Conclusion- Similarly, for development, people look at a mix

of goals. It is true that if women are engaged in paid work,

their dignity in the household and society increases. (check)

Q4) What are the development goals of a nation?

SEEDS Ans- 1. Peace and security for all is an important
development goal.
EDUCATIONS be
2. There should be economic equality and poverty should
reduced.
-By Vishal Kataria is one of the
3. Economic development (growth in GDP)
most important goals.
4. Improvement in human resource development.
Number-8087743502
Comparing different States and Countries
Development (Notes)
Q.1) What are the factors/features of developmental goals? (Read- For comparing countries, their income is considered to
Ans- [Link] persons can have different developmental be one of the most important attributes. Countries with
less
goals higher income are more developed than others with
income. This is based on the understanding that more income
2. What may be development for one may not be
development for the other. It may even be destructive for the means more of all things that human beings need. Whatever
people like, and should have, they will be able to get with
other.
3. For development people look at mix of goals. greater income. So, greater income itself is considered to be
(For different development goals of people refer to table one important goal. for comparison between countries, total
income i_ not such an useful measure. Since, countries have
number 1.1 on page 4)
different populations, comparing total income will not tell us
Q.2) What are the factors on which quality of life depends? what an average person is likely to earn.]
Q5) What is average income or per capita income?
Ans- a. equal treatment
Ans- The average income or per capita inCome is the total
b. freedom
income of the country divided by its total population.
c. security
d. respect of others
Q.6) What criteria is taken by World Bank to compare
e. No discrimination.
.More income different countries? Explain with its report
Ans- Intro- In World Development Reports, brought out by
[Note- High level of income and better quality of life is
developmental goal for all] the World Bank, this criterion is used in classifying countries.
1. Countries with per capita income of US$ 49300 per
Aitwill be wrong to conclude that what cannot be annum and above in 2019, are called rich countries
2. Those with per capita income of US$ 2500 or less are
measured is not important. Justify.
Ans- 1. For development, people not only have materialistic called low-income countries.
goals but also non-materialistic goals like family's love and 3. India comes in the category of low middle income
countries because its per capita income in 2017 was just
friendship.
2. Consider an example, If you get a job in a far off place, US$ 6700 per annum.
before accepting it you would try to consider many factors. Conclusion- The rich countries, excluding countries of
Middle East and certain other small countries, are generally
apart from income (materialistic), such as facilities for your
family, working atmosphere, or opportunity to learn. called developed countries.
3. Asafe and secure environment may allow more women to
take up a variety of jobs or run a business. Q.7) What are the negative points of using per capita
income to compare countries?
 Ans 1 Average income hides the income inequality among 5. Provision for safe drinking water, sanitation, etc.
the people in the country 6 Well developed and systematically working public
2. It doesn't take social aspects like health and education distribution system.
Into account
It doesn't take non materialistic things into account. ER.
Q.10) Why are public facilities important?
Friendship or someone's love Ans- Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and
services that you need to live well. Eg: Better transport,
Income and other criteria pollution free environment, etc.
Note Infant mortality rate (IMR)- the number of children
that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 Q.11)money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and
live children born in that particular year. services that you may need to live well. Justify.
Literacy Rate measures the proportion of literate population Ans- 1. Income by itself is not a completely adequate
in the 7-and-above age group.
indicator of material goods and services that citizens are able
Net Attendance Ratio is the total number of children of age
to use.
group 14 and 15 years attending school as a percentage of
total number of children in the same age group.] 2. For example, normally, your money cannot buy you a
pollution-free environment or ensure that you get
State
unadulterated medicines, unless you can afford to shift to a
Per Capita Income (2021-22) (Rs) community that already has all these things.
Haryana 264729
Kerala 3. Money may also not be able to protect you from
234405
Bihar
infectious diseases, unless the whole of your community takes
47498
preventive steps.
State IMR (per Literacy Rate Net Attendance Q12) Whydoes Kerala have low IMR?
1000) (% Ratio (Per 100) Ans- Kerala has low IMR because it has adequate provision
Haryana 28 82 73 of basic health and educational facilities.
Kerala 94 94
Bihar 27 6 69
(Note- In some states, the Public Distribution System (PDS)
functions well. Health and nutritional status of people of such
(Note- if per capita income were to be used as the measure of states is certainly likely to be better.]
development, Haryana will be considered the most developed
and Bihar the least developed state of the three. On the other 013}Which report is taken out by UNDP every year? Briefly
hand, Kerala has lower IMR as compared to Haryana and describe its criteria.
better literacy rate and net attendance ratio. So even though, Ans- UNDP every year publishes Human Development report
Kerala has lower per capita income still the data informs that (HDR) to compare countries on the basis of educational level,
Kerala has better health and education.] their health status and per capita income. Criteria used are:
1. Per capita Income: The average income or per capita
a.8/What are public facilities? income is the total income of the country divided by its total
Ans- Public facilities refer to the facilities which a population.
person
cannot arrange at an individual level and are provided by the 2. Life Expectancy at birth denotes the average expected
government. length of life of a person at the time of birth.
3. Mean years of schooling for people aged 25 and above.
Q.9) DiscUSs the public facilities needed for [Note- Per Capita Income is calculated in dollars for all
Ans- 1. Pollution free environment.
development.
countries so that it can be compared. It is also done in a way
2. Good infrastructure like road So that every dollar would buy the same amount of go0ds and
transportation.
3. Collective security for the whole locality. services in any country.]
4. Good medical facilities and
preventive steps from
infectious diseases.
 and other
exhaustion of crude oil
ountries Gross Life Mean HO 2To stop the over
National (esources It wil help us to
save the environrment
expentancy year's of (Ranks)
Income schooling
to ensure sustainable
(GNI) Pe ages 29 Q17) What are the measures
(apita ($) & above development?
exploitation of resources
Ans 1. We should avoid over non-renewable resources.
Sn Lanka 11899 766 11.2 78
India 6951 67 7 34 2. We shoukd find alternative of pollution.
Myanmar 4038 144 devices that cause less
673
3. We should use the
Pakistan S374 664 14 164
Nepal 4026 70.5 40 that the groundwater is
[Read- Recent evidence suRgests
Bangiadesh 6511 73.7 129 in many parts of the country.
under serious threat of overuse
[Human Development Index (HDI) HDIranks in above table a water level decline of over
About 300 districts have reported
are out of 193 couhtries in all.) years. Nearly one-third of the
4 metres during the past 20
groundwater reserves. In
another
(Read Sri Lanka is much ahead of India in every respect. country is overusing their
Above table also shows that though Nepal and Bangladesh would be doing the same
25 years, 60 per cent of the country
have low per capita income than that of India, yet they are continues.
if the present way of using this resource
better than India in life expectancy.] agriculturally
Groundwater overuse is particularly found in the
U.P., hard rock
Q 14) What is the difference between in the criteria used by prosperous regions of Punjab and Western
plateau areas of central and south India, some coastal areas
UNDP and World Bank? Which is better and why?
and the rapidly growing urban settlements.]
Ans- World Bank: Per capita income
UNDP Per capita income, Tife expectancy, Mean years
of schooling aged 25 and above (Explain all criteria depending
0.48 Explain with example of groundwater that resources
are being over used.
on marks)
UNDP's HDR is better because it has wider indicators in Ans- Groundwater is an example of renewable resources.
These resources are replenished by nature as in the case of
which besides per capita income, other important attributes
crops and plants. However, even these resources may be
such as health and education are also taken,
overused. For example, in the case of groundwater, if we use
Q15 How do we calculate Body Mass Index (BMI)? more than what is being replenished by rain then we would
be overusing this resource.
Ans- BMI is used to help to find out if a person is properly
[Read- Non-renewable resources are those which will get
nourished.
exhausted after years of use. We have a fixed stock on earth
BMI= Weight (KG)
Height' (mtr) which carnnot be replenished. We do discover new resources
Astudent's BMI Could be within the normal range that we did not know of earlier. New sources in this way add
or less than that (underweight) or more (obesity). For to the stock. However, over time, even this will get
exhausted.)
example, if a girl student is 14 years and &month old and the
BMIis 15. 2, then she is undernourished. (refer appendix in (Read
Region Reserve of crude oil No. of years
economics book for Normal range of BMI)
1000 million barrels reserve will last
Middle 836 70
East
/SUSTAINABILITY OF DEVELOPMENT
USA 69 10.5
Q.J6) What is sustainable development? Why is it important? World 1732
Ans- Sustainable development is the development of the 47
country in the present without harming the environment and
The above table gives an estimate of reserves of crude oil
without compromising the needs of the future generation. More important, it also tells us for how many
years the stock
of crude oil will last if people continue to
It is important because: extract it at the
1, It helos to prevent over exploitation of resources present rate. The reserves would last only 50 years
is for the world as a whole. However, more. This
different countries face
 different situations. Countries like India depend on importing
oil from abroad because they do not have enough stocks of
their own. If prices of oil increase this becomes a burden for
everyone. There are countries like USA which have low
reserves and hence want to secure oil through military or
economic power. The question of sustainability of
development raises many fundamentally new issues about the
nature and process of development.]

Q.19) Consequences of environmental degradation do not

respect national or state boundaries; this issue is no longer
region or nation specific. Justify.
Ans- 1. Our future is linked together. Sustainability of
development is comparatively a new area of knowledge in
which scientists, economists, philosophers and other scientists
are working together.
2. Environment degradation won't spare any nation. We
should all work together to protect and preserve the
environment.
3. Global warming, deforestation, acid rain, groundwater,
depletion of petroleum resources are the resources are some
problems which will affect all.