ity

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Chapter 2: Functions

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ge

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y
(9, 44)

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id

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br
am

-R

range
(–1, 24)
-C

s
es
y

Pr
op

(3, 8)

ity
O
C

x
domain

rs
w
ie

ve
The range is 8 < f( x ) < 44.

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ev

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EXERCISE 2A
ge

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ie
id

1 Which of these graphs represent functions? If the graph represents a function,

TIP

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br

state whether it is a one-one function or a many-one function.

am

-R x ∈ ℝ , x > 0 is
a y = 2 x − 3 for x ∈ ℝ b y = x2 − 3 for x ∈ ℝ
sometimes shortened
-C

c y = 2 x 3 − 1 for x ∈ ℝ d y = 2x for x ∈ ℝ
s

to just x > 0.
es

10
e y= for x ∈ ℝ, x > 0 f y = 3x 2 + 4 for x ∈ ℝ, x > 0
y

x
Pr
op

37
g y= x for x ∈ ℝ, x > 0 h y 2 = 4x for x ∈ ℝ
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C

2 a Represent on a graph the function:

rs
w

 9 − x for x ∈ ℝ, −3 < x < 2

ie

2
ve

x֏
y
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 2 x + 1 for x ∈ ℝ, 2 < x < 4

op
ni
R

b State the nature of the function.

C
ge

3 a Represent on a graph the relation:

ie
id

 x + 1 for 0 < x < 2

2
ev
br

y=
 2 x − 3 for 2 < x < 4
am

-R

b Explain why this relation is not a function.

-C

s
es

4 State the domain and range for the functions represented by these two graphs.
y

Pr
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a y b y
(1, 8) (–2, 20)
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C

y = 7 + 2x – x2
rs
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y = 2x3 + 3x2 – 12x

ie

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(–1, 4)
y
ev

op
ni

(–3, 9) (2, 4)
O x
R

O x
e

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id

(5, –8) (1, –7)

ev
br
am

-R
-C

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 1

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5 Find the range for each of these functions.

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a f( x ) = x + 4 for x > 8 b f( x ) = 2 x − 7 for −3 < x < 2

ie
id
c f( x ) = 7 − 2 x for −1 < x < 4 d f : x ֏ 2x2 for 1 < x < 4

ev
br
12
f( x ) = 2 x for −5 < x < 4 f f( x ) =
e
am for 1 < x < 8

-R
x
6 Find the range for each of these functions.
-C

s
es
a f( x ) = x 2 − 2 for x ∈ ℝ b f : x ֏ x 2 + 3 for −2 < x < 5
y

Pr
c f( x ) = 3 − 2 x 2 for x < 2 d f( x ) = 7 − 3x 2 for −1 < x < 2
op

ity
C

7 Find the range for each of these functions.

1

rs
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a f( x ) = ( x − 2)2 + 5 for x > 2 b f( x ) = (2 x − 1)2 − 7 for x >

2
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c f : x ֏ 8 − ( x − 5)2 for 4 < x < 10 d f( x ) = 1 + x − 4 for x > 4

y
ev

op
ni

2
8 Express each function in the form a ( x + b ) + c , where a, b and c are constants
R

C
and, hence, state the range of each function.
ge

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a f( x ) = x 2 + 6x − 11 for x ∈ ℝ b f( x ) = 3x 2 − 10 x + 2 for x ∈ ℝ

ie
id

ev
br

9 Express each function in the form a − b( x + c )2 , where a, b and c are constants

am

and, hence, state the range of each function.

-R
a f( x ) = 7 − 8x − x 2 for x ∈ ℝ b f( x ) = 2 − 6x − 3x 2 for x ∈ ℝ
-C

s
es

10 a Represent, on a graph, the function:

y

 3 − x
Pr

2
for 0<x<2
op

38
f( x ) = 
 3x − 7 for 2<x<4
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C

b Find the range of the function.

rs
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ie

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11 The function f : x ֏ x 2 + 6x + k , where k is a constant, is defined for x ∈ ℝ.

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ev

op
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Find the range of f in terms of k.

R

12 The function g : x ֏ 5 − ax − 2 x 2 , where a is a constant, is defined for x ∈ ℝ.

ge

Find the range of g in terms of a.

ie
id

ev
br

13 f( x ) = x 2 − 2 x − 3 for x ∈ ℝ, − a < x < a

am

-R

If the range of the function f is −4 < f( x ) < 5, find the value of a.

-C

14 f( x ) = x 2 + x − 4 for x ∈ ℝ , a < x < a + 3

s
es

If the range of the function f is −2 < f( x ) < 16, find the possible values of a.
y

Pr
op

15 f( x ) = 2 x 2 − 8x + 5 for x ∈ ℝ, 0 < x < k

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a Express f( x ) in the form a ( x + b )2 + c .

rs
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b State the value of k for which the graph of y = f( x ) has a line of symmetry.
ie

ve

y
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c For your value of k from part b, find the range of f .

op
ni
R

16 Find the largest possible domain for each function and state the corresponding
e

range.
w
g

f( x ) = 3x − 1 f( x ) = 2 x
ie

b f( x ) = x 2 + 2
id

a c
ev
br

1 1
d f( x ) = e f( x ) = f f( x ) = x−3−2
x x−2
am

-R
-C

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Chapter 2: Functions

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2.2 Composite functions

ge

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Most functions that we meet can be described as combinations of two or more functions.

ie
id

ev
For example, the function x ֏ 3x − 7 is the function ‘multiply by 3 and then subtract 7’.

br
am
It is a combination of the two functions g and f, where:

-R
g : x ֏ 3x (the function ‘multiply by 3’)
-C

s
f :x֏x−7 (the function ‘subtract 7’)

es
y

Pr
So, x ֏ 3x − 7 can be described as the function ‘first do g, then do f ’.
op

ity
C

rs
w
ie

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x g(x) fg(x)

y
ev

op
ni
R

C
fg
ge

w
When one function is followed by another function, the resulting function is called a

ie
id

composite function.

ev
br
am

-R
KEY POINT 2.1
-C

fg( x ) means the function g acts on x first, then f acts on the result.
es
y

Pr
op

39
There are three important points to remember about composite functions:
ity
C

KEY POINT 2.2

rs
w
ie

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fg only exists if the range of g is contained within the domain of f .

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ev

op
ni

In general, fg( x ) ≠ gf( x ).

R

ff( x ) means you apply the function f twice.

ge

w
ie
id

ev
br

EXPLORE 2.1
am

-R

f( x ) = 2 x − 5 for x ∈ ℝ g( x ) = 3x − 1 for x ∈ ℝ
-C

s
es

Three students are asked to find the composite function gf( x ).

y

Pr
op

Here are their solutions.

ity
C

Student A Student B Student C

rs
w

gf( x ) = (3x − 1)(2x − 5) gf( x ) = 2(3x − 1) − 5 gf( x ) = 3(2x − 5) − 1

ie

ve

= 6x − 7 = 6x − 16
y

= 6x 2 − 17x + 5
ev

op
ni
R

Discuss these solutions with your classmates.

C
e

Which student is correct? What error has each of the other students made?
w
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am

-R
-C

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 ity
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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 1

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ge
WORKED EXAMPLE 2.3

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ie
id
2x + 3

ev
br
f( x ) = ( x − 4)2 − 1 for x ∈ ℝ g( x ) = for x ∈ ℝ, x > 2
am x−2

-R
Find fg(4).
-C

s
Answer

es
2(4) + 3 11
y

fg(4) = f  
11

Pr
g acts on 4 first and g(4) = = .
op

 2  4−2 2

ity
C

2
= − 4 − 1
11
 2 
rs
w

f is the function ‘subtract 4, square and then

ie

ve
= 1 14

y
ev

subtract 1’.

op
ni
R

C
ge

w
WORKED EXAMPLE 2.4

ie
id

ev
br

f( x ) = 2 x + 3 for x ∈ ℝ g( x ) = x 2 − 1 for x ∈ ℝ
am

-R
Find: a fg( x ) b gf( x ) c ff( x )
-C

s
es

Answer
y

a fg( x ) = f( x 2 − 1) g acts on x first and g( x ) = x 2 − 1.

Pr
op

40
= 2( x − 1) + 3
2
ity
C

= 2x2 + 1 f is the function ‘double and add 3’.

rs
w
ie

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b gf( x ) = g(2 x + 3) f acts on x first and f( x ) = 2 x + 3 .

y
ev

= (2 x + 3) − 1 2
op
ni

g is the function ‘square and subtract 1’.

R

= 4x 2 + 12 x + 9 − 1
C
ge

= 4x 2 + 12 x + 8
w
ie
id

c ff( x ) = f(2 x + 3) f is the function ‘double and add 3’.

ev
br

= 2(2 x + 3) + 3
am

-R

= 4x + 9
-C

s
es

WORKED EXAMPLE 2.5

y

Pr
op

ity

5
C

f :x֏ for x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 2 g( x ) = 3 − x 2 for x ∈ ℝ

x−2
rs
w
ie

ve

Find: a fg( x ) b ff( x )

y
ev

op
ni

Answer
R

a fg( x ) = f(3 − x 2 ) g acts on x first and g( x ) = 3 − x 2 .

e

w
g

5
=
ie
id

(3 − x 2 ) − 2 f is the function ‘subtract 2 and then divide into 5’.

ev
br

5
=
am

-R

1 − x2
-C

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Chapter 2: Functions

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ge
ff ( x ) = f 
5 

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b
 x−2

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id

ev
br
5
= Multiply numerator and denominator by ( x − 2).
am 5
−2

-R
x−2
-C

5( x − 2)

s
=

es
5 − 2( x − 2)
y

Pr
5x − 10
op

=
9 − 2x

ity
C

rs
w
ie

ve
WORKED EXAMPLE 2.6

y
ev

op
ni
R

f( x ) = x 2 + 4x for x ∈ ℝ g( x ) = 3x − 1 for x ∈ ℝ

C
ge

Find the values of k for which the equation fg( x ) = k has real solutions.

w
ie
id

Answer

ev
br

fg( x ) = (3x − 1)2 + 4(3x − 1)

am

Expand brackets and simplify.

-R
= 9x + 6x − 3
2
-C

When fg( x ) = k,
es

9x 2 + 6x − 3 = k Rearrange and simplify.

y

Pr
op

41
9x 2 + 6x + ( −3 − k ) = 0
ity
C

For real solutions: b2 − 4ac > 0

rs
w

62 − 4 × 9 × ( −3 − k ) > 0
ie

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144 + 36 k > 0
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ev

k > −4
op
ni
R

C
ge

EXERCISE 2B
ie
id

ev
br

1 f( x ) = x 2 + 6 for x ∈ ℝ g( x ) = x + 3 − 2 for x ∈ ℝ, x > −3

am

-R

Find: a fg(6) b gf(4) c ff( −3)

-C

2 h : x ֏ x + 5 for x ∈ ℝ, x . 0 k:x֏ x for x ∈ ℝ, x . 0

es
y

Express each of the following in terms of h and/or k.

Pr
op

a x֏ x +5 b x֏ x+5 c x ֏ x + 10
ity
C

3 f( x ) = ax + b for x ∈ ℝ
rs
w
ie

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Given that f(5) = 3 and f(3) = −3:

y
ev

op
ni

a find the value of a and the value of b

R

b solve the equation ff( x ) = 4.

e

w
g

12
4 f : x ֏ 2 x + 3 for x ∈ ℝ g:x֏ for x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 1
ie
id

1− x
ev
br

a Find gf( x ).
am

-R

b Solve the equation gf( x ) = 2 .

-C

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 ity
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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 1

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5 g( x ) = x 2 − 2 for x ∈ ℝ h( x ) = 2 x + 5 for x ∈ ℝ

ge

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a Find gh( x ).

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id

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br
b Solve the equation gh( x ) = 14 .
am

-R
3
6 f( x ) = x 2 + 1 for x ∈ ℝ g( x ) = for x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 2
x−2
-C

Solve the equation fg( x ) = 5 .

s
es
2
y

7 g( x ) = for x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ −1 h( x ) = ( x + 2)2 − 5 for x ∈ ℝ

Pr
op

x +1
Solve the equation hg( x ) = 11.

ity
C

x +1 2x + 3

rs
w

8 f:x֏ for x ∈ ℝ g:x֏ for x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 1

2 x −1
ie

ve
Solve the equation gf( x ) = 1.

y
ev

op
ni

x +1
R

9 f( x ) = for x ∈ ℝ, x . 0
U

C
2x + 5
ge

Find an expression for ff( x ) , giving your answer as a single fraction in its simplest form.

w
ie
id

10 f : x ֏ x 2 for x ∈ ℝ g : x ֏ x + 1 for x ∈ ℝ

ev
br

Express each of the following as a composite function, using only f and/or g.

am

-R
a x ֏ ( x + 1)2 b x ֏ x2 + 1 c x֏x+2
-C

d x ֏ x4 e x ֏ x2 + 2x + 2 f x ֏ x 4 + 2x2 + 1
es
y

Pr

11 f( x ) = x 2 − 3x for x ∈ ℝ
op

42 g( x ) = 2 x + 5 for x ∈ ℝ
ity

Show that the equation gf( x ) = 0 has no real solutions.

C

rs
w

2
12 f( x ) = k − 2 x for x ∈ ℝ g( x ) =for x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 0
ie

ve

x
y
Find the values of k for which the equation fg( x ) = x has two equal roots.
ev

op
ni
R

13 f( x ) = x 2 − 3x for x ∈ ℝ g( x ) = 2 x − 5 for x ∈ ℝ
C
ge

Find the values of k for which the equation gf( x ) = k has real solutions.
ie
id

x+5 1
ev

14 f( x ) =
br

for x ∈ ℝ, x ≠
2x − 1 2
am

-R

Show that ff( x ) = x.

-C

15 f( x ) = 2 x 2 + 4x − 8 for x ∈ ℝ, x > k
s
es

a Express 2 x 2 + 4x − 8 in the form a ( x + b )2 + c.

y

Pr
op

b Find the least value of k for which the function is one-one.

ity
C

16 f( x ) = x 2 − 2 x + 4 for x ∈ ℝ
rs
w
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a Find the set of values of x for which f( x ) > 7 .

y
ev

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b Express x 2 − 2 x + 4 in the form ( x − a )2 + b.

R

c Write down the range of f .

e

w
g

17 f( x ) = x 2 − 5x for x ∈ ℝ g( x ) = 2 x + 3 for x ∈ ℝ
ie
id

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br

a Find fg( x ).
am

-R

b Find the range of the function fg( x ).

-C

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Chapter 2: Functions

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2

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18 f( x ) = for x ∈ ℝ , x ≠ −1

w
x +1

ie
id
a Find ff( x ) and state the domain of this function.

ev
br
b Show that if f( x ) = ff( x ) then x 2 + x − 2 = 0.
am

-R
c Find the values of x for which f( x ) = ff( x ).
-C

s
es
PS 19 P( x ) = x 2 − 1 for x ∈ ℝ Q( x ) = x + 2 for x ∈ ℝ
y

Pr
op

ity
R( x ) = for x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 0 x + 1 − 1 for x ∈ ℝ, x > −1
C

S( x ) =
x

rs
w

Functions P, Q, R and S are composed in some way to make a new function, f( x ).

ie

ve

y
ev

For each of the following, write f( x ) in terms of the functions P, Q, R and/or S, and state the domain and

op
ni

range for each composite function.

R

C
1
a f( x ) = x 2 + 4x + 3 b f( x ) = x 2 + 1 c f( x ) = x
ge

d f( x ) = 2 + 1

w
x

ie
1
id

e f( x ) = f f( x ) = x − 2 x + 1 + 1 g f( x ) = x − 1
x+4

ev
br
am

-R
2.3 Inverse functions
-C

The inverse of a function f( x ) is the function that undoes what f( x ) has done. f(x)
es

We write the inverse of the function f( x ) as f −1( x ) .

y

Pr
op

43
ity
C

KEY POINT 2.3

x y
rs
w

ff −1( x ) = f −1f( x ) =x
ie

ve

The domain of f −1( x ) is the range of f( x ).

y
ev

op
ni

The range of f −1( x ) is the domain of f( x ).

R

f –1(x)
ge

It is important to remember that not every function has an inverse.

ie
id

ev
br

KEY POINT 2.4

am

-R

An inverse function f −1( x ) exists if, and only if, the function f( x ) is a one-one mapping.
-C

s
es

You should already know how to find the inverse function of some simple one-one
y

Pr
op

mappings.
ity
C

We want to find the function f −1( x ), so if we write y = f −1( x ), then f( y ) = f(f −1( x )) = x,
rs
w

because f and f −1 are inverse functions. So if we write x = f( y ) and then rearrange it to get
ie

ve

y = … , then the right-hand side will be f −1( x ).

y
ev

op
ni
R

C
e

w
g

ie
id

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am

-R
-C

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 ity
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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 1

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We find the inverse of the function f( x ) = 3x − 1 by following these steps:

ge

w
Step 1: Write the function as y = y = 3x − 1

ie
id

ev
br
Step 2: Interchange the x and y variables.
am x = 3y − 1

-R
x +1
Step 3: Rearrange to make y the subject. y=
3
-C

s
x +1

es
Hence, if f( x ) = 3x − 1, then f −1( x ) = .
3
y

Pr
If f and f −1 are the same function, then f is called a self-inverse function.
op

1 1

ity
C

For example, if f( x ) = for x ≠ 0 , then f −1( x ) = for x ≠ 0 .

x x

rs
w

1
So f( x ) = for x ≠ 0 is a self-inverse function.
ie

ve
x

y
ev

op
ni
R

EXPLORE 2.2
U

C
ge

w
The diagram shows the function f( x ) = ( x − 2)2 + 1 for x ∈ ℝ . f(x)

ie
id

Discuss the following questions with your classmates. f(x) = (x – 2)2 + 1

ev
br
am

-R
1 What type of mapping is this function?
-C

2 What are the coordinates of the vertex of the parabola?

s
es

3 What is the domain of the function?

y

Pr
op

44
4 What is the range of the function? O x
ity
C

5 Does this function have an inverse?

rs
w
ie

ve

6 If f has an inverse, what is it? If not, then how could you change the domain of f so that the function does have
y
ev

op
ni

an inverse?
R

C
ge

WORKED EXAMPLE 2.7

ie
id

ev
br

f( x ) = x + 2 − 7 for x ∈ ℝ, x > −2
am

-R

a Find an expression for f −1( x ) . b Solve the equation f −1( x ) = f(62) .

-C

Answer
es
y

a f( x ) = x+2 −7
Pr
op

Step 1: Write the function as y = y= x+2 −7

ity
C

rs
w

Step 2: Interchange the x and y variables. x= y+2 −7

ie

ve

y
ev

x+7 = y+2
op
ni

Step 3: Rearrange to make y the subject.

R

( x + 7) = y + 2
2
C
e

y = ( x + 7)2 − 2
w
g

f −1( x ) = ( x + 7)2 − 2
ie
id

ev
br
am

-R
-C

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Chapter 2: Functions

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op
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U

C
ge
b f(62) = 62 + 2 − 7 = 1

w
ie
id
( x + 7)2 − 2 = 1

ev
br
am ( x + 7)2 = 3

-R
x+7 = ± 3
-C

x = −7 ± 3

s
es
x = −7 − 3 or x = −7 + 3
y

Pr
op

The range of f is f( x ) > −7 so the domain of f −1 is x > −7.

ity
C

Hence, the only solution of f −1( x ) = f(62) is x = −7 + 3 .

rs
w
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni

WORKED EXAMPLE 2.8

R

C
ge

f( x ) = 5 − ( x − 2)2 for x ∈ ℝ, k < x < 6

w
ie
id

a State the smallest value of k for which f has an inverse.

ev
br

b For this value of k find an expression for f −1( x ) , and state the domain and range of f −1 .
am

-R
-C

Answer y (2, 5)
s
es

a The vertex of the graph of y = 5 − ( x − 2)2 is at the point (2, 5).

y

Pr

y = 5 – (x – 2)2
op

45
When x = 6, y = 5 − 42 = −11
ity
C

For the function f to have an inverse it must be a one-one function. O x

rs
w
ie

Hence, the smallest value of k is 2.

ve

y
ev

op
ni

b f( x ) = 5 − ( x − 2)2 (6, –11)

R

Step 1: Write the function as y = y = 5 − ( x − 2)2

ge

w
ie
id

Step 2: Interchange the x and y variables. x = 5 − ( y − 2)2

ev
br
am

( y − 2)2 = 5 − x
-R

Step 3: Rearrange to make y the subject.

y−2 = 5−x
-C

y =2+ 5−x
es
y

Pr
op

Hence, f −1( x ) = 2 + 5 − x .
ity
C

The domain of f −1 is the same as the range of f .

rs
w

Hence, the domain of f −1 is −11 < x < 5 .

ie

ve

The range of f −1 is the same as the domain of f .

ev

op
ni
R

Hence, the range of f −1 is 2 < f −1 ( x ) < 6.

C
e

w
g

ie
id

ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es

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 ity
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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 1

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
ge
EXERCISE 2C

w
ie
id
1 Find an expression for f −1( x ) for each of the following functions.

ev
br
a f( x ) = 5x − 8 for x ∈ ℝ
am b f( x ) = x 2 + 3 for x ∈ ℝ , x > 0

-R
8
c f( x ) = ( x − 5)2 + 3 for x ∈ ℝ , x > 5 d f( x ) = for x ∈ ℝ , x ≠ 3
x−3
-C

s
x+7

es
e f( x ) = for x ∈ ℝ , x ≠ −2 f f( x ) = ( x − 2)3 − 1 for x ∈ ℝ , x > 2
x+2
y

Pr
op

2 f : x ֏ x 2 + 4x for x ∈ ℝ, x > −2

ity
C

a State the domain and range of f −1.

rs
w

b Find an expression for f −1( x ) .

ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni
5
3 f:x֏ for x ∈ ℝ, x > 2
R

2x + 1

C
a Find an expression for f −1( x ).
ge

w
b Find the domain of f −1.

ie
id

ev
br

4 f : x ֏ ( x + 1)3 − 4 for x ∈ ℝ, x > 0

am

-R
a Find an expression for f −1( x ) .
-C

b Find the domain of f −1.

es
y

Pr
op

46 5 g : x ֏ 2 x 2 − 8x + 10 for x ∈ ℝ, x > 3
ity
C

a Explain why g has an inverse.

rs
w

b Find an expression for g −1( x ).

ie

ve

y
ev

f : x ֏ 2 x 2 + 12 x − 14 for x ∈ ℝ, x > k
op
ni

6
R

a Find the least value of k for which f is one-one.

ge

b Find an expression for f −1( x ).

w
ie
id

ev
br

7 f : x ֏ x 2 − 6x for x ∈ ℝ
am

-R

a Find the range of f.

-C

b State, with a reason, whether f has an inverse.

s
es

f( x ) = 9 − ( x − 3)2 for x ∈ ℝ, k < x < 7

y

8
Pr
op

a State the smallest value of k for which f has an inverse.

ity
C

b For this value of k:

rs
w

find an expression for f −1( x )

ie

ve

i
y
ev

state the domain and range of f −1.

op
ni

ii
R

C
e

w
g

ie
id

ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es

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 ity
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Chapter 2: Functions

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
9 y
5x – 1

ge
y=

w
x

ie
id

ev
br
am O x

-R
-C

s
5x − 1

es
The diagram shows the graph of y = f −1( x ) , where f −1( x ) = for x ∈ ℝ, 0 , x < 3.
y

Pr
op

a Find an expression for f( x ).

ity
C

b State the domain of f.

rs
w

10 f( x ) = 3x + a for x ∈ ℝ g( x ) = b − 5x for x ∈ ℝ
ie

ve

y
Given that gf( −1) = 2 and g −1(7) = 1, find the value of a and the value of b.
ev

op
ni
R

3
11 f( x ) = 3x − 1 for x ∈ ℝ g( x ) =

C
for x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 2
2x − 4
ge

w
a Find expressions for f −1( x ) and g −1( x ).

ie
id

b Show that the equation f −1( x ) = g −1( x ) has two real roots.

ev
br
am

-R
12 f : x ֏ (2 x − 1)3 − 3 for x ∈ ℝ, 1 < x < 3
a Find an expression for f −1( x ) .
-C

s
es

b Find the domain of f −1.

y

Pr
op

47
13 f : x ֏ x 2 − 10 x for x ∈ ℝ, x > 5
ity
C

a Express f( x ) in the form ( x − a )2 − b.

rs
w

b Find an expression for f −1( x ) and state the domain of f −1.

ie

ve

y
1
ev

14 f( x ) = for x ∈ ℝ , x ≠ 1
op
ni

x −1
R

a Find an expression for f −1( x ).

C
ge

b Show that if f( x ) = f −1( x ) , then x 2 − x − 1 = 0 .

ie
id

c Find the values of x for which f( x ) = f −1( x ) .

ev
br

Give your answer in surd form.

am

-R

15 Determine which of the following functions are self-inverse functions.

-C

1 2x + 1
es

a f( x ) = for x ∈ ℝ , x ≠ 3 b f( x ) = for x ∈ ℝ , x ≠ 2
3−x x−2
y

Pr

3x + 5
op

3
c f( x ) = for x ∈ ℝ , x ≠
4x − 3 4
ity
C

16 f : x ֏ 3x − 5 for x ∈ ℝ g : x ֏ 4 − 2 x for x ∈ ℝ
rs
w

a Find an expression for (fg) −1( x ).

ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni

b Find expressions for:

R

f −1 g −1( x ) g −1 f −1( x ) .
C

i ii
e

c Comment on your results in part b.

g

ie
id

Investigate if this is true for other functions.

ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es

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 ity
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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 1

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
2.4 The graph of a function and its inverse

ge

w
Consider the function defined by f( x ) = 2 x + 1 for x ∈ ℝ , −4 < x < 2 .

ie
id

ev
f( −4) = −7 and f(2) = 5.

br
am

-R
The domain of f is −4 < x < 2 and the range is −7 < f( x ) < 5. y (2, 5)
y=x
x −1
-C

The inverse of this function is f −1( x ) = .

s
2

es
(5, 2)
The domain of f −1 is the same as the range of f.
y

Pr
O
op

Hence, the domain of f −1 is −7 < x < 5. x

ity
C

f–1
The range of f −1 is the same as the domain of f.

rs
w

(–7, –4)
f
Hence, the range of f −1 is −4 < f −1( x ) < 2.
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni

The representation of f and f −1 on the same graph can be seen in the diagram opposite.
(–4, –7)
R

C
It is important to note that the graphs of f and f −1 are reflections of each other in the line
ge

w
y = x. This is true for each one-one function and its inverse functions.

ie
id

ev
br

KEY POINT 2.5

am

-R
The graphs of f and f −1 are reflections of each other in the line y = x.
-C

This is because ff −1( x ) = x = f −1 f( x )

s
es

When a function f is self-inverse, the graph of f will be symmetrical about the line y = x.
y

Pr
op

48
ity
C

WORKED EXAMPLE 2.9

rs
w
ie

ve

f( x ) = ( x − 1)2 − 2 for x ∈ ℝ, 1 < x < 4

y
ev

op
ni

On the same axes, draw the graph of f and the graph of f −1.
R

C
ge

Answer
w
ie

The circled part of the expression is a square so it

id

y = ( x − 1)2 − 2
ev
br

will always be > 0. The smallest value it can be is 0.

When x = 4, y = 7.
This occurs when x = 1. The vertex is at the
am

-R

The function is one-one, so the inverse function exists.

point (1, −2) .
-C

s
es

y y
y=x
y

8 8
Pr
op

f f
ity
C

6 6
rs
w

Reflect f in y = x f –1
ie

4 4
ve

y
ev

op
ni

2 2
R

C
e

w
g

–2 O 2 4 6 8 x –2 O 2 4 6 8 x
ie
id

ev
br

–2 –2
am

-R
-C

s
es

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 ity
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Chapter 2: Functions

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
ge
WORKED EXAMPLE 2.10

w
ie
id
2x + 7

ev
br
f:x֏ for x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 2
x−2
am

-R
a Find an expression for f −1( x ) .
-C

b State what your answer to part a tells you about the symmetry of the graph of y = f( x ).

s
es
y

Pr
Answer
op

2x + 7
a f :x֏

ity
C

x−2

rs
w

2x + 7
Step 1: Write the function as y = y=
ie

ve
x−2

y
ev

op
ni

2y + 7
x=
R

Step 2: Interchange the x and y variables.

y−2

C
ge

w
Step 3: Rearrange to make y the subject. xy − 2 x = 2 y + 7

ie
id

y( x − 2) = 2 x + 7

ev
br

2x + 7
am

y=
-R
x−2
-C

2x + 7
es

Hence f −1( x ) = .
x−2
y

Pr
op

49
b f −1( x ) = f( x ) , so the function f is self-inverse.
ity
C

rs

The graph of y = f( x ) is symmetrical about the line y = x.

w
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni

EXPLORE 2.3
R

C
ge

y y
g–1
ie
id

f y=x
y=x
ev
br

g
am

-R

f–1
-C

s
es
y

Pr

O x O x
op

ity
C

Ali states that:

The diagrams show the functions f and g, together with their inverse functions f −1 and g−1.
rs
w
ie

ve

Is Ali correct?
y
ev

op
ni

Explain your answer.

R

C
e

w
g

ie
id

ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es

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 ity
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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 1

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
ge
EXERCISE 2D

w
ie
id
1 On a copy of each grid, draw the graph of f −1( x ) if it exists.

ev
br
a am y b y

-R
6 6

f
-C

4 4

s
es
2 f 2
y

Pr
op

–6 –4 –2 O 2 4 6 x –6 –4 –2 O 2 4 6 x

ity
C

–2 –2

rs
w
ie

ve
–4 –4

y
ev

op
ni

–6 –6
R

C
ge

c y d y

w
6 6

ie
id

ev
br

5 5
am

-R
4 4 f
-C

3 3
s

f
es

2 2
y

Pr
op

50
1 1
ity
C

O x O x
rs
w

1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
ie

ve

y
ev

2 f : x ֏ 2 x − 1 for x ∈ ℝ, −1 < x < 3

op
ni
R

a Find an expression for f −1( x ).

C
ge

b State the domain and range of f −1.

w
ie
id

c Sketch, on the same diagram, the graphs of y = f( x ) and y = f −1( x ) , making clear the relationship
ev
br

between the graphs.

am

-R

4 y
3 The diagram shows the graph of y = f( x ) , where f( x ) = for x ∈ ℝ, x > 0.
x+2
-C

a State the range of f .

es

b Find an expression for f −1( x ) .

y

Pr
op

c State the domain and range of f −1.

ity
C

f
d On a copy of the diagram, sketch the graph of y = f −1( x ) , making clear the
rs
w

relationship between the graphs. O x

ie

ve

y
ev

4 For each of the following functions, find an expression for f −1( x ) and, hence, decide if the graph of y = f( x )
op
ni

is symmetrical about the line y = x.

R

x+5 1 2x − 3
e

a f( x ) = for x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ b f( x ) = for x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 5
w

2x − 1 2 x−5
g

ie
id

3x − 1 3 4x + 5 4
c f( x ) = for x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ d f( x ) = for x ∈ ℝ, x ≠
ev
br

2x − 3 2 3x − 4 3
am

-R
-C

s
es

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 ity
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Chapter 2: Functions

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
x+a 1

ge
P 5 a f( x ) = for x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ , where a and b are constants.

w
bx − 1 b

ie
id
Prove that this function is self-inverse.

ev
ax + b

br
d
b g( x ) = for x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ − , where a, b, c and d are constants.
cx + d c
am

-R
Find the condition for this function to be self-inverse.
-C

s
es
2.5 Transformations of functions
y

Pr
op

At IGCSE / O Level you met various transformations that can be applied to two-dimensional
shapes. These included translations, reflections, rotations and enlargements. In this section

ity
C

you will learn how translations, reflections and stretches (and combinations of these) can be

rs
w

used to transform the graph of a function.

ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni

EXPLORE 2.4
R

C
ge

w
1 a Use graphing software to draw the graphs of y = x 2, y = x 2 + 2 and y = x 2 − 3.

ie
id

Discuss your observations with your classmates and explain how the second and third graphs could be

ev
br

obtained from the first graph.

am

-R
b Repeat part a using the graphs y = x, y = x + 1 and y = x − 2.
-C

12 12 12
s

c Repeat part a using the graphs y = ,y= + 5 and y = − 4.

es

x x x
y

d Can you generalise your results?

Pr
op

51
2 a Use graphing software to draw the graphs of y = x 2, y = ( x + 2)2 and y = ( x − 5)2 .
ity
C

Discuss your observations with your classmates and explain how the second and third graphs could be
rs
w

obtained from the first graph.

ie

ve

b Repeat part a using the graphs y = x 3, y = ( x + 1)3 and y = ( x − 4)3 .

y
ev

op
ni

c Can you generalise your results?

R

3 a Use graphing software to draw the graphs of y = x 2 and y = − x 2 .

ge

Discuss your observations with your classmates and explain how the second graph could be obtained from
ie
id

the first graph.

ev
br

b Repeat part a using the graphs y = x 3 and y = − x 3.

am

-R

c Repeat part a using the graphs y = 2 x and y = −2 x .

-C

d Can you generalise your results?

s
es

4 a Use graphing software to draw the graphs of y = 5 + x and y = 5 − x.

y

Pr

Discuss your observations with your classmates and explain how the second graph could be obtained from
op

the first graph.

ity
C

b Repeat part a using the graphs y = 2 + x and y = 2 − x.

rs
w

c Can you generalise your results?

ie

ve

5 a Use graphing software to draw the graphs of y = x 2 and y = 2 x 2 and y = (2 x )2.

y
ev

op
ni

Discuss your observations with your classmates and explain how the second graph could be obtained from
R

the first graph.

e

b Repeat part a using the graphs y = x , y = 2 x and y = 2x .

g

ie
id

c Repeat part a using the graphs y = 3 , y = 2 × 3 and y = 32 x .

x x
ev
br

d Can you generalise your results?

am

-R
-C

s
es

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 ity
rs
Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 1

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
Translations y

ge

w
12
The diagram shows the graphs of two functions that differ only by a constant.

ie
id
y = x2 – 2x + 4

ev
y = x − 2x + 1
2

br
10
am

-R
y = x2 − 2x + 4
8
-C

When the x-coordinates on the two graphs are the same ( x = x ) the

s
y = x2 – 2x + 1

es
y-coordinates differ by 3 ( y = y + 3). 6
y

Pr
op

This means that the two curves have exactly the same shape but that they are
4

ity
C

separated by 3 units in the positive y direction.

rs
w

Hence, the graph of y = x 2 − 2 x + 4 is a translation of the graph of y = x 2 − 2 x + 1 2 3

ie

ve
 0

y
ev

by the vector   .

op
ni

 3 O x
R

–2 2 4

C
ge

w
KEY POINT 2.6

ie
id

 0

ev
br

The graph of y = f( x ) + a is a translation of the graph y = f( x ) by the vector   .

 a
am

-R
-C

Now consider the two functions:

es

y = x2 − 2x + 1
y

Pr
op

52
y = ( x − 3)2 − 2( x − 3) + 1
ity
C

We obtain the second function by replacing x by x − 3 in the first function.

rs
w
ie

ve

The graphs of these two functions are:

y
ev

op
ni

y
R

8
ge

y = x2 – 2x + 1 y = (x – 3)2 – 2 (x – 3) + 1
ie
id

6
ev
br
am

-R

4
3
-C

s
es

2
y

Pr
op

ity

O
C

–2 2 4 6 x
rs
w

The curves have exactly the same shape but this time they are separated by 3 units in the
ie

ve

positive x-direction.
ev

op
ni
R

You may be surprised that the curve has moved in the positive x-direction. Note, however,
C

that a way of obtaining y = y is to have x = x − 3 or equivalently x = x + 3. This means

e

w
g

that the two curves are at the same height when the red curve is 3 units to the right of the
ie
id

blue curve.
ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es

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 ity
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Chapter 2: Functions

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
Hence, the graph of y = ( x − 3)2 − 2( x − 3) + 1 is a translation of the graph of

ge

w
 3

ie
id
y = x 2 − 2 x + 1 by the vector   .
 0

ev
br
am

-R
KEY POINT 2.7
-C

s
 a

es
The graph of y = f( x − a ) is a translation of the graph y = f( x ) by the vector   .
y

 0

Pr
op

ity
C

Combining these two results gives:

rs
w
ie

ve
KEY POINT 2.8

y
ev

op
ni
R

 a
U

C
The graph of y = f( x − a ) + b is a translation of the graph y = f( x ) by the vector   .
 b
ge

w
ie
id

ev
br

WORKED EXAMPLE 2.11

am

-R
The graph of y = x 2 + 5x is translated 2 units to the right. Find the equation of the resulting graph. Give your
-C

answer in the form y = ax 2 + bx + c.

es
y

Pr

Answer
op

53

y = x 2 + 5x
ity

Replace all occurrences of x by x − 2.

C

2
rs
w

y = ( x − 2) + 5( x − 2) Expand and simplify.

ie

ve

y = x2 + x − 6
y
ev

op
ni
R

WORKED EXAMPLE 2.12

ge

w
ie
id

 −5 
ev
br

The graph of y = 2 x is translated by the vector   . Find the equation of the resulting graph.
 3
am

-R

Answer
-C

y= 2x Replace x by x + 5 , and add 3 to the resulting function.

es

y= 2( x + 5) + 3
y

Pr
op

y= 2 x + 10 + 3
ity
C

rs
w
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni
R

C
e

w
g

ie
id

ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es

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 ity
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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 1

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
ge
EXERCISE 2E

w
ie
id
1 Find the equation of each graph after the given transformation.

ev
br
am  0

-R
a y = 2x2 after translation by  
 4
-C

 0

s
b y=5 x after translation by  

es
 −2 
y

Pr
op

 0
c y = 7x2 − 2x after translation by  
 1

ity
C

 0

rs
w

d y = x2 − 1 after translation by  
 2
ie

ve

y
ev

 −5 

op
ni
2
e y= after translation by  
R

x  0
U

C
 3
ge

x
y=

w
f after translation by  
x +1  0

ie
id

 −1 

ev
br

g y = x2 + x after translation by  
 0
am

-R
 2
-C

h y = 3x 2 − 2 after translation by  
s

 3
es
y

Pr

2 Find the translation that transforms the graph.

op

54
a y = x 2 + 5x − 2 to the graph y = x 2 + 5x + 2
ity
C

b y = x3 + 2x2 + 1 to the graph y = x 3 + 2 x 2 − 4

rs
w
ie

ve

c y = x 2 − 3x to the graph y = ( x + 1)2 − 3( x + 1)

y
ev

6 6
op
ni

d y=x+ to the graph y = x − 2 +

x x−2
R

e y = 2x + 5 to the graph y = 2 x + 3
ge

5 5
f y = 2 − 3x to the graph y = − 3x + 10
( x − 2)2
ie
id

x
ev
br

3 The diagram shows the graph of y = f( x ). y

am

-R

4
Sketch the graphs of each of the following functions. 3
-C

2 y = f(x)
s

a y = f( x ) − 4
es

1
y

b y = f ( x − 2) –4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4 x
Pr
op

–1
c y = f ( x + 1) − 5 –2
ity
C

–3
rs
w

–4
ie

ve

4 a On the same diagram, sketch the graphs of y = 2 x and y = 2 x + 2.

y
ev

op
ni

 0
R

y = 2 x can be transformed to y = 2 x + 2 by a translation of   .

U

b
C

 a
e

w
g

Find the value of a.

ie
id

 b
c y = 2 x can be transformed to y = 2 x + 2 by a translation of   .
ev
br

 0
am

-R

Find the value of b.

-C

s
es

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 ity
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Chapter 2: Functions

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
5 A cubic graph has equation y = ( x + 3 )( x − 2 )( x − 5 ).

ge

w
 2

ie
id
Write, in a similar form, the equation of the graph after a translation of   .
 0

ev
br
am  1

-R
6 The graph of y = x 2 − 4x + 1 is translated by the vector   . WEB LINK
 2
-C

Find, in the form y = ax 2 + bx + c, the equation of the resulting graph. Try the Between the

s
es
lines resource on
 2
y

the Underground

Pr
PS 7 The graph of y = ax 2 + bx + c is translated by the vector   .
op

 −5  Mathematics website.

ity
C

The resulting graph is y = 2 x 2 − 11x + 10 . Find the value of a, the value of b and

rs
w

the value of c.
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni

2.6 Reflections 6
R

C
The diagram shows the graphs of the two functions:
ge

y = x2 – 2x + 1

w
4
y = x2 − 2x + 1

ie
id

y = −( x 2 − 2 x + 1)

ev
2
br

When the x-coordinates on the two graphs are the same ( x = x ), the y-coordinates
am

-R
are negative of each other ( y = − y ). –2 O 2 4 x
-C

This means that, when the x-coordinates are the same, the red curve is the same –2
es

vertical distance from the x-axis as the blue curve but it is on the opposite side of the
y

Pr

y = –(x2 – 2x + 1)
op

–4 55
x-axis.
ity
C

Hence, the graph of y = −( x 2 − 2 x + 1) is a reflection of the graph of y = x 2 − 2 x + 1 –6

rs
w

in the x-axis.
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni

KEY POINT 2.9

R

The graph of y = −f( x ) is a reflection of the graph y = f( x ) in the x-axis.

ge

w
ie
id

Now consider the two functions:

ev
br

y = x2 − 2x + 1
am

-R

y = ( − x )2 − 2( − x ) + 1
-C

We obtain the second function by replacing x by −x in the first function.

s
es

The graphs of these two functions are demonstrated in the diagram.

y

Pr
op

y
ity
C

6
rs
w

5
ie

ve

4
y
ev

y = (–x)2 – 2(–x) + 1 y = x2 – 2x + 1
op
ni

3
R

2
C
e

1
w
g

ie
id

O x
–4 –2 2 4
ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es

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 ity
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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 1

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
The curves are at the same height ( y = y ) when x = − x or equivalently x = − x.

ge

w
This means that the heights of the two graphs are the same when the red graph has the

ie
id

ev
br
same horizontal displacement from the y-axis as the blue graph but is on the opposite side
of the y-axis.
am

-R
Hence, the graph of y = ( − x )2 − 2( − x ) + 1 is a reflection of the graph of y = x 2 − 2 x + 1 in
-C

s
the y-axis.

es
y

Pr
op

KEY POINT 2.10

ity
C

The graph of y = f( − x ) is a reflection of the graph y = f( x ) in the y-axis.

rs
w
ie

ve

y
ev

WORKED EXAMPLE 2.13

op
ni
R

C
The quadratic graph y = f( x ) has a minimum at the point (5, −7). Find the coordinates of the vertex and state
ge

w
whether it is a maximum or minimum of the graph for each of the following graphs.

ie
id

y = − f( x ) y = f( − x )

ev
br

a b
am

-R
Answer
-C

y = − f( x ) is a reflection of y = f( x ) in the x-axis.

s

a
es
y

The turning point is (5, 7). It is a maximum point.

Pr
op

56
b y = f( − x ) is a reflection of y = f( x ) in the y-axis.
ity
C

The turning point is ( −5, −7) . It is a minimum point.

rs
w
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni

EXERCISE 2F
R

C
ge

y
1 The diagram shows the graph of y = g( x ) .
w

4
ie
id

Sketch the graphs of each of the following functions. 3

ev
br

a y = −g( x ) b y = g( − x ) 2
am

-R

1 y = g(x)
-C

–4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4 x
s

–1
es

–2
y

Pr

–3
op

–4
ity
C

rs
w

2 Find the equation of each graph after the given transformation.

ie

ve

a y = 5x 2 after reflection in the x-axis.

y
ev

op
ni

b y = 2 x 4 after reflection in the y-axis.

R

c y = 2 x 2 − 3x + 1 after reflection in the y-axis.

e

w
g

d y = 5 + 2 x − 3x 2 after reflection in the x-axis.

ie
id

ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es

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 ity
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Chapter 2: Functions

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
3 Describe the transformation that maps the graph:

ge

w
a y = x 2 + 7 x − 3 onto the graph y = − x 2 − 7 x + 3

ie
id
b y = x 2 − 3x + 4 onto the graph y = x 2 + 3x + 4

ev
br
am
y = 2 x − 5x 2 onto the graph y = 5x 2 − 2 x

-R
c
d y = x 3 + 2 x 2 − 3x + 1 onto the graph y = − x 3 − 2 x 2 + 3x − 1.
-C

s
es
y

Pr
2.7 Stretches y
op

10
The diagram shows the graphs of the two functions:

ity
C

×2

rs
y = x2 − 2x − 3
w
ie

ve
y = 2( x 2 − 2 x − 3)

y
ev

op
ni

When the x-coordinates on the two graphs are the same ( x = x ), the
R

5 y = x 2 – 2x – 3

C
y-coordinate on the red graph is double the y-coordinate on the blue
ge

w
graph ( y = 2 y ).

ie
id

ev
This means that, when the x-coordinates are the same, the red curve is twice the
br

distance of the blue graph from the x-axis.

am

-R
–4 –2 O 2 4 6 x
Hence, the graph of y = 2( x 2 − 2 x − 3) is a stretch of the graph of
-C

y = x 2 − 2 x − 3 from the x-axis. We say that it has been stretched with stretch
es

factor 2 parallel to the y-axis.

y

Pr
op

57
Note: there are alternative ways of expressing this transformation: ×2
ity
C

–5
y = 2(x 2 – 2x – 3)
● a stretch with scale factor 2 with the line y = 0 invariant
rs
w

● a stretch with stretch factor 2 with the x-axis invariant

ie

ve

y
● a stretch with stretch factor 2 relative to the x-axis
ev

op
ni

● a vertical stretch with stretch factor 2.

R

C
ge

KEY POINT 2.11

ie
id

The graph of y = a f( x ) is a stretch of the graph y = f( x ) with stretch factor a parallel to the
ev
br

y-axis.
am

-R

Note: if a , 0, then y = a f( x ) can be considered to be a stretch of

-C

y = f( x ) with a negative scale factor or as a stretch with positive scale

es
y

factor followed by a reflection in the x-axis.

Pr
op

ity
C

rs
w
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni
R

C
e

w
g

ie
id

ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es

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 ity
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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 1

ve

y
op
ni
y = (2x)2 – 2(2x) – 3

C
y
Now consider the two functions:

ge

w
y = x2 − 2x − 3
×1 10

ie
id
2
y = (2 x ) − 2(2 x ) − 3
2

ev
br
am
We obtain the second function by replacing x by 2x in the first function.

-R
The two curves are at the same height ( y = y ) when x = 2 x or equivalently
-C

×1

s
1 2

es
x = x. 5 y = x2 – 2x – 3
2
y

Pr
op

This means that the heights of the two graphs are the same when the red graph

ity
has half the horizontal displacement from the y-axis as the blue graph.
C

rs
w

Hence, the graph of y = (2 x )2 − 2(2 x ) − 3 is a stretch of the graph of

ie

ve
y = x 2 − 2 x − 3 from the y-axis. We say that it has been stretched with stretch O

y
6 x
ev

–4 –2 2 4

op
ni
1
factor parallel to the x-axis.
R

C
ge

w
ie
id

–5

ev
br
am

-R
KEY POINT 2.12
-C

1
The graph of y = f( ax ) is a stretch of the graph y = f( x ) with stretch factor parallel to the
es

a
x-axis.
y

Pr
op

58
ity
C

WORKED EXAMPLE 2.14

rs
w
ie

ve

y
1 2
ev

The graph of y = 5 − x is stretched with stretch factor 4 parallel to the y-axis.

op
ni

2
R

Find the equation of the resulting graph.

ge

Answer
ie
id

1 2 A stretch parallel to the y-axis, factor 4, gives

ev
br

Let f( x ) = 5 − x
2 the function 4f( x ).
am

-R

4f( x ) = 20 − 2 x 2
-C

The equation of the resulting graph is y = 20 − 2 x 2.

es
y

Pr
op

WORKED EXAMPLE 2.15

ity
C

rs
w

Describe the single transformation that maps the graph of y = x 2 − 3x − 5 to the graph of y = 4x 2 − 6x − 5.
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni

Answer
R

Let f( x ) = x 2 − 3x − 5 Express 4x 2 − 6x − 5 in terms of f( x ).

C
e

4x 2 − 6x − 5 = (2 x )2 − 3(2 x ) − 5
w
g

ie

= f(2 x )
id

1
ev
br

The transformation is a stretch parallel to the x-axis with stretch factor .

2
am

-R
-C

s
es

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 ity
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Chapter 2: Functions

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
ge
EXERCISE 2G

w
ie
id
y
1 The diagram shows the graph of y = f( x ).

ev
br
6
am
Sketch the graphs of each of the following functions.

-R
4
a y = 3f( x )
-C

s
y = f(2 x )

es
b
6 x
y

–6 –4 –2 O 2 4

Pr
op

–2 y = f(x)

ity
C

–4

rs
w

–6
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni

2 Find the equation of each graph after the given transformation.

R

C
a y = 3x 2 after a stretch parallel to the y-axis with stretch factor 2.
ge

w
b y = x 3 − 1 after a stretch parallel to the y-axis with stretch factor 3.

ie
id

ev
y = 2 x + 4 after a stretch parallel to the y-axis with stretch factor .
br

c
2
am

-R
d y = 2 x 2 − 8x + 10 after a stretch parallel to the x-axis with stretch factor 2.
1
-C

e y = 6x 3 − 36x after a stretch parallel to the x-axis with stretch factor .

s

3
es

3 Describe the single transformation that maps the graph:

y

Pr
op

59
a y = x 2 + 2 x − 5 onto the graph y = 4x 2 + 4x − 5
ity
C

b y = x 2 − 3x + 2 onto the graph y = 3x 2 − 9x + 6

rs
w

c y = 2 x + 1 onto the graph y = 2 x + 1 + 2

ie

ve

y
ev

d y= x − 6 onto the graph y = 3x − 6

op
ni
R

C
ge

2.8 Combined transformations

w
ie
id

In this section you will learn how to apply simple combinations of transformations.
ev
br

The transformations of the graph of y = f( x ) that you have studied so far can each be
am

-R

categorised as either vertical or horizontal transformations.

-C

Vertical transformations Horizontal transformations

es

 0  −a 
y

y = f( x ) + a y = f( x + a )
Pr

translation   translation  
op

 a  0
ity
C

y = −f( x ) reflection in the x-axis y = f( − x ) reflection in the y-axis

rs
w

y = f( ax ) 1
y = a f( x ) vertical stretch, factor a horizontal stretch, factor
ie

ve

a
y
ev

op
ni

When combining transformations care must be taken with the order in which the
R

transformations are applied.

e

w
g

ie
id

ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es

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 ity
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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 1

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
ge
EXPLORE 2.5

w
ie
id
Apply the transformations in the given order to triangle T

ev
y

br
2
and for each question comment on whether the final images
am

-R
are the same or different.
1
-C

s
es
1 Combining two vertical transformations T
y

O 3 x

Pr
 0 1 2
op

1
a i Translate   , then stretch vertically with factor .
 3 2

ity
C

1  0

rs
w

ii Stretch vertically with factor, then translate   .

2  3
ie

ve

y
b Investigate for other pairs of vertical transformations.
ev

op
ni
R

2 Combining one vertical and one horizontal transformation

C
ge

 −2 

w
a i Reflect in the x-axis, then translate   .
 0

ie
id

ev
br

 −2 
ii Translate   , then reflect in the x-axis.
am

 0
-R
b Investigate for other pairs of transformations where one is vertical and the
-C

other is horizontal.
es
y

Pr

3 Combining two horizontal transformations

op

60
 2
ity

a i Stretch horizontally with factor 2, then translate   .

C

 0
rs
w

 2
ie

ve

ii Translate   , then stretch horizontally with factor 2.

 0
y
ev

op
ni

b Investigate for other pairs of horizontal transformations.

R

C
ge

From the Explore activity, you should have found that:

ie
id

ev
br

KEY POINT 2.13

am

-R

• When two vertical transformations or two horizontal transformations are combined, the order
-C

in which they are applied may affect the outcome.

s
es

• When one horizontal and one vertical transformation are combined, the order in which they
y

Pr

are applied does not affect the outcome.

op

ity
C

Combining two vertical transformations

rs
w

We will now consider how the graph of y = f( x ) is transformed to the graph y = a f( x ) + k.

ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni

This can be shown in a flow diagram as:

R

 0
e

stretch vertically, factor a translate  

w
g

f( x ) → → a f( x ) →  k → a f( x ) + k
ie
id

multiply function by a
add k to the function
ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es

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 ity
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Chapter 2: Functions

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
This leads to the important result:

ge

w
ie
id
KEY POINT 2.14

ev
br
Vertical transformations follow the ‘normal’ order of operations, as used in arithmetic.
am

-R
-C

s
Combining two horizontal transformations

es
Now consider how the graph of y = f( x ) is transformed to the graph y = f( bx + c ).
y

Pr
op

 −c  1

ity
C

translate   stretch horizontally, factor

f( x ) →  0 → f( x + c ) → b → f( bx + c )

rs
w

replace x with x + c replace x with bx

ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni
This leads to the important result:
R

C
ge

KEY POINT 2.15

w
ie
id

Horizontal transformations follow the opposite order to the ‘normal’ order of operations, as used in

ev
br

arithmetic.
am

-R
-C

WORKED EXAMPLE 2.16

s
es
y

The diagram shows the graph of y = f( x ) .

Pr

y
op

61
6
Sketch the graph of y = 2f( x ) − 3.
ity
C

4
rs
w

y = f(x)
ie

ve

2
y
ev

op
ni

6 x
R

O
U

–6 –4 –2 2 4
C

–2
ge

w
ie
id

–4
ev
br

–6
am

Answer
-R

y = 2f( x ) − 3 is a combination of two vertical transformations of y = f( x ) , y

-C

y = 2f(x)
s

hence the transformations follow the ‘normal’ order of operations. 6

es

Step 1: Sketch the graph y = 2f( x ):

y

4
Pr
op

Stretch y = f( x ) vertically with stretch factor 2 .

2
ity
C

rs
w

–6 –4 –2 O 2 4 6 x
ie

ve

–2
ev

op
ni
R

–4
C
e

–6
g

ie
id

ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es

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 ity
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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 1

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
Step 2: Sketch the graph y = 2f ( x ) − 3: y

ge

w
6
 
Translate y = 2f ( x ) by the vector  0  .

ie
id
 −3  4

ev
br
y = 2f(x) – 3
am

-R
2
-C

s
–6 –4 –2 O 2 4 6 x

es
–2
y

Pr
op

–4

ity
C

rs
w

–6
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni

WORKED EXAMPLE 2.17

R

C
ge

w
The diagram shows the graph of y = x 2 and its image, y = g( x ), after a combination

ie
id

of transformations.

ev
br

y
am

y = g(x)
-R
4
y = x2
-C

s
es

3
y

Pr
op

62
2
ity
C

rs

1
w
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni

O x
–2 –1 1 2 3
R

a Find two different ways of describing the combination of transformations.

ge

b Write down the equation of the graph y = g( x ).

ie
id

ev
br

Answer
am

-R

 4 1
a Translation of   followed by a horizontal stretch, stretch factor .
-C

 0 2
s
es
y

y
Pr
op

4
y = x2 y = g(x)
ity
C

3
rs
w
ie

ve

2
ev

op
ni
R

1
e

w
g

ie
id

–2 –1 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es

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 ity
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Chapter 2: Functions

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
OR

ge

w
1  2

ie
id
Horizontal stretch, factor , followed by a translation of   .
2  0

ev
br
am

-R
y
y = x2 y = g(x)
-C

s
es
y

Pr
op

ity
C

rs
w
ie

ve
1

y
ev

op
ni
R

O x

C
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
ge

w
ie
id

b Using the first combination of transformations:

TIP

ev
br

 4
Translation of   means ‘replace x by x − 4 ’. The same answer will
am

 0
-R
be obtained when
y = x2 becomes y = ( x − 4)2
-C

using the second

s

combination of
es

1
Horizontal stretch, factor means ‘replace x by 2x’.
transformations. You
y

2
Pr
op

may wish to check this 63

y = ( x − 4)2 becomes y = (2 x − 4)2
yourself.
ity
C

Hence, g( x ) = (2 x − 4)2.
rs
w
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni

EXERCISE 2H
R

C
ge

1 The diagram shows the graph of y = g( x ) . y

w

2
ie
id

Sketch the graph of each of the following. y = g(x)

1
ev
br

a y = g( x + 2) + 3 b y = 2g( x ) + 1
am

-R

–3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 x
c y = 2 − g( x ) d y = 2g( − x ) + 1 –1
-C

–2
y = −2g( x ) − 1 y = g(2 x ) + 3
s

e f
es

–3
g y = g(2 x − 6) h y = g( − x + 1)
y

Pr
op

ity
C

rs
w
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni
R

C
e

w
g

ie
id

ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es

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 ity
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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 1

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
2 The diagram shows the graph of y = f( x ). y

ge

w
2
Write down, in terms of f( x ), the equation of y = f(x)

ie
id
1
the graph of each of the following diagrams.

ev
br
x
am –4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3

-R
–1
–2
-C

s
es
a y b y c y
y

4 4 4

Pr
op

3 3 3

ity
C

2 2 2
1 1 1

rs
w
ie

ve
–4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4 x –4 –3 –2 –1–1O 1 2 3 4 x –4 –3 –2 –1–1O 1 2 3 4 x

y
–1
ev

op
ni
–2 –2 –2
R

–3 –3 –3

C
–4 –4
ge

–4

w
ie
id

3 Given that y = x 2 , find the image of the curve y = x 2 after each of the following

ev
br

combinations of transformations.
am

-R
 1
a a stretch in the y-direction with factor 3 followed by a translation by the vector  
-C

 0
s
es

 1
y

b a translation by the vector   followed by a stretch in the y-direction with

Pr
op

64
 0
factor 3
ity
C

rs
w

4 Find the equation of the image of the curve y = x 2 after each of the following
ie

ve

combinations of transformations and, in each case, sketch the graph of the

y
ev

resulting curve.
op
ni
R

a a stretch in the x-direction with factor 2 followed by a translation by the

C

 5
ge

vector  
 0
ie
id

 5
b a translation by the vector   followed by a stretch in the x-direction with
ev
br

 0
am

-R

factor 2
-C

c On a graph show the curve y = x 2 and each of your answers to parts a and b.
s
es

5 Given that f( x ) = x 2 + 1, find the image of y = f( x ) after each of the following

y

Pr
op

combinations of transformations.
 0
ity
C

a translation   followed by a stretch parallel to the y-axis with stretch factor 2

 −5 
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 2
y

b translation   followed by a reflection in the x-axis

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 0
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Chapter 2: Functions

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6 a The graph of y = g( x ) is reflected in the y-axis and then stretched with

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w
stretch factor 2 parallel to the y-axis. Write down the equation of the

ie
id
resulting graph.

ev
br
 2
b The graph of y = f( x ) is translated by the vector   and then reflected in
am

-R
 −3 
the x-axis. Write down the equation of the resulting graph.
-C

s
es
7 Determine the sequence of transformations that maps y = f( x ) to each of the
y

following functions.

Pr
op

1
a y = f (x) + 3 b y = −f( x ) + 2 c y = f(2 x − 6) d y = 2f( x ) − 8

ity
C

rs
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8 Determine the sequence of transformations that maps:

ie

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1
a the curve y = x 3 onto the curve y = ( x + 5)3

y
ev

op
ni

1
R

b the curve y = x 3 onto the curve y = − ( x + 1)3 − 2

C
2
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w
c the curve y = 3 x onto the curve y = −2 3 x − 3 + 4

ie
id

ev
br

9 Given that f( x ) = x , write down the equation of the image of f( x ) after:

am

 0
-R
a reflection in the x-axis, followed by translation   , followed by translation
 3
-C

 1
es

 0  , followed by a stretch parallel to the x-axis with stretch factor 2

y

Pr
op

65
 0
b translation   , followed by a stretch parallel to the x-axis with stretch
ity
C

 3
 1
rs
w

factor 2, followed by a reflection in the x-axis, followed by translation   .

 0
ie

ve

y
ev

10 Given that g( x ) = x 2 , write down the equation of the image of g( x ) after:

op
ni
R

 −4 
C

a translation   , followed by a reflection in the y-axis, followed by translation

ge

 0
w

 0
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id

 2  , followed by a stretch parallel to the y-axis with stretch factor 3

ev
br
am

-R

b a stretch parallel to the y-axis with stretch factor 3, followed by translation

 0  −4 
-C

 2  , followed by reflection in the y-axis, followed by translation  0  .

s
es
y

PS 11 Find two different ways of describing the combination of transformations that

Pr

WEB LINK
op

maps the graph of f( x ) = x onto the graph g( x ) = − x − 2 and sketch the

ity
C

graphs of y = f( x ) and y = g( x ). Try the Transformers

resource on the
rs
w

PS 12 Find two different ways of describing the sequence of transformations that maps Underground
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the graph of y = f( x ) onto the graph of y = f(2 x + 10) . Mathematics website.

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 1

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Checklist of learning and understanding

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Functions

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● A function is a rule that maps each x value to just one y value for a defined set of input values.
am

-R
● A function can be either one-one or many-one.
-C

s
● The set of input values for a function is called the domain of the function.

es
● The set of output values for a function is called the range (or image set) of the function.
y

Pr
op

Composite functions

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● fg( x ) means the function g acts on x first, then f acts on the result.

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w

● fg only exists if the range of g is contained within the domain of f.

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● In general, fg( x ) ≠ gf( x ).

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ev

op
ni

Inverse functions
R

C
● The inverse of a function f( x ) is the function that undoes what f( x ) has done.
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f f −1( x ) = f −1 f( x ) = x or if y = f( x ) then x = f −1( y )

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ie
id

● The inverse of the function f( x ) is written as f −1 ( x ).

ev
br

● The steps for finding the inverse function are:

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-R
Step 1: Write the function as y =
Step 2: Interchange the x and y variables.
-C

Step 3: Rearrange to make y the subject.

es

The domain of f −1 ( x ) is the range of f( x ).

y

●
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op

66
● The range of f −1 ( x ) is the domain of f( x ).
ity
C

● An inverse function f −1 ( x ) can exist if, and only if, the function f( x ) is one-one.
rs
w

● The graphs of f and f −1 are reflections of each other in the line y = x.

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● If f( x ) = f −1 ( x ), then the function f is called a self-inverse function.

y
ev

op
ni

● If f is self-inverse then ff( x ) = x.

R

● The graph of a self-inverse function has y = x as a line of symmetry.

ge

Transformations of functions
ie

 0
id

● The graph of y = f( x ) + a is a translation of y = f( x ) by the vector   .

ev
br

 a
am

 −a 
-R

● The graph of y = f( x + a ) is a translation of y = f( x ) by the vector .

 0 
 
-C

● The graph of y = − f( x ) is a reflection of the graph y = f( x ) in the x-axis.

es

● The graph of y = f( − x ) is a reflection of the graph y = f( x ) in the y-axis.

y

Pr
op

● The graph of y = a f( x ) is a stretch of y = f( x ), stretch factor a, parallel to the y-axis.

1
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● The graph of y = f( ax ) is a stretch of y = f( x ), stretch factor , parallel to the x-axis.

a
rs
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Combining transformations
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● When two vertical transformations or two horizontal transformations are combined, the order
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ev

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in which they are applied may affect the outcome.

R

● When one horizontal and one vertical transformation are combined, the order in which they are
C

applied does not affect the outcome.

e

w
g

● Vertical transformations follow the ‘normal’ order of operations, as used in arithmetic

ie
id

Horizontal transformations follow the opposite order to the ‘normal’ order of operations, as
ev
br

●
used in arithmetic.
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Chapter 2: Functions

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END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW EXERCISE 2

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id
1 Functions f and g are defined for x ∈ ℝ by:

ev
br
am f : x ֏ 3x − 1

-R
g : x ֏ 5x − x 2
-C

s
Express gf( x ) in the form a − b( x − c )2, where a, b and c are constants. [5]

es
y

Pr
y
op

ity
C

rs
w
ie

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O 3 x

y
ev

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ni
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C
The diagram shows a sketch of the curve with equation y = f( x ).
ge

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a Sketch the graph of y = − f  x  .
1
[3]

ie
id

2 

ev
br

b Describe fully a sequence of two transformations that maps the graph of y = f( x ) onto the
graph of y = f(3 − x ) .
am

[2]
-R
-C

3 A curve has equation y = x 2 + 6x + 8.

s
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a Sketch the curve, showing the coordinates of any axes crossing points. [2]
y

Pr

 2
op

67
b The curve is translated by the vector   , then stretched vertically with stretch factor 3.
 0
ity
C

Find the equation of the resulting curve, giving your answer in the form y = ax 2 + bx . [4]
rs
w
ie

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4 The function f : x ֏ x 2 − 2 is defined for the domain x > 0 .

y
ev

op
ni

a Find f −1( x ) and state the domain of f −1. [3]

R

−1
b On the same diagram, sketch the graphs of f and f . [3]
ge

w
ie

Express − x 2 + 6x − 5 in the form a ( x + b )2 + c, where a, b and c are constants.

id

5 i [3]
ev
br

The function f : x ֏ − x 2 + 6x − 5 is defined for x > m, where m is a constant.

am

-R

ii State the smallest possible value of m for which f is one-one. [1]

-C

−1 −1
s

iii For the case where m = 5, find an expression for f ( x ) and state the domain of f . [4]
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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 Paper 11 Q9 November 2015

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Pr
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6 The function f : x ֏ x 2 − 4x + k is defined for the domain x > p , where k and p are constants.
ity
C

i Express f( x ) in the form ( x + a )2 + b + k, where a and b are constants. [2]

rs
w
ie

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ii State the range of f in terms of k. [1]

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ev

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ni

iii State the smallest value of p for which f is one-one. [1]

R

iv For the value of p found in part iii, find an expression for f −1( x ) and state the domain of f −1,
e

giving your answer in terms of k. [4]

g

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id

Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 Paper 11 Q8 June 2012

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 1

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ge

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7 y

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br
am

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-C

s
O

es
y

Pr
op

ity
C

The diagram shows the function f defined for −1 < x < 4 , where

rs
w

 3x − 2 for − 1 < x < 1,

ie


ve
f( x ) =  4

y
ev

 5 − x for 1 < x < 4.

op
ni
R

C
i State the range of f . [1]
ge

w
ii Copy the diagram and on your copy sketch the graph of y = f −1( x ) . [2]

ie
id

iii Obtain expressions to define the function f −1, giving also the set of values for which each

ev
br

expression is valid. [6]

am

-R
Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 Paper 11 Q10 June 2014
-C

The function f is defined by f( x ) = 4x 2 − 24x + 11 , for x ∈ ℝ .

es

8
y

Pr

i Express f( x ) in the form a ( x − b )2 + c and hence state the coordinates of the vertex of the
op

68
graph of y = f( x ) . [4]
ity
C

The function g is defined by g( x ) = 4x 2 − 24x + 11 , for x < 1.

rs
w
ie

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ii State the range of g. [2]

y
ev

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ni

iii Find an expression for g −1( x ) and state the domain of g −1. [4]
R

Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 Paper 11 Q10 November 2012
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9 i Express 2 x 2 − 12 x + 13 in the form a ( x + b )2 + c , where a, b and c are constants. [3]

ie
id

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br

ii The function f is defined by f( x ) = 2 x − 12 x + 13 , for x > k , where k is a constant. It is given

2
am

that f is a one-one function. State the smallest possible value of k. [1]

-R

The value of k is now given to be 7.

-C

s
es

iii Find the range of f. [1]

y

Pr

iv Find the expression for f −1( x ) and state the domain of f −1.
op

[5]
Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 Paper 11 Q8 June 2013
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C

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10 i Express x 2 − 2 x − 15 in the form ( x + a )2 + b. [2]

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y
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The function f is defined for p < x < q, where p and q are positive constants, by
op
ni
R

f : x ֏ x 2 − 2 x − 15 .
C
e

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g

The range of f is given by c < f( x ) < d, where c and d are constants.

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ii State the smallest possible value of c. [1]

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Chapter 2: Functions

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id
For the case where c = 9 and d = 65,

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iii find p and q,
am [4]

-R
iv find an expression for f −1( x ). [3]
-C

s
Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 Paper 11 Q10 November 2014

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y

Pr
11 The function f is defined by f : x ֏ 2 x 2 − 12 x + 7 for x ∈ ℝ .
op

Express f( x ) in the form a ( x − b )2 − c.

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C

i [3]

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w

ii State the range of f . [1]

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iii Find the set of values of x for which f( x ) < 21. [3]

y
ev

op
ni

The function g is defined by g : x ֏ 2 x + k for x ∈ ℝ .

R

C
iv Find the value of the constant k for which the equation gf( x ) = 0 has two equal roots. [4]
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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 Paper 11 Q9 June 2010

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id

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br

12 Functions f and g are defined for x ∈ ℝ by

am

-R
f : x ֏ 2 x + 1,
-C

g : x ֏ x 2 − 2.
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es

i Find and simplify expressions for fg( x ) and gf( x ). [2]

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Pr
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69
ii Hence find the value of a for which fg( a ) = gf( a ). [3]
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C

iii Find the value of b ( b ≠ a ) for which g( b ) = b. [2]

rs
w

iv Find and simplify an expression for f −1g( x ) . [2]

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y
ev

The function h is defined by

op
ni
R

h : x ֏ x 2 − 2, for x < 0 .
ge

v Find an expression for h −1( x ) . [2]

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id

Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 Paper 11 Q11 June 2011
ev
br
am

-R

13 Functions f and g are defined by

f : x ֏ 2 x 2 − 8x + 10 for 0 < x < 2,
-C

s
es

g:x֏x for 0 < x < 10.

y

Pr
op

i Express f( x ) in the form a ( x + b )2 + c, where a, b and c are constants. [3]

ity
C

ii State the range of f. [1]

rs
w

iii State the domain of f −1. [1]

ie

ve

iv Sketch on the same diagram the graphs of y = f( x ), y = g( x ) and y = f −1( x ), making clear
y
ev

op
ni

the relationship between the graphs. [4]

R

v Find an expression for f −1( x ). [3]

e

w
g

Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 Paper 11 Q11 November 2011
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id

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Answers

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6 a ( 121 , −2 ) b k = − 4 or k = − 20 3 a y

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6

ie
7 a Proof b (6, 29)

id

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br
c k = 1, C = (2, 5) 4
am

-R
8 a Proof b (2, 1), (5, 7),
c 2,x,5
-C

s
es
9 a 25 − ( x − 5) 2
b (5, 25)
y

Pr
c x < 1 or x > 9
op

O x
2 4
3 5 ,  − , 5
1

ity
C

10 i ii k = 3 or 11 b each input does not have a unique output

 2 

rs
w

4 a domain: x ∈ R, − 1 < x < 5

11 i ( 2 21 , 2 21 ) ii m = −8, ( − 2, 16)
ie

ve
range: f( x ) ∈ R, − 8 < f( x ) < 8

y
ev

2( x − 1)2 − 1, (1, − 1) ii  − , 3 21

1

op
ni

12 i b domain: x ∈ R, − 3 < x < 2

 2 
R

range: f( x ) ∈ R, − 7 < f( x ) < 20

C
1
ge

iii y − 3 = − ( x − 2) 5 a f( x ) . 12 b − 13 < f( x ) < − 3

w
5

ie
id

c − 1 < f( x ) < 9 d 2 < f( x ) < 32

ev
br

1 3
2 Functions e < f( x ) < 16 f < f( x ) < 12
am

-R 32 2
Prerequisite knowledge 6 a f( x ) > − 2 b 3 < f( x ) < 28
-C

1 10 c f( x ) < 3 d − 5 < f( x ) < 7

es

7 a f( x ) > 5 b f( x ) > − 7
y

2 3 − 2x
Pr
op

289
c −17 < f( x ) < 8 d f( x ) > 1
x−4
f −1( x ) =
ity
C

3
5 8 a f( x ) > − 20 b f( x ) > −6 13
rs
w

4 2( x − 3)2 − 13
ie

ve

9 a f( x ) < 23 b f( x ) < 5
y
ev

op
ni

10 a y
Exercise 2A
R

6
C

1 a function, one-one b function, many-one

ge

c function, one-one d function, one-one

4
ie
id

e function, one-one f function, one-one

ev
br

g function, one-one h not a function

am

2
-R

2 a y
-C

10
s
es

O x
2 4
y

8
Pr
op

–2
ity
C

6 b − 1 < f( x ) < 5
rs
w

11 f( x ) > k − 9
ie

ve

4
a2
y

g( x ) < +5
ev

12
op
ni

8
2
R

13 a=2
C
e

14 a = 1 or a = − 5
w
g

O 4 x
ie

–4 –2 2
id

2
15 a 2( x − 2 ) − 3 b k=4
ev
br

b Many-one
c x ∈ R, −3 < x < 5
am

-R
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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 1

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16 a domain: x ∈ R c RR( x ), domain is x ∈ R, x ≠ 0,

ge
range is f( x ) ∈ R, f( x ) ≠ 0

w
range: f( x ) ∈ R

ie
id
b domain: x ∈ R d QPR( x ), domain is x ∈ R, x ≠ 0,

ev
br
range: f( x ) ∈ R, f( x ) > 2
am range is f( x ) ∈ R, f( x ) . 1

-R
c domain: x ∈ R e RQQ( x ), domain is x ∈ R, x ≠ − 4,
range: f( x ) ∈ R, f( x ) . 0 range is f( x ) ∈ R, f( x ) ≠ 0
-C

s
d domain: x ∈ R, x ≠ 0, f PS( x ), domain is x ∈ R, x > − 1,

es
range: f( x ) ∈ R, f( x ) ≠ 0 range is f( x ) ∈ R, f( x ) > − 1
y

Pr
op

e domain: x ∈ R, x ≠ 2, g SP( x ), domain is x ∈ R, x > − 1,

range: f( x ) ∈ R, f( x ) ≠ 0

ity
range is f( x ) ∈ R, f( x ) > −1
C

f domain: x ∈ R, x > 3,
rs
w

range: f( x ) ∈ R, f( x ) > − 2 Exercise 2C

ie

ve

y
x+8
ev

a f −1( x ) = b f −1( x ) = x−3

op
ni
1
Exercise 2B 5
R

C
1 a 7 b 3 c 231 3x + 8
c f −1( x ) = 5 + x − 3 d f −1( x ) =
ge

w
2 a hk b kh c hh x
7 − 2x

ie
id

3 a a = 3, b = −12 b 5 79 e f −1( x ) = f f −1( x ) = 2 + 3 x + 1

ev
x −1
br

6
4 a − b −4 a Domain is x > − 4, range is f −1( x ) > − 2
am

-R2
x +1
1 b f −1( x ) = − 2 + x + 4
a (2 x + 5)2 − 2 b −4 21 or −
-C

5
s

2 5−x
es

1 3 a f −1( x ) = b x <1
or 3 21 2x
y

6
Pr
op

290 2 4 a f −1( x ) = − 1 + 3 x + 4 b x > −3

4
− or 0
ity
C

7 5 a g is one-one for x > 3, since vertex = ( 2, 2 )

3
rs

x−2
w

8 −9 b g −1( x ) = 2 +
ie

ve

x+2 2
y
ev

9 x + 32
op
ni

4x + 9 6 a −3 b f −1( x ) = − 3 +
R

10 a fg b gf c gg 2
C

7 a f( x ) > − 9
ge

d ff e gfg f fgf
w

b No inverse since it is not one-one

ie

Proof
id

11
8 a k=3
ev
br

12 ±4 b i f −1( x ) = 3 + 9 − x
am

-R

19
13 k>− ii Domain is x < 9, range is 3 < f −1( x ) < 7
2
-C

Proof 1
a f( x ) =
s

14 9 b Domain is x < 4 23
5−x
es

15 a 2( x + 1) − 10
2
b −1
y

10 a = 5, b = 12
Pr
op

16 a x < − 1 or x > 3 b ( x − 1)2 + 3 x + 1 −1 4x + 3

11 a f −1( x ) = , g (x) =
ity
C

c f( x ) > 3 3 2x
rs
w

17 a 4x 2 + 2 x − 6 b fg( x ) > −6 14 b Proof

ie

ve

1
a f −1( x ) =
(1 + 3 x + 3 )
y

2( x + 1) 12
ev

2
op
ni

18 a ff ( x ) = for x ∈ R, x ≠ − 3
x+3
R

b Domain is − 2 < x < 122

U

b Proof c −2 or 1
a f( x ) = ( x − 5)2 − 25
e

13
w

a PQ( x ), domain is x ∈ R,
g

19
b f −1( x ) = 5 + x + 25 , domain is x > − 25
ie
id

range is f( x ) ∈ R, f( x ) > − 1
ev
br

b QP( x ), domain is x ∈ R,
am

-R

range is f( x ) ∈ R, f( x ) > 1
-C

s
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Answers

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x +1 c y

ge
14 a f −1( x ) = b Proof y=x

w
x 6

ie
id
1± 5 5

ev
br
c
2 4
f–1
am

-R
15 b and c 3
7−x
-C

s
16 a
6

es
1
14 − x 7−x f
y

Pr
b i ii
op

6 6 O
1 2 3 4 5 6 x

ity
C

c (fg)−1( x ) = g−1 f −1( x ) d f −1 does not exist since f is not one-one

rs
w

x +1
2 a f −1( x ) =
ie

ve
Exercise 2D 2

y
ev

b Domain is − 3 < x < 5, range is − 1 < x < 3

op
ni
1 a y
R

6
c y

C
f –1 y=x
ge

w
y=x
4

ie
id

f
4

ev
br

f
2
am

-R
2 f –1
-C

O x
s

–6 –4 –2 2 4 6
es

–4 –2 O 2 4 6 x
–2
y

Pr
op

291
–2
ity
C

–4
rs
w

–4
–6
ie

ve

4 − 2x
y
b f −1( x ) =
ev

3 a 0 , f( x ) < 2
op
ni

x
R

b y −1
c Domain is 0 , x < 2, range is f ( x ) > 0
C

6
ge

y
y=x d f –1
w

y=x
ie
id

4
f
ev
br
am

-R

2
f
-C

O x
es

–6 –4 –2 O 2 4 6 x
y

4 a Symmetrical about y = x
Pr
op

–2
f –1 b Not symmetrical about y = x
ity
C

–4
c Symmetrical about y = x
rs
w

d Symmetrical about y = x
ie

ve

b d = −a
y

–6 5 a Proof
ev

op
ni
R

C
e

w
g

ie
id

ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 1

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
Exercise 2E 4 a y

ge

w
1 a y = 2x2 + 4 b y =5 x −2 4

ie
id
3
c y = 7x2 − 2x + 1 d y = x2 + 1

ev
br
2
2am x−3

-R
e y= f y= 1
x+5 x−2
-C

–4 –2 O 2 4 x

s
g y = ( x + 1)2 + x + 1 h y = 3( x − 2)2 + 1 –1

es
–2
 0  0
y

Pr
2 a Translation   b Translation  
op

–3
 4  −5 
–4

ity
C

 −1  2
b a=2 c b = −1
rs
w

c Translation   d Translation  
 0  0
ie

ve
5 y = ( x + 1)( x − 4)( x − 7)

y
ev

 1  2

op
ni

e Translation   f Translation   6 y = x 2 − 6x + 8
R

 0  4

C
7 a = 2, b = − 3, c = 1
ge

3 a y

w
4

ie
id

ev
Exercise 2F
br

2
am

-R
1 a
1 y
4
-C

–4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4 x
3
–1
es

2
y

–2
Pr
op

292
–3 1
ity
C

–4
–4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4 x
–1
rs
w

–2
ie

ve

y
b y
ev

–3
op
ni

4
–4
R

3
C
ge

2
w

b y
1
ie
id

4
ev
br

3
–4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4 x
–1
am

-R

2
–2
1
-C

–3
s

–4 –3 –2 –1 O
es

–4 1 2 3 4 x
–1
y

Pr

–2
op

y
c
4 –3
ity
C

3 –4
rs
w

2
ie

ve

1 2 a y = − 5x 2 b y = 2x 4
y
ev

op
ni

c y = 2 x 2 + 3x + 1 d y = 3x 2 − 2 x − 5
–4 –3 –2 –1 O 4 x
R

1 2 3
–1
C

3 a Reflection in the x-axis

e

–2
w

b Reflection in the y-axis

g

–3
ie
id

c Reflection in the x-axis

–4
ev
br

d Reflection in the x-axis

am

-R
-C

s
es

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Answers

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
Exercise 2G Exercise 2H

ge

w
1 a y 1 a y

ie
id
6 4

ev
br
am 3

-R
4 2
1
-C

s
2

es
–4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4 x
–1
y

Pr
op

O x –2
–6 –4 –2 2 4 6

ity
–3
C

–2 –4

rs
w
ie

ve

y
–4
ev

op
ni
b y
R

C
–6
3
ge

w
2

ie
id

b y 1

ev
br

6
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 O
am

-R 1 2 3 4
–1
4 –2
-C

–3
es

2 –4
y

Pr
op

293

c
ity
C

O y
–6 –4 –2 2 4 6 x
4
rs
w

–2 3
ie

ve

y
2
ev

op
ni

–4 1
R

x
–4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4
ge

–6 –1
w
ie

–2
id

ev
br

–3
2 a y = 6x 2 b y = 3x 3 − 3 –4
am

-R

x −1 1
c y=2 +2 d y = x 2 − 4x + 10
2
-C

e y = 162 x 3 − 108x
es

d y
4
y

3 a Stretch parallel to the x-axis with stretch

Pr
op

1 3
factor 2
ity
C

2
b Stretch parallel to the y-axis with stretch 1
rs
w

factor 3
ie

ve

x
–4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4
y

–1
ev

c Stretch parallel to the y-axis with stretch

op
ni

factor 2 –2
R

–3
d Stretch parallel to the x-axis with stretch
e

–4
w

1
g

factor
ie
id

3
ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 1

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
y
e 1  1 2

ge
4 a y= ( x − 5)2 b y =  x − 5 

w
4
4  2 

ie
id
3
c y

ev
br
2
am y = x2 a b
1

-R
–4 –3 –2 –1 O x
-C

1 2 3 4

s
–1

es
–2
y

Pr
–3 O 5 10 x
op

–4
a y = 2x2 − 8 b y = − x 2 + 4x − 5

ity
C

5
a y = 2g( − x ) b y = 3 − f( x − 2)
rs
6
w

f y
ie

ve
4 7 a Stretch parallel to the y-axis with stretch

y
ev

3  0

op
ni
1
factor followed by a translation  
R

2
U

2  3

C
1
ge

b Reflection in the x-axis followed by a

w
ie
–4 –3 –2 –1 O
x  0
id

1 2 3 4
–1 translation  

ev
br

–2  2
am

-R
–3
 6
–4 c Translation   followed by a stretch parallel
-C

 0
s

1
es

to the x-axis with stretch factor

y

g y 2
Pr
op

294
4 d Stretch parallel to the y-axis with stretch
 0
ity

3
C

factor 2 followed by a translation  

2  −8 
rs
w

1  −5 
ie

ve

8 a Translation   followed by a stretch

y
ev

 0
op
ni

x
–4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4
–1
R

1
C

–2 parallel to the y-axis with stretch factor

2
ge

–3
 −1
ie
id

–4 b Translation   , stretch parallel to the

 0
ev
br

1
am

-R

h y y-axis with stretch factor , reflection in the

2
4
-C

 0
s

3 x-axis, translation  
es

2  −2 
y

Pr

 3
op

1
c Translation   , stretch parallel to the
 0
ity
C

x
–4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4
–1 y-axis with stretch factor 2, reflection in the
rs
w

–2
 0
ie

ve

x-axis, translation  
y

–3
ev

 4
op
ni

–4
R

1 1
C

9 a y=− x −1 + 3 b y=− ( x − 1) − 3
a y = 2f( − x ) b y = 2 − f( x )
e

2 2 2
w
g

y = 2f( x − 1) + 1 a y = 3[( − x + 4)2 + 2] = 3(4 − x )2 + 6

ie

c 10
id

ev
br

3 a y = 3( x − 1)2 b y = 3( x − 1)2 b y = 3[( −( x + 4))2 ] + 2 = 3( x + 4)2 + 2

am

-R
-C

s
es

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 ity
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Answers

ve

y
op
ni
U
 2

C
11 Translation   followed by reflection in the
4 a f −1 : x ֏ x + 2 for x > − 2

ge
 0

w
ie
b

id
y-axis or reflection in the y-axis followed by y=x
y

ev
br
f
 −2  4
translation  
am

-R
 0 3
f–1
2
-C

s
y = g(x) y = f(x) 1

es
y

O x

Pr
op

–2 2 4
–1

ity
C

–2
–2 O x –3

rs
w
ie

ve
 −10 

y
−( x − 3)2 + 4
ev

5 i ii 3

op
ni
12 Translation  followed by a stretch parallel
 0  −1
iii f ( x ) = 3 + 4 − x , domain is x < 0
R

C
1
( x − 2)2 − 4 + k
ge

to the x-axis with stretch factor or stretch 6 i

w
2
ii f( x ) > k − 4

ie
id

1
parallel to the x-axis with stretch factor

ev
iii p = 2
br

2
 −5  iv f −1( x ) = 2 + x + 4 − k , domain is x > k − 4
am

-R
followed by translation  
 0 7 i − 5 < f( x ) < 4
-C

y=x
es

ii y
End-of-chapter review exercise 2 f–1
y

Pr

2
− 9 x − 
op

25 7 295
1
4  6 f
ity
C

2 a y
rs
w

O x
ie

ve

y
ev

op
ni

O 6 x
R

–2
ge

 −3  1
ie
id

b Translation   followed by a reflection in  ( x + 2 ) for − 5 < x < 1

3
ev

 0
br

iii f −1( x ) = 
5− 4
am

-R

the y-axis or reflection in the y-axis followed for 1 , x < 4

 x
 3
-C

by translation   4( x − 3)2 − 25, vertex is (3, − 25)

s

8 i
 0
es

ii g( x ) > − 9
y

3 a y
Pr
op

1
iii g−1( x ) = 3 − x + 25 , domain is x > − 9
8 2
ity
C

2( x − 3)2 − 5
rs

9 i ii 3
w
ie

ve

iii f( x ) > 27
y

–4 –2 O x
ev

x+5
op
ni

b y = 3x 2 + 6x iv f −1( x ) = 3 + , domain is x > 27

R

2
C

10 i ( x − 1)2 − 16 ii −16
e

w
g

iii p = 6, q = 10 iv f −1( x ) = 1 + x + 16
ie
id

ev
br
am

-R
-C

s
es

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 1

ve

y
op
ni
U

C
11 i 2( x − 3)2 − 11 ii f > − 11 11 a (5, 2) b 8 2

ge

w
iii − 1 , x , 7 iv k = 22 12 A( − 5, 5), B(7, 3), C( − 3, − 3)

ie
id

ev
fg( x ) = 2 x − 3, gf( x ) = 4x + 4x − 1

br
2 2
12 i
ii a = − 1
am iii b = 2 Exercise 3B

-R
1 1 1
iv ( x 2 − 3) v h −1( x ) = − x + 2 1 a , b Not collinear
-C

s
2 5 6

es
13 i 2( x − 2)2 + 2 ii 2 < f( x ) < 10 2 Proof
y

Pr
op

2 5
iii 2 < x < 10 3 − ,
5 2

ity
C

iv f( x ): half parabola from (0, 10) to (2, 2);

4 (7, − 1)
rs
w

g( x ): line through O at 45°;

ie

5
ve
f −1( x ): reflection of f( x ) in g( x ) 5 k=

y
ev

op
ni

1 k = 2 or k = 3
v f −1 ( x ) = 2 − ( x − 2) 6
R

C
(0, − 26)
ge

w
3 Coordinate geometry

ie
id

8 a 1 b 5
Prerequisite knowledge

ev
br

9 a = 10, b = 4
am

( −4 21 , −2 ), 13
1
-R
1
10 a b −2
2
-C

1
s

2 a − b 6 c a = 6 or a = − 4
es

6
y

2 11 a (6, 6) b a = − 4, b = 16, c = 11
Pr

b −5
op

296 3 a
3 c 4 145 d 100
ity
C

c 7 21
rs
w

4 a ( x − 4)2 − 21 b 4 − 21, 4 + 21 Exercise 3C

ie

ve

1 a y = 2x + 1 b y = − 3x − 1
y
ev

op
ni

Exercise 3A c 2x + 3 y = 1
R

1 a PQ = 5 5, QR = 4 5, PR = 3 5 , 2 a 2 y = 3x − 3 b 9x + 5 y = 2
ge

right-angled triangle c 2x − 3 y = 9
ie
id

b PQ = 197, QR = 146, PR = 3 5 , 3 a y = 3x + 4 b x + 2 y = −8
ev
br

not right angled

c x + 2y = 8 d 3x + 2 y = 18
am

-R

2 17 units2
4 a y = 2x + 2 b 5x + 3 y = 9
-C

3 a = 3 or a = − 9
s

c 7x + 3 y = −6
es

4 b = 3 or b = −5 54 5 (8, 2)
y

Pr
op

5 a = 2, b = − 1 3
6 a y= x+8 b (0, 8)
ity
C

2
6 a ( − 2, − 1) b ( − 1, 9)
rs
w

c 39
ie

ve

c 2 41, 2 101 2
7 a (6, 3) b y=− x+7
y
ev

3
op
ni

7 k=4
R

4
a y= x + 10 ( −7 21 , 0 ), (0, 10)
C

8 b
38 21 3
e

2
8 units
w
g

c 12 21
ie
id

9 k=2 9 a 2 y = 5x + 33 b 33
ev
br

( − 2, 6)
am

10
-R
-C

s
es

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