JAVA SHORT NOTES – FULL SYLLABUS
JAVA SHORT NOTES – EXAM READY
INTRODUCTION
Objects: Real-world entities with state (data) and behavior (methods).
Classes: Blueprint/template used to create objects.
Encapsulation: Wrapping data + methods in a class; achieved using private fields & public
getters/setters.
Polymorphism: One thing behaving in many forms. Types: Compile-time (overloading), Runtime
(overriding).
Inheritance: One class acquiring properties of another (extends).
JAVA BASICS
Compilation & Execution: .java → javac → .class → JVM executes via interpreter.
Data Types: Primitive (int, byte, boolean, float, double, char, short, long). Non-primitive (String,
arrays, objects).
CLASS DEFINITION & OBJECT CREATION
Instance Fields: Variables inside a class, unique to each object.
Methods: Function inside class.
Access Modifiers: public, private, protected, default.
Constructors: Special method to initialize objects.
Object vs Class Variables: Object variables = instance; Class variables = static keyword.
STATIC & FINAL
static: Belongs to class, not object.
final: Constant value, cannot be changed; also prevents inheritance and overriding.
TYPE CONVERSION
Implicit (widening), explicit (narrowing).
Promotion: Smaller data type automatically promoted in expressions.
POLYMORPHIC FORMS
Method Overloading: Same method name, diff parameters.
Objects as Parameters: Objects passed like variables.
Objects as Return Types: Method returns object.
INPUT-OUTPUT
Input: Scanner class.
Output: [Link]().
OBJECT CLASS
toString(): Returns string representation of an object.
equals(): Compares two objects logically.
ARRAYS & STRINGS
Arrays: 1-D, 2-D, multi-dimensional.
Variable Size Array: Jagged arrays.
ArrayList: Dynamic array.
Strings: String (immutable), StringBuilder (mutable), StringTokenizer (splits strings).
INHERITANCE IN JAVA
Extending Classes: Using extends.
Abstract Classes: Class with abstract methods (no body).
Final Classes: Cannot be extended.
Method Overriding: Same method in subclass.
Runtime Polymorphism: Method is chosen at runtime.
Inner Classes: Static, non-static, local.
INTERFACES
class vs interface: Class has definitions; interface has only declarations.
Multiple Inheritance: Achieved using interfaces.
Comparable: Natural ordering (compareTo).
Comparator: Custom ordering (compare).
Iterators: Traverse collections.
ListIterator: Can move both ways.
LinkedList: Doubly linked list implementation.
EXCEPTION HANDLING
Exception: Abnormal condition.
Try-catch-finally: Handling mechanism.
Custom Exceptions: User-defined.
Uses: Prevent program crash.
PACKAGES
Defining: package packname;
Importing: import packname.*;
GARBAGE COLLECTOR
Role: Free memory of unused objects.
Explicit Call: [Link]().
MULTITHREADING
Thread Class: Directly extend Thread.
Runnable Interface: Implement run() method.
Thread Life Cycle: New → Runnable → Running → Blocked → Terminated.
Synchronization: Prevents thread conflict.
Thread Priority: Range 1–10; higher value → higher priority.
Creating Threads: Using Thread object or Runnable.
Running Threads: start() method begins execution.