AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH
PRACTICAL FILE REPORT
in the lab of
Exploring the Networking (IT307)
Submitted by: Nitin Gupta
(A2345923140)
[Link]. 5CSE-Eve2 Y batch 2023-2027
in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor
of
Technology in
Computer Science and Engineering Submitted to:
Dr. Shipra Saraswat
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING AMITY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY AMITY UNIVERSITY
UTTAR PRADESH
EXPERIMENT 1
Aim 1 : Observing TCP and UDP using NetStat.
Theory :
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol) are the two
main transport layer protocols. TCP is connection-oriented, reliable, and ensures data
delivery through acknowledgments and sequencing, while UDP is connectionless,
faster, and used in applications like streaming and gaming where speed matters more
than reliability. The netstat command is a network utility that displays active
connections, listening ports, and protocol statistics, allowing us to observe how TCP
connections maintain states (e.g., ESTABLISHED, LISTENING) while UDP endpoints
appear as open ports without connection states. This helps in understanding the
practical differences between TCP and UDP communication.
Connecting 4 devices and a
server individually with
switch.
PC0: web client
PC1: Email client
PC2: DNS client
PC3 : FTP client
Sever0: Multi Server
Result:
By using the netstat command, we successfully observed active TCP connections with their
states and identified UDP endpoints as open ports without connection states, demonstrating
the practical di erence between TCP and UDP.
EXPERIMENT 2
Aim 2 : TCP/IP Transport Layer Protocols, TCP and UDP.
Theory :
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is connection-oriented and ensures reliable, error-free
data transfer by using acknowledgments and retransmissions. It is commonly used in
applications such as web browsing, email, and file [Link] (User Datagram Protocol),
on the other hand, is connectionless and faster but does not guarantee delivery. Because of
its speed and low overhead, it is widely used in real-time applications like video/audio
streaming, online gaming, and DNS queries.
FTP and EMAIL SETUP:
Result:
The study of TCP and UDP shows that TCP provides reliable, connection-based
communication, while UDP offers faster, connectionless communication without
reliability.
EXPERIMENT 3
Aim 3: Examining the device gateway
Theory:
Ipconfig : Command Prompt of end devices like PCs and Servers to display or
configure their IP configuration. Whereas ipconfig /all gives full details including
DHCP, DNS, and MAC address.
Ping : is a network command used to test connectivity between two devices by
sending ICMP echo requests and measuring the response time.
Connecting two system using copper cross over cable .
PC0:
PC1:
Result :
By examining the device’s configuration, the default gateway IP was identified,
confirming the router’s role in forwarding traffic between the local network and
external networks.
EXPERIMENT 4
Aim 4: Examining a route: Create a HUB and SWITCH based Network.
Hub: is a simple network device that acts as a multiport repeater. It receives data on
one port and repeats it to all other connected devices, meaning it broadcasts the
data.
In this network we have
taken 6 computer system,
each given its own ip
config and all are
connected to Hub0 with
Copper straight through
cable. In this the packet is
send by system PC-PT
PCO and received by PC-
PT-PC4.
Switch: a network device used to connect multiple devices within a local area network
(LAN). Switch0 connects 7 PCs (PC0 to PC6) using Ethernet cables. All links are active
(green triangles). Some PCs (like PC5) are sending messages, shown by envelope
icons. Unlike hubs, switches forward data only to the intended device, improving
efficiency and reducing collisions.
Result: On examining the routing table, the device displayed entries for the local
network, default gateway, and specific routes, confirming how packets are directed to
their respective destinations.
EXPERIMENT 5
Aim 5 : Ping and Traceroute
Theory:
Ping and Traceroute are commonly used network troubleshooting [Link] relies on
the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) to test whether a host is reachable. It also
measures the round-trip time of packets, which helps confirm basic connectivity.
Traceroute shows the route that packets follow to a destination by sending them with
gradually increasing Time-To-Live (TTL) values. This reveals each intermediate router
(hop) along the path.
Together, these tools are useful for detecting issues related to connectivity, delay, and
routing within a network.
Ping from [Link] → [Link]
Ping from [Link] → [Link]
Result:
The Ping command confirmed successful connectivity with the destination host, while
Traceroute revealed the sequence of hops between the source and destination,
displaying the full path taken by the packets across the network.
EXPERIMENT 6
Aim 6 : To establish a connection among different network topologies.
Theory:
In bus topology, all devices share a single cable, which can lead to collisions. A star
network connects every device to a central hub, making management easy but risking
total failure if the hub goes down. The ring topology forms a closed loop, passing data in
a set direction. Mesh networks link every device directly with others for high redundancy.
Tree topology creates a hierarchy branching from a central point. Hybrid topology
combines multiple types to meet diverse needs.
Bus:
Star:
Ring:
Mesh:
Tree:
Hybrid:
Result:
Connecting different network topologies results in a hybrid topology, which leverages the
strengths of each individual topology. The experiment Is successfully completed
EXPERIMENT 7
Aim 7 : Establishing a wan network using layer two switch and routers.
Theory:
Routers operate at Layer 3 (the Network Layer) and are essential for establishing a WAN
because they connect different networks (LANs) together by routing data packets based
on their IP addresses. Layer 2 switches operate at Layer 2 (the Data Link Layer) and are
used within each local network (LAN) to connect devices and forward data frames based
on MAC addresses. In a typical WAN setup, Layer 2 switches are used to build the local
LANs, which are then connected to routers that handle the long-distance communication
between those LANs.
WAN Network:
Result:
Using Layer 2 switches to form local networks and routers to connect them, a WAN is
established for long-distance communication between those networks.
EXPERIMENT 8
Aim 8 : Connect Two Routers and Verify ICMP
Theory:
• ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): This is a network's "error messenger."
Devices use it to send messages about network problems, like when a host can't
be reached. Tools like ping and traceroute rely on ICMP.
• Routers: Routers are the internet's traffic directors. They work at Layer 3 to
forward data packets between different networks, ensuring devices on separate
networks can communicate.
• IP Addressing: Every device, including a router, needs a unique IP address.
Routers use these addresses and routing tables to find the best path to send data
across networks
Observation:
A network with two separate LANs (LAN1: [Link]/24 and LAN2: [Link]/24) was
set up, connected by two routers (Router3 and Router4).
• Routers: Router3 ([Link]) and Router4 ([Link]) were linked via a serial
connection.
• Routing: Static routes were configured on each router. Router3 was told to send
traffic for the [Link]/24 network to Router4 ([Link]). Router4 was told to
send traffic for the [Link]/24 network to Router3 ([Link]).
• Verification: A successful ping from PC1 on LAN1 to PC2 on LAN2 confirmed that
the routers were correctly forwarding data between the two networks.
Result:
The experiment successfully demonstrated the connection of two routers using a serial
link. Proper routing was configured, and ICMP communication was verified between
devices in different networks using the pingutility. The routers were able to forward
packets betweenLAN1 and LAN2, indicating successful communication across the two
networks.
EXPERIMENT 9
Aim 9 : To use a router for connecting two or more network topologies,
enabling communication between different network segments while
managing data traffic efficiently across various network structures.
Theory:
• A router is a networking device that connects different network layouts, such as
star, bus, or ring topologies.
• It operates at the network layer (Layer 3) of the OSI model.
• Routers use IP addresses to direct data packets to their correct destinations.
• They manage traffic between different networks, which helps prevent data
collisions.
• Ultimately, a router allows devices on separate, diverse networks to communicate
seamlessly.
Simulation:
Result:
A router can effectively connect multiple network topologies, enabling seamless
communication between different network segments. The experiment demonstrated that
data packets can be efficiently routed between various network structures, confirming
the router's essential role in managing inter-network communication and traffic.
EXPERIMENT 10
Aim 10 : To stimulate the process of subnetting using a router in
CISCO Packet Tracer and verify inter-subnet communication.
Theory:
Understanding Subnetting and Routers
• Subnetting: It is a way of splitting a big network into several smaller, more
manageable ones. This helps you use your IP addresses more efficiently and
makes the network run faster by reducing unnecessary traffic.
• The Subnet Mask: It is what tells a computer which part of an IP address refers to
the network and which part refers to a specific device (or host). For example, a /26
subnet mask is a special code that means you can have up to 62 different devices
on each of the four smaller networks you create from a larger Class C network.
• Router: It is like a traffic cop for your network. It works at the third layer of the
internet's structure (the Network Layer) and is responsible for directing data
packets between different sub-networks. It uses the network part of an IP address
to make sure each packet gets to the right place.
• Inter-Subnet Routing: is simply the process of a router sending data between two
different subnets. Each of the router's connections is set up with a different IP
address, allowing it to act as a bridge for communication between the various
subnets.
• IP Addressing: In our simulation, we took the network [Link]/26 and
split it into two smaller networks:
➢ Subnet 1: [Link]/26 with devices having addresses from
[Link] to [Link].
➢ Subnet 2: [Link]/26 with devices having addresses from
[Link] to [Link].
Observation:
Network Setup and Subnetting
The initial network, [Link], was segmented into two distinct smaller networks, or
subnets, using a subnet mask of [Link] (also known as /26). This configuration
allowed for up to 62 usable IP addresses in each subnet. In this setup, we have:
• Subnet 1: The devices on the left side in this subnet were assigned IP addresses
starting from [Link] (PC0) and [Link] (PC1).
• Subnet 2: The devices on the right side in this subnet were given IP addresses
starting from [Link] (PC2) and [Link] (PC3).
Router Configuration
A router, specifically the ISR4331 model, was used to connect these two subnets. To
enable this connection, the router's interfaces were configured with a unique IP address
for each subnet, effectively acting as the default gateway for all devices within that
subnet.
• The interface connected to Subnet 1 (via Switch0) was assigned the IP address
[Link].
• The interface connected to Subnet 2 (via Switch1) was assigned the IP address
[Link].
Result :
A successful ping test confirmed the router's ability to facilitate communication between
Subnet 1 and Subnet 2, proving the subnetting and routing configurations were correct.