 50])
print(set1)
print(set2)

Adding and Removing Elements

The following functions are used to add and remove elements from a set −

add() − To add a single element.

update() − To add multiple elements.

remove() − To remove an element.

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discard() − To remove an element safely.

pop() − To remove and return an arbitrary element.

[Link]() − To clear a set.

Example of Set Operations

set1 = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}

[Link](60)
print(set1)
[Link]([70, 80])
print(set1)
[Link](30)
print(set1)
[Link](10)
print(set1)
print([Link](),"is removed!")
[Link]()
print(set1)

Dictionaries
Python dictionaries are the collection of key and value pairs and are written with curly
brackets.

Creating Dictionary

my_dict = {'name': 'Kelly Hu', 'age': 27}

print(my_dict)

Creating Empty Dictionary

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my_dict = {}
print(my_dict)

Creating Dictionary with Mixed Keys

my_dict = {1: 'Kelly', 'hair_color': 'Brown', (36, 24):

'lucky_numbers'}
print(my_dict)

Accessing Values
You can directly access the values of the specified keys by providing the key names
inside the square brackets enclosed with quotes, and you can also use the [Link]()
method to get the value of the specified key.

person = {'name': 'Kelly', 'age': 27, 'city': 'Brentwood'}

# Direct access
print(person['name'])
print(person['age'])
print(person['city'])
# Using method
print([Link]('name'))
print([Link]('age'))
print([Link]('city'))

Modifying Dictionaries
You can directly update a value of the existing key, and you can also update the multiple
values using the [Link]() method.

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person = {'name': 'Kelly', 'age': 27, 'city': 'Brentwood'}

print(person)
# Updating single value
person['age'] = 18
print(person)
# Updating multiple values
[Link]({'age': 21, 'city': 'New York'})
print(person)

Removing Elements
The following methods can be used to remove elements from a dictionary −

pop() − It removes a key-value pair and return the value. removed_value =

[Link]('age')

popitem(): It removes the last added item and return a key-value pair.
removed_value = [Link]()

[Link](): It remove all items and clears the dictionary. [Link]()

Iterating Through a Dictionary

person = {'name': 'Kelly', 'age': 27, 'city': 'Brentwood'}

# Iterate through keys
for key in person:
print(key)

# Iterate through values

for value in [Link]():
print(value)

# Iterate through key-value pairs

for key, value in [Link]():
print(f"{key}: {value}")

Dictionary Comprehensions

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dict1 = {x: x**2 for x in range(5)}

print(dict1)

Lambdas
Python lambda function can have only one expression. These are small anonymous
functions that can take any number of arguments.

value = lambda x : x * 3
print(value(5))

Classes and Objects

Python is an object-oriented programming language and allows to create classes and
objects. You can create a class in Python using the "class" keyword.

class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
[Link] = name
[Link] = age

def display_info(self):
print(f"Name: {[Link]}, Age: {[Link]}")

# Create objects
per1 = Person("Kelly Hu", 27)
per2 = Person("Adele", 25)

# Access object attributes

print([Link])
print([Link])

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# Printing using method
per2.display_info()

Inheritance
Python inheritance allows you to inherit the properties of the parent class to the child
class.

Basic Inheritance Example

# Base class
class Student:
def __init__(self, name, grade):
[Link] = name
[Link] = grade

def get_details(self):
return f"Student: {[Link]}, Grade: {[Link]}"

# Derived class
class Graduate(Student):
def get_details(self):
return f"Graduate: {[Link]}, Grade: {[Link]}, Status:
Graduated"

# Create an instance of the child class

grad = Graduate("Kelly Hu", "B+")

# Access inherited and overridden methods

print(grad.get_details())

super() with Method Overriding

The super() method is used to call a method from the parent (or base) class.

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# Base class
class Student:
def __init__(self, name, grade):
[Link] = name
[Link] = grade

def get_details(self):
return f"Student: {[Link]}, Grade: {[Link]}"

# Derived class
class Graduate(Student):
def __init__(self, name, grade, graduation_year):
# Call the parent class's constructor using super()
super().__init__(name, grade)
self.graduation_year = graduation_year

def get_details(self):
# Call the parent class's get_details() method using super()
student_details = super().get_details()
return f"{student_details}, Graduation Year:
{self.graduation_year}"

# Create an instance of the child class (Graduate)

grad = Graduate("Kelly Hu", "B+", 2011)

# Access inherited and overridden methods

print(grad.get_details())

Exception Handling
Python exception handling allows to handle exceptions during execution of the program.
The follow keywords (blocks) are used with exception handling −

try − Write the main code on which you want to test the exception.

except − Write code to handle the exception.

else − Write code to execute when there is no error.

finally − Write code to execute finally no matter there is an error or not.

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# Create function to divide two numbers

def divide_numbers(a, b):
try:
result = a / b
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Error: Cannot divide by zero!")
else:
print(f"The divide result is : {result}")
finally:
print("Execution complete.")

# Calling function
print("Test Case 1:")
divide_numbers(10, 2)

print("\nTest Case 2:")

divide_numbers(10, 0)

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