B.

TECH FIRST YEAR

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-2025

Course name: Engineering Chemistry

Course code : CHY 1001

lecture series no :
Credits : 4
Mode of delivery
Faculty :
Email-id :
Syllabus

Water treatment technology. Introduction, Characteristics imparted by impurities in

water, Hardness of water Degree of hardness. Determination of hardness by EDTA
method. Numerical. problems. Softening of hard water: External treatment by lime soda
process. Softening of hard water: Ion exchange method; Zeolite methods Softening of
hard water, internal treatment by phosphate, calgon condition and colloid conditioning.
Numerical problems based on lime soda process.

CY1001 - Dr. Susruta Samanta

Water Technology:
➢ Introduction
➢ Characteristics imparted by impurities in water
➢ Hardness of water
➢ Degree of hardness
Water is one of the abundant commodities in nature,
but is also the most misused one
Earth is a blue planet, 80% of our planet
is covered by water.

But, 97.5% of it is locked in the oceans,

which is too saline to drink and other
uses.

2.4% water is trapped in polar ice caps

and giant glaciers, from
which only 1% water is used by
human for various development,
industrial, agricultural and domestic
purposes.

4
 Domestic

80
70%
70
% of total water used

60
50
40
30 22%
20
8%
10
0
Agriculture Domestic Industry
Water uses

5
 Sources of water
Surface Water:
(i) Flowing water e.g. rivers and streams
In general river water contains dissolved minerals from soil such as chlorides,
sulphates, bicarbonates of sodium, calcium or magnesium, iron and organic
matters derived from decomposition of plants, small particles of sand and rocks
in suspensions.
(ii) Still waters e.g. lakes, ponds and reservoirs (Lowland surface
drainage) Lake water has more constant chemical composition.

Underground Water: water from shallow and deep spring and wells
Rainwater: It is probably the purest form of natural water
Sea Water: It is probably the most impure form of natural water
6
Types of Impurities Present in water
Dissolved impurities:
(a) Inorganic salts e.g.
(i) Cations: Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Fe+2, Al+3, Zn2+, Cu2+
(ii) Anions: Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, HCO3-, F-, NO2-
(b) Gases: CO2, O2, N2, NH3, H2S
(c) Organic matter

Suspended impurities:
(a) Inorganic e.g. clay and sand
(b) Organics e.g. oil globules, vegetable and animal matters

Colloidal impurities:
Clay and finely divided silica colloidal partials of 10-4 – 10-6 mm
size
Micro-organisms:
Bacteria, Fungi, algae and other forms of animal and vegetable
life
7
Effects of Impurities in natural water
➢ Colour
➢ Taste and odour
➢ Turbidity and sediments
➢ Micro-organisms
➢ Dissolved minerals matters

(a) hardness
(b) Alkalinity
(c) Total solids
(d) corrosion

➢ Dissolved gas
➢ Silica contents

8
 Hardness of water
Hardness of water is originally defined as the soap consuming capacity of a
water sample. The soap consuming capacity of water is mainly due to the
certain salt of calcium, magnesium and other heavy metals dissolved in it.

The soap is generally consisting of sodium salts of fatty acids such as Oleic
acid, Palmitic acid and stearic acid. Calcium and magnesium react with the
sodium salts of long chain fatty acid present in the soap to form insoluble
scums of calcium and magnesium soaps.

CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH Oleic acid

CH3(CH2)14CO2H. Palmitic acid
CH3(CH2)16CO2H stearic acid

9
 HARDNESS OF WATER
Hard water:

• Does not produce good lather or foam with soap.

• Consume more soap.
• Contains bicarbonates, chlorides and sulphates of calcium &
magnesium.

2 C17H35COONa + CaCl2 (C17H35COO)2Ca + NaCl

(Sodium stearate) (Insoluble)

2 C17H35COONa + MgSO4 (C17H35COO)2Mg + Na2SO4

(Sodium stearate) (Insoluble)

Other metal ions such as Fe2+, Mn2+, Al3+ also contributing to hardness,
but they are present in water only in traces
10
HARDNESS OF WATER

The hard water when treated with soap i.e. sodium

stearate, then no lather will be formed because
sodium stearate of soap reacts with salts of calcium
and magnesium giving insoluble Ca & Mg stearate.

11
SOFT WATER :

The soft water when treated with soap produces more lather and
consume less soap and this is due to the absence of dissolved
salts of Ca & Mg in water.

C17H35 COONa + H2O NaOH + 2C17H35 COOH

12
 Temporary hardness (carbonate hardness)
Temporary hardness is caused by the presence of dissolved
“bicarbonate of calcium and magnesium” and other heavy metal ions

Temporary hardness is mostly destroyed by boiling of water. During

boiling bicarbonate are decomposed in the insoluble carbonate and
hydroxide, which are deposited at the bottom of the vessel.

90 oC
Mg(HCO3)2 xMgCO3∙ yMg(OH)2∙zH2O + aMgO + bH2O + cCO2

Here, x,y,z, and a,b,c vary as per the decomposition conditions

Permanent hardness (non-carbonate hardness)

This is due the presence of “chlorides and sulphates” of calcium,

magnesium, iron and other heavy metal ions.

13
Salts producing hardness of water
(1) Temporary Hardness :

Calcium bicarbonate Ca(HCO3)2

Magnesium bicarbonate Mg(HCO3)2

(2) Permanent Hardness :

Calcium chloride CaCl2

Magnesium chloride MgCl2
Calcium sulphate CaSO4
Magnesium sulphate MgSO4
Mg(NO3)2

14
 Hardness is expressed in terms of equivalent of calcium
carbonate because it is the most insoluble salt that can be
precipitated in water treatment.

Mass of hardness producing substances x 50

Equivalent of CaCO3 =
Chemical equivalent of hardness producing substances

Hardness of soluble salt equivalent to CaCO3 = W x 100

Mol. [Link] soluble

15
Dissolved Molar Chemical Multiplication factor for
salt Mass equivalent converting into equivalent
(g/mol) of CaCO3
Ca(HCO3)2 162 81 100/162
Mg(HCO3)2 146 73 100/146
CaSO4 136 68 100/136
CaCl2 111 55.5 100/111
MgSO4 120 60 100/120
MgCl2 95 47.5 100/95
MgCO3 84 42 100/84

16
 Units of Hardness:

ppm
mg/L
Degree Clarke (oCl)
Degree French (oFr)

A Clark degree (°Clark) or English degrees (°e or e) is defined as one

grain (64.8 mg) of CaCO3 per Imperial gallon (4.55 litres) of water,
equivalent to 14.254 ppm.

A French degree (°fH or °f) is defined as 10 mg/L CaCO3, equivalent to

10 ppm.

17
 Example – 1:
A water sample contains following dissolved salt
Ca(HCO3)2 = 8.1mg/lit. ; Mg(HCO3)2 = 29.2mg/lit
CaCl2 = 11.1mg/ lit.; MgSO4 = 6.0mg/ lit.
Find out temporary hardness, permanent hardness & total
hardness.
Hardness of soluble salt equivalent to CaCO3
= W x 100
Mol. [Link] soluble salt

Hardness due to Ca(HCO3)2 = 8.1 x 100 = 5mg/lit

162
Hardness due to Mg(HCO3)2 = 29.2 x 100 = 20mg/lit
146
18
Hardness due to CaCl2 = 11.1 x 100 =10mg/lit.
111
Hardness due to MgSO4 = 6.0 x 100 =5mg/lit
120
Temporary Hardness = Hardness due to Ca(HCO3)2 + Hardness due to Mg(HCO3)2
= 5 + 20 = 25 mg / lit.

Permanent Hardness = Hardness due to CaCl2 + Hardness due to MgSO4

= 10 + 5, = 15 mg / lit.

Total hardness = Temporary hardness + Permanent hardness

= 25 + 15, = 40 mg / lit.

19
 Practice Question
Calculate the temporary hardness and permanent
hardness of a sample of water containing: Mg(HCO3)2 =
7.3 mg/L; Ca(HCO3)2 = 16.2 mg/L; MgCl2 = 9.5 mg/L;
CaSO4 = 13.6 mg/L
Molecular weights:
Ca(HCO3)2 = 162; Mg(HCO3)2=146; CaSO4= 136; MgSO4 = 120;
MgCl2 = 95; Al2(SO4)3 = 114; Ca(NO3)2=164

20
 Practice Question

Three samples A, B and C were analyzed for their salts contents:

Sample A was found to contain 168 mg of magnesium carbonate per L
Sample B was found to contain 820 mg of calcium nitrate per L
Sample C was found to contain 2 g calcium carbonate per 500 ml

Determine the hardness in all above three sample in ppm

Molecular weights:
Ca(NO3)2 = 164; MgCO3=84; CaCO3= 100

21
Water Technology:

➢ Determination of hardness by EDTA method

➢ Numerical problems

22
Estimation of hardness:

Hardness is usually determined by : EDTA Method

23
 Determination of hardness By:
Complexometric Method / EDTA Method

Principle: The determination of hardness is carried out by titrating water

sample with Sodium salt of Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA)
using Eriochrome Black-T as an indicator and keeping the pH of the water
at 9.0 - 10.0. The end point is the change in colour from wine - red to blue,
when the EDTA solution complexes the calcium and magnesium salt
completely.

24
EDTA Method:- NaOOCH2C CH2COONa

N CH2 CH2 N
HOOCH2C CH2COOH

Hard water Structure of EDTA

+
EBT Indicator
+
10 pH buffer solution

Ca-EDTA complex

H
Ca/Mg
H
OO O
O
O O
NaO3S N N
NaO3S N N
NaO3S N N

O2N
O2N Ca/Mg-EBT complex
O2N

25
26
27
Various steps involved in this method

1. Standardization of EDTA solution:

Rinse and fill the burette with EDTA solution. Pipette out V1 ml of standard hard
water (M1) in a conical flask. Add 4-5 ml of buffer solution and 2 drops of EBT
indicator. Titrate with EDTA solution till wine-red colour changes to clear blue.
Let volume used by ‘V2’ ml.

M1.V1 = M2.V2 » M2 = (M1.V1)/V2

Where, M1 = Molarity of Standard Hard water,

V1 = Volume of Standard Hard water,
M2 = Molarity of EDTA,
V2 = Volume of EDTA

28
2. Determination of Total Hardness:

Rinse and fill the burette with EDTA solution. Pipette out sample water (V3) in a
conical flask. Add 4-5 ml of buffer solution and 2 drops indicator. Titrate with
EDTA solution till wine-red colour changes to clear blue. Let volume used by ‘V4’
ml.
M3.V3 = M4.V4 » M3 = (M2.V4)/V3

Where, M3 = Molarity of Sample Hard water,

V3 = Volume of Sample Hard water,
M4 = Molarity of EDTA = M2,
V4 = Volume of EDTA

Total Hardness = M3 × Molecular weight of CaCO3 (100) × One Litre (1000ml)

= M3 × 105 ppm

29
3. Determination of Permanent Hardness:

Take 100 ml of sample water in 250 ml beaker. Boil it to remove temporary hardness to
about half of its volume and cool to room temperature, filter through filter paper to remove
insoluble salts.

Make up the volume to the original 100ml by adding distilled water. Now Pipette out this
solution (V3 ml) in a conical flask. Add 4-5 ml of buffer solution and 2 drops indicator.
Titrate with EDTA solution till wine-red colour changes to clear blue. Let volume used by
‘V4’ ml.

M5.V5 = M6.V6 » M5 = (M6.V6)/V5

Where, M5 = Molarity of Permanent Hard water,
V5 = Volume of Permanent Hard water,
M6 = Molarity of EDTA = M2,
V6 = Volume of EDTA

Permanent Hardness = M5 × Molecular weight of CaCO3 (100) × One Litre (1000ml)

= M5 × 105 ppm

30
4. Determination of Temporary Hardness:

Temporary Hardness = Total Hardness - Permanent Hardness

31
Problem:

50 ml of standard hard water containing 1 gram of pure CaCO3 per

liter consumed 20 ml of EDTA. 50 ml of hard water consumed 25
ml of same EDTA solution and EBT indicator. Calculate the total
hardness of water sample in ppm.

32
33
Problem:

0.28 grams of CaCO3 were dissolved in HCl and the solution was
made up to one litre with distilled water. 100 ml of the above solution
required 28 ml of EDTA solution on titration. 100 ml of hard water
sample consumed 33 ml of same EDTA solution EBT indicator. 100
ml of this water after boiling cooling and filtering required 10 ml of
EDTA solution in titration. Calculate the permanent and temporary
hardness of water sample in ppm.

34
35
Water Technology:

➢ Softening of hard water: Internal treatment by phosphate and calgon

condition.
➢ Softening of hard water: External treatment by lime soda process.

36
 WATER SOFTENING
Removal of hardness
» Hardness is?...
primarily Ca, Mg, plus Fe, Mn, St, Al

How is Softening done?...

Precipitation of Ca and Mg, or

Ion exchange of Ca / Mg with ion such as Na

37
Hardness in 300-500 mg/L as CaCO3 range is considered
excessive and leads to:

• High soap consumption

• Scaling in heating vessels and pipes

Even > 150 mg/L may result in consumer objection

60-120 mg/L as CaCO3 is considered a moderate amount

38
 Lime-Soda process
In this process, all the soluble hardness-causing impurities are converted
into insoluble precipitates which may be removed by setting and filtration.
In the lime soda process, calculated amount of lime Ca(OH)2 and soda
Na2CO3 is added in the hard water. The soluble calcium and magnesium
salts in water are converted into insoluble compound such as calcium
carbonate and magnesium hydroxide which may removed by setting and
filtration.
(i) Lime removes the temporary hardness:
Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 + 2H₂O

Mg(HCO3)2 + 2Ca(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 + 2CaCO3 + 2H₂O

(ii) Lime removes the permanent magnesium hardness:

MgCl2 + Ca(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 + CaCl2

MgSO4 + Ca(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 + CaSO4

39
(iii) Lime removes the dissolved iron and aluminum salts:
FeSO4 + Ca(OH)2 Fe(OH)2 + CaSO4

Al2(SO4)3 + 3 Ca(OH)2 2 Al(OH)3 + 3 CaSO4

(iv) Lime removes free mineral acids:
CaCl2 + H2O
2 HCl + Ca(OH)2

H2SO4 + 3 Ca(OH)2 CaSO4 + H2O

(v) Lime removes dissolved CO2 and H2S:

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O

H2S + 3 Ca(OH)2 CaS + 2 H2O

(vi) Soda removes all calcium permanent hardness:

CaCl2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + NaCl

CaSO4 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + Na2SO4

40
41
Now the 100 parts by mass of CaCO3 are equivalent to :
(i) 74 part of Ca(OH)2 and
(ii) 106 parts of Na2CO3
Lime required for softening:

74 [ Temp. Ca2+ + 2×Temp. Mg2+ + Perm. (Mg2+ + Fe2+ + Al3+)

=
100 + CO2 + H+ (HCl or H2SO4) + HCO3-]

Soda required for softening:

106 [ Perm. (Ca2+ + Mg2+ + Fe2+ + Al3+) + CO2 + H+ (HCl or

=
100 H2SO4) - HCO3-]

42
Problem: Calculate the amount of lime (84% pure) required for treatment of 20000 litres of
water whose analysis is as follows:

Ca(HCO3)2 40.5 ppm CaSO4 34.0 ppm

Mg (HCO3)2 36.5 ppm CaCl2 27.75 ppm
MgSO4 30.0 ppm NaCl 10.0 ppm

Also calculate the temporary and permanent hardness of the water sample.

Solution: Salt CaCO3 equivalent

Ca(HCO3)2 40.5 x (100/162) = 25 ppm
Mg (HCO3)2 36.5 x (100/146) = 25 ppm
MgSO4 30.0 x (100/120) = 25ppm
CaSO4 34.0 x (100/136) = 25 ppm
CaCl2 27.75 x (100/111) = 25 ppm
NaCl Ignored as it does not contribute to
hardness

Temporary hardness = 25 + 25 = 50 ppm

Permanent hardness = 25 + 25 + 25 = 75 ppm

43
Lime required for softening:

74
= [ Temp. Ca2+ + 2×Temp. Mg2+ + Perm. (Mg2+ + Fe2+ + Al3+)
100 + CO + H+ (HCl or H SO ) + HCO -]
2 2 4 3

74 100 X 20000
= [ 25 + 2×25 + 25] x
100 84

= 1761.90 x 103 mg = 1.76 Kg

44
Cold lime soda process:

Calculated quantity of lime and soda are mixed with water at room
temperature, the precipitates formed are finely divided, so they do not settle
down easily. Therefore, It is essential to add small amounts of coagulants
(like alum, aluminum sulphate, sodium aluminates etc).

Use of sodium aluminate as coagulant also helps the removal of silica as well
as oil if present in water..

NaAlO2 + 2H2O NaOH + Al(OH)3

Al2(SO4)3 + 3Ca(HCO3)2 2Al(OH)3 + 3CaSO4 + 6CO2

45
 Continuous cold lime soda softener

Chemicals
Hard water
(soda+lime
feed
+coagulant)
feed
Softened
water
Wood fiber
filter

Stirrer
paddles

Sedimented sludge (CaCO3,

Mg(OH)2

46
Hot lime soda process:

Calculated quantity of lime and soda are mixed with

water at 800C.

Advantages of high temperature:

➢ The reaction proceeds faster.

➢ Softening capacity is increased.
➢ No coagulant needed as the precipitate and sludge formed settle
down rapidly.
➢ Much of the dissolved gases are driven out of water.
➢ Viscosity of soften water is lower, so filtration of water becomes
easier.
➢ This process produces water of comparatively low residual
hardness 15 to 30 ppm.
47
Continuous Hot Lime Soda Process

48
Advantages of lime soda process:

➢ It is very economical.

➢ If the process is combined with sedimentation/coagulation

lesser amounts of coagulants shall be needed.

➢ The process increases the pH of the treated water.

➢ In addition to the removal of hardness, the quantities of minerals

in the water are reduced.

➢ Due to alkaline nature of treated water amount of pathogenic

bacteria in water is considerably reduced.

49
Disadvantages of lime soda process:

➢ For efficient and economical softening, careful operation and

skilled supervision is required.

➢ Disposal of large amount of sludge poses a problem.

➢ This can remove hardness up to 15 ppm which is not good for

boilers.

50
Practice Problems

51
Problem: Calculate the amount of lime required for softening
50,000 litre of hard water containing CaCO3=25ppm;
MgCO3=144ppm; CaCl2=111ppm; MgCl2=95 ppm; Na2SO4= 15
ppm; Fe2O3 = 25 ppm.

Molecular weights:
Ca(HCO3)2 = 162; Mg(HCO3)2=146; CaSO4= 136; MgSO4 = 120; ;
MgCl2 = 95; MgCO3 = 84; CaCl2 = 111

52
Problem: Calculate the amount of lime and soda required for
softening 50,000 litre of hard water containing Ca(HCO3)2= 8.1
mg; Mg(HCO3)2 = 7.5 mg; CaSO4 = 13.6 mg; MgSO4 = 12.0
mg; MgCl2 = 2.0 mg; NaCl = 4.7 mg.
Molecular weights:
Ca(HCO3)2 = 162; Mg(HCO3)2=146; CaSO4= 136; MgSO4 = 120; ;
MgCl2 = 95

53
 Problem: Explain with chemical equation and calculate the amount
of lime and soda needed for softening 1,00,000 litrs of water
containing Following:
HCL = 7.3 mg/L; Al2(SO4)3 = 34.2 mg/L; MgCl2 = 9.5 mg/L;
NaCl = 29.25 mg/L
Purity of lime is 90% and that of the soda is 98%.

Molecular weights:
Ca(HCO3)2 = 162; Mg(HCO3)2=146; CaSO4= 136; MgSO4 = 120; ;
MgCl2 = 95; Al2(SO4)3 = 114

54
Problem: A water sample on analysis gave the following data:
Ca2+ = 30 mg/L; Mg2+ = 24 mg/L; CO2 = 24mg/L; K+ = 10 mg/L
Calculate the quantities of lime (90%) and soda (94%) required
to soften one million litres of water sample.

55
Problem: A water sample have the following impurities:
Ca2+ = 20ppm; Mg2+ = 18 ppm; HCO3- = 183 ppm; SO42- = 24 ppm.
Calculate the amount of lime and soda needed for softening.

56
Water Technology:

➢ Softening of hard water: Ion exchange method; Zeolite methods

57
 WATER SOFTENING
Ion exchange or deionization or demineralization
process: Ion-exchange resins are widely used in different separation,
purification, and decontamination processes. The most common examples are
water softening and water purification.
Ion-exchange resins are insoluble, cross linked, long chain organic polymer with
micro porous structure and the functional groups attached to the chains are
responsible for the ion exchange properties.

Cation Resin after

exchange Resin treatment

58
Resins containing acidic functional groups (-COOH, -SO3H) are capable of
exchanging their H+ ions with other cations which comes in their contacts, known as
a cation exchange resins (RH+).
e.g. styrene-divinyl benzene copolymer, which on sulphonation and carboxylation,
become capable to exchange their hydrogen ions with the cations (Metal ions) in the
water.

59
Resins containing basic functional groups (-NR3+OH-) are capable of exchanging
their anions with other anions which comes in their contacts, known as a Anion
exchange resins (ROH-).

They are styrene divinyl benzene or amine-formaldehyde copolymers which contains

quaternary ammonium or quaternary phosphonium or tertiary sulphonium
groups as an integral part of the resin matrix. These after treated with dil. NaOH
becomes capable of exchanging their OH- ions with anions of water.

60
Process:- The hard water is passed first through cation exchange column, which
remove all the cations from it and equivalent amount of hydrogen ions are released
from this column to water:

2RH+ + Ca2+ R2Ca2+ + 2H+

2RH+ + Mg2+ R2Mg2+ + 2H+

After cation exchange column the hard water is passed through anion exchange resin
column, which remove all the anions from it and equivalent amount of hydroxide ions
are released from this column to water :
ROH- + Cl- RCl- + OH-
2ROH- + SO42- R2SO42- + 2OH-

H + + OH- H2O
Thus water coming out from the exchange is free from cations as well as anions.
Ion free water is known as deionized or demineralised water.

61
 Ion exchange purifier or softener

Hard
water

Gravel
Cation exchange Resin Anion exchange Resin bed

Injector
Injector

Wastages to
Acid solution for sink Alkaline solution for
regeneration of regeneration of resin
Wastages to
resin sink
pump

62 Soft water
63
 Regeneration:
Cation exchange column is regenerated by passing a solution of dil
HCl or dil H2SO4. The regeneration can be represented as

R2Ca2+ + 2H+ 2RH + Ca2+

Exhausted anion exchange column is regenerated by passing a

solution of dil. NaOH. The regeneration can be represented as

R2SO42- + 2OH- 2ROH + SO42-

64
Advantages:

➢Can be used to soften highly acidic or alkaline waters.

➢It produces water of very low hardness.

Disadvantages:
➢The equipment is costly

➢Expensive chemicals are needed

➢Output of the process is reduced if water contains turbidity.(turbidity

must be below10 ppm)

65
 Zeolite (Permutit) method of Softening of
water
Zeolite is a Hydrated Sodium Alumino
Silicate (HSAS), capable of exchanging
reversibly its sodium ions for hardness
producing ions in water.

The general chemical structure of zeolite

is given below Na2O.Al2O3.xSiO2.yH2O (x
= 2-10 and y = 2-6)

Micro pores of Zeolite Porous Structure of zeolite

❖ Porosity or cavity size of synthetic zeolite structures can be
controlled by varying the Si/Al ratio
❖ Ion-exchange process of zeolite structure is associated with sodium ions
66
 Zeolite softener

Hard water in

Hard water spray

Zeolite bed
Gravel

Injector

Softened water
NaCl storage To
sink

67
67
Process of softening by Zeolite method
For the purification of water by the zeolite softener, hard water is passed through
the zeolite bed at a specified rate. The hardness causing ions such as Ca2+, Mg2+
are retained by the zeolite bed as CaZe and MgZe respectively; while the
outgoing water contains sodium salts. The following reactions takes place during
softening process

To remove temporary hardness

Na2Ze + Ca(HCO3)2 CaZe + 2NaHCO3
Hardness

Na2Ze + Mg(HCO3)2 MgZe + 2NaHCO3

To remove permanent hardness water

Na2Ze + CaCl2 CaZe + 2NaCl

Na2Ze + MgSO4 MgZe + Na2SO4

Regeneration of Zeolite Bed

CaZe (or) MgZe + 2NaCl Na2Ze + CaCl2 (MgSO4)

Used 10% brine Regenerated Washings

Zeolite solution Zeolite drained
68
Limitations of Zeolite process
1. If the water is turbid: then the turbidity causing particles clogs the
pores of the Zeolite and making it inactive
2. The ions such as Mn2+ and Fe2+ forms stable complex Zeolite which
can not be regenerated that easily as both metal ions bind strongly
and irreversibly to the zeolite structure.
3. Any acid present in water (acidic water) should be neutralized with
soda before admitting the water to the plant.

Advantages of Zeolite process

1. Soft water of 10-15 ppm can be produced by this method

2. The equipment occupies less space
3. No impurities are precipitated, hence no danger of sludge formation
in the treated water
4. It does not require more time and more
69 skill 69
Disadvantages of Zeolite process

1. Soft water contains more sodium salts than in lime soda process
2. It replaces only Ca2+ and Mg2+ with Na+ but leaves all the other ions
like HCO3- and CO32- in the softened water (then it may form
NaHCO3 and Na2CO3 which releases CO2 when the water is boiled
and causes corrosion)
3. It also causes caustic embrittlement when sodium carbonate
hydrolyses to give NaOH

70
Water Technology:

➢ Softening of hard water: internal treatment by phosphate, calgon condition

and colloid conditioning

71
 Internal treatment:

In this process, an ion is prohibited to exhibit its original character by

complexing or converted into other more soluble salt by adding appropriate
reagent.

An internal treatment is accomplished by adding a proper chemical to water

either:
(a) To precipitate the scale forming impurities in the form of sludge, which can
be removed.
(b) To convert them into compounds, which will stay in dissolved form in
water and thus do not cause any harm.

72
Important Internal Treatments are:

Phosphate conditioning:
Scale formation can be avoided by adding sodium phosphate which reacts with
hardness of water forming non-adherent and easily removable soft sludge of calcium
and magnesium phosphate.

3CaCl2 + 2Na3PO4 Ca3 (PO4)2 + 6NaCl

➢ Trisodium phosphate is most suitable for treatment when alkalinity is low

➢ Disodium phosphate is used when the water alkalinity is sufficient.
➢ Monosodium phosphate is used when the alkalinity of boiler water is too
high.

73
Calgon conditioning:

Its involve in adding calgon (Sodium hexa-meta phosphate (Na3(PO3)6 to boiler

water. It prevents the scale and sludge formation by forming soluble complex
compound with CaSO4.

[Na6(PO3)6] 2Na+ + [Na4P6O18]2-

2CaSO4 + [Na4P6O18]2- [Ca2P6O18]2- + 2Na2SO4

soluble complex ion

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Colloidal conditioning:

Scale formation can be avoided by adding organic substances like kerosene,

tannin, agar-agar (a gel) etc., which get coated on over the scale forming

precipitate, thereby, yielding non-sticky and loose deposits.

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Calculate the quantities of lime and soda required for treatment of 125,000 litres
of water with the following composition:

Answer:

80
A sample of hard water was only passed through a column of cation exchange
resin. What will be the pH of water sample after the above treatment? Justify
your answer and write the chemical reaction involved.
Answer:

81
A standard hardwater was prepared by mixing 410 mg Ca(NO3)2 and equimolar
(having the same amount of moles) amount of CaCl2. The total volume of the
solution is 500 mL. Calculate the hardness of the solution in ppm unit.
(Molecular weights of Ca(NO3)2= 164; CaCl2=111 and CaCO3= 100)

Answer:

Ca(NO3)2= 410 mg/164 = 2.5×10-3 mol;

CaCl2=2.5×10-3 mol
Total = 5×10-3 mol
CaCO3= 5×10-3 mol ×100 g= 0.5 g in 500 mL or 1000mg in 1000 mL
1000 ppm

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50,000-liter neutral hard water was passed through column containing organic
insoluble material. The analysis of treated water showed pH 3. Calculate the
hardness of the water.

Answer:

pH = 3, 1×10-3 molar H+ solution.

1 mole H+ ion = 50 g CaCO3
1×10-3 mole H+ ion = 50 mg CaCO3

Hardness = 50 ppm

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A zeolite softener was exhausted and regenerated by passing 100 litres of NaCl
solution of strength 585 g/l. Calculate the total hardness of the water sample in
ppm, if the zeolite softener can soften 1000 litres of water before regeneration.

Answer:

585 g NaCl = 585 x 103 mg NaCl in 1L water

100 L NaCl solution contains = 585 x 105 mg NaCl
CaCO3 equivalent = [(585 x 105) x 50]/58.5 = 50 x 106 mg

50 x 106 mg CaCO3 in 1000 L of water = 50000 mg/L or ppm

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