Part III.

2013 5 11 , 2021 7 26

( )
1
—

4 1
4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
4.2.1 , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
4.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.4 , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

A 22

B ( ) 25

C f: X →Y Y 28

4
4.1
(a mapping, a
map) (function) ( )

1
 ( )

4.1 ( ) X={ , , }, Y = { , }
( )

f( )= , f( )= , f( )=

f: X →Y

4.2 ( — )

(1) ( )
2
( )

(2)

( [1]) (1)

 

( )

 

1: ( )

4.2
4.2.1 , , ,

(
4.6)
2
function

2
 X Y f X Y X ( ) x
Y f (x)
f
f X Y f: X →Y, X−
→Y
X Y ,
f: X →Y X Y f
f 1 : X 1 → Y1 f 2 : X 2 → Y2

(X1 = X2 ) ∧ (Y1 = Y2 ) ∧ ((∀x ∈ X1 )f1 (x) = f2 (x))

3

f (x) f x (the image of x under f ), f x (the mapping

value at x) f (x) “f of x”
f x y f : x 7→ y f : x 7→ y y = f (x)

X f (the domain of f , the domain of definition of f ) ,

, source set ( [3] X
)
4
Y ( [1]) Y f
range
Y f
Y f

X A

f (A) := {y | (∃x ∈ A) y = f (x)} ( {f (x) | x ∈ A} )

A f (the image of A under f ) X f

f (X) = {y | (∃x ∈ X) y = f (x)} ( {f (x) | x ∈ X} )

f (the image of f ) f (the range of f )

 

f =f =f X = f (X) = {f (x) | x ∈ X} = Image(f ).

 

4.3 ( ) f X, Y, f, 3
f X Y
( )
3
Y1 = Y2 [2]
4
domain ( ) codomain ( )
(target set source set )

1≤y≤2 {y ∈ R | 1 ≤ y ≤ 2}

3
 4.4 ( — )
( [1]) X = {1, 2, 3}, Y = {4, 5} f: X → Y
x = 1, 2, 3 f (x) f 8 fj (j = 1, 2, · · · , 8)

fj (1) fj (2) fj (3)

1 4 4 4
2 4 4 5
3 4 5 4
4 4 5 5
5 5 4 4
6 5 4 5
7 5 5 4
8 5 5 5

f2 (1) = 4, f2 (2) = 4, f2 (3) = 5.

g(x) := max{x + 2, 4} g: X → Y

g(1) = max{1 + 2, 4} = 4, g(2) = max{2 + 2, 4} = 4, g(3) = max{3 + 2, 4} = 5.

 x+7 
h(x) := 2
h: X → Y
    
8 9 10
h(1) = = 4, h(2) = = 4, h(3) = = 5.
2 2 2

f2 , g, h :
f2 = g = h.
X, Y, 3
f (x) ( f2 f2 (x)
)

4.5 ( ) X x Y
X Y (
)

( )

(
)

4.6 ( )

4
 

2 X Y X ×Y f

(i) (∀x ∈ X) (∃y ∈ Y ) (x, y) ∈ f . ( x y )

(ii) (∀(x1 , y1 ) ∈ f ) (∀(x2 , y2 ) ∈ f ) x1 = x2 ⇒ y1 = y2 . ( x y 1

)

f X Y x∈X (x, y) ∈ f y∈Y

( ) f (x)
 
f (⊂ X × Y )

4.2.2

1. f (x) = x , f (x)
x 1 f (x)

2. f (x) = x X, Y

(a) X X f (x)
x
(b) Y Y
f Y f
f (x) ∈ R Y =R

“ ” X Y ( )

4.7 Y =R
2
f (x) = x +2x+3, ∀x ∈ R f (x) ∈ R, X = R OK ( f: X →Y
).
1
f (x) = , ∀x ∈ R \ {0} f (x) ∈ R, X = R \ {0} OK.
√
x
f (x) = x, ∀x ∈ [0, ∞) f (x) ∈ R, X = [0, ∞) OK.
f (x) = log
 x, ∀x ∈ (0, ∞) f (x) ∈ R, X = (0, ∞) OK.
 1
 (x > 0)
f (x) = 0 (x = 0) . X=R

 −1 (x < 0)
(?)

4.8 Y 1

( [1])

( 1 ) X Y RN

( RN
)

5
4.2.3

4.9 ( ) X idX : X → X idX (x) = x (x ∈ X)

X (the identity mapping of X)

4.10 (Dirichlet ) f : R → R,
(
1 (x ∈ Q)
f (x) =
0 (x ∈ R \ Q).

√
f (1) = 1, f (1/2) = 1, f ( 2) = 0, f (π) = 0. f Dirichlet

4.11 ( ) X, Y X ×Y
pr1 : X × Y → X, pr1 (x, y) = x.
pr2 : X × Y → Y , pr2 (x, y) = y.
prj j X Y

4.12 (R2 1 ) a, b, c, d ∈ R f : R2 → R2
′ ′
f (x, y) = (x , y ) ! ! !
x′ a b x
= .
y′ c d y
f R2 1 ad − bc 6= 0
( )

1. ad − bc 6= 0 f : R2 3 (x, y) 7→ (ax + by, cx + dy) ∈ R2

4.13 X := , Y := R, f (A) := A , f: X →Y

4.14 ( ) C ∞ (R; R) R R C∞ ( )
X := C ∞ (R; R), Y := C ∞ (R; R), D : X → Y

D(f ) = f ′ (f ∈ X)

f′ f

4.15 ( ) X, Y c∈Y f: X →Y

f (x) = c (x ∈ X)

f (constant map)

4.16 ( ) X A⊂X χA : X → R
(
1 (x ∈ A)
χA (x) =
0 (x ∈ X \ A)

χA A (the characteristic function of A)

6
 4.17 ( ) X ⊂ Y i: X → Y i(x) = x (x ∈ X) i
(the inclusion map)

2. 4.9 4.17

4.18 ( )
a1 , a2 , · · · , an , · · ·
N R
f : N → R, f (n) = an (n ∈ N)

4.3

 
4.19 ( ) f : X → Y , g: Y → Z

h(x) = g(f (x)) (x ∈ X)

h: X → Z ( ) h f g (the compo-
sition of f and g), (the composite mapping) g◦f :

g ◦ f : X → Z, (g ◦ f )(x) = g (f (x)) (x ∈ X).

 
n
z }| {
g◦f gf f ◦ f ◦ ··· ◦ f fn

 
4.20 ( ) f : X → Y , g : Y → Z, h : Z → W

h ◦ (g ◦ f ) = (h ◦ g) ◦ f.
 
g◦f: X → Z (g ◦ f )(x) = g(f (x)) (x ∈ X) h ◦ (g ◦ f ) : X → W

(h ◦ (g ◦ f ))(x) = h ((g ◦ f ) (x)) = h (g (f (x))) .

h ◦ g: Y → W (h ◦ g)(y) = h(g(y)) (y ∈ Y ) (h ◦ g) ◦ f : X → W

((h ◦ g) ◦ f ) (x) = (h ◦ g) (f (x)) = h(g(f (x))).

h ◦ (g ◦ f ) (h ◦ g) ◦ f
h ◦ (g ◦ f ) = (h ◦ g) ◦ f .
3. f : X → Y

f ◦ idX = f, idY ◦ f = f

7
4.4 , ,
 
4.21 ( , , )

(i) f : X → Y (an injection, injective) 1 1 (one to one)

(♯) (∀x ∈ X)(∀x′ ∈ X) (x 6= x′ ⇒ f (x) 6= f (x′ ))

(ii) f : X → Y (a surjection, surjective) (an onto

mapping, onto)

(♭) (∀y ∈ Y ) (∃x ∈ X) y = f (x)

(iii) f : X → Y (a bijection, bijective) 1 1

(one-to-one correspondence) f
 
4. (1) f : X → Y (2) f : X → Y

(♯)
(∀x ∈ X)(∀x′ ∈ X : x 6= x′ ) f (x) 6= f (x′ )
(♯)

(∀x ∈ X)(∀x′ ∈ X) (f (x) = f (x′ ) ⇒ x = x′ )

(x 6= x′ ⇒ f (x) 6= f (x′ ) f (x) = f (x′ ) ⇒ x = x′ )

(♭)
Y = f (X)
( f (X) ⊂ Y )

(∀y ∈ Y )(∃x ∈ X) y = f (x) ⇔ Y ⊂ f (X)

⇔ Y = f (X).

• 1 2

4.22 (′ ) x′
“x prime” (dash)
“-” “–” (en-dash), “—” (em-dash) (
)
6
1835
6
[Link]

8
 , , 1985 11 , p. 13

( (England )
dash )

4.23 X = , f : X → R, f (x) = x
f (
)

4.24 ( ) I f: I →R

(∀x1 ∈ X)(∀x2 ∈ X) (x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1 ) < f (x2 ))

(∀x1 ∈ X)(∀x2 ∈ X) (x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1 ) > f (x2 ))

f : R → R, f (x) = x3

5. ( p. 23)

6. f : R → R, f (x) = x3 ( p. 23)

4.25 f1 , f2 , f3 , f4

• f1 : R → R, f1 (x) = x2

• f2 : [0, ∞) → R, f2 (x) = x2

• f3 : R → [0, ∞), f3 (x) = x2

• f4 : [0, ∞) → [0, ∞), f4 (x) = x2

f1 x = −1, x′ = 1 x 6= x′ f1 (x) = f1 (x′ )

f3
f2 f2′ (x) = 2x > 0 (x ∈ (0, ∞)) f2 [0, ∞)
f4
f1 y = −1 y ∈ R x ∈ R
f1 (x) = x ≥ 0 > −1 = y
2
f1 (x) 6= y. f2
√
f3 [0, ∞) y x := y
√
2
x ∈ [0, ∞] ⊂ R 2
f3 (x) = x = y = y. f4

f1
f2
f3
f4

9
 4.26 • X idX : X → X
x1 , x 2 ∈ X idX (x1 ) = idX (x2 ) x1 = x2 idX

y∈X x := y x∈X idX (x) = x = y

idX
idX

• ∅ 6= X ⊂ Y i: X → Y

• X, Y prX : X × Y → X

(6) ( (5)
)
 
4.27 ( ) f : X → Y , g: Y → Z

(1) f g g◦f

(2) f g g◦f

(3) f g g◦f

(4) g ◦ f f

(5) g ◦ f g

(6) g ◦ f g

(7) g ◦ f f

(8) g ◦ f f g

(9) g ◦ f g f
 

(1) f g x, x′ ∈ X x 6= x′ f
f (x) 6= f (x′ ). g g (f (x)) 6= g (f (x′ )). g ◦ f (x) 6= g ◦ f (x′ ).
g◦f
( )f g x, x′ ∈ X g ◦ f (x) = g ◦ f (x′ )
g (f (x)) = g (f (x′ )) g f (x) = f (x′ ). f
x = x′ . g◦f

(2) f g z∈Z g g(y) = z

y∈Y f f (x) = y x∈X

g ◦ f (x) = g (f (x)) = g (y) = z.

g◦f

(3) f g g◦f (1) (2)

10
(4) g ◦ f x, x′ ∈ X f (x) = f (x′ ) g ◦ f (x) = g (f (x)) =
g (f (′ x′ )) = g ◦ f (x′ ). g ◦ f x = x′ . f
( ) g◦f x, x′ ∈ X x 6= x′ f (x) 6=
f (x′ ) f (x) = f (x′ ) g ◦ f (x) = g (f (x)) =
g (f (x′ )) = g ◦ f (x′ ). g ◦ f x = x′ .
f (x) 6= f (x′ ) f

(5) g ◦ f z∈Z x∈X z = g ◦ f (x)

y := f (x) y∈Y

g(y) = g (f (x)) = g ◦ f (x) = z.

(6) X = {1}, Y = {−1, 1}, Z = {1}, f (1) = 1, g(1) = 1, g(−1) = 1 f: X → Y,

g: Y → Z g ◦ f : X → Z, g ◦ f (1) = 1 g◦f g

(7) (6) X = {1}, Y = {−1, 1}, Z = {1}, f (1) = 1, g(1) = 1,

g(−1) = 1 f : X → Y , g: Y → Z g ◦ f : X → Z, g ◦ f (1) = 1
g◦f f

(8) g ◦ f f y, y ′ ∈ Y y 6= y ′ f
′ ′
f (x) = y f (x ) = y x, x′ ∈ X y 6= y ′

′
x 6= x g◦f g ◦ f (x) 6= g ◦ f (x′ ).

g(y) = g (f (x)) = g ◦ f (x) 6= g ◦ f (x′ ) = g (f (x′ )) = g(y ′ ).

g
( ) g◦f f y, y ′ ∈ Y g(y) = g(y ′ )
f f (x) = y, f (x′ ) = y ′ x, x′ ∈ X

g ◦ f (x) = g (f (x)) = g(y) = g(y ′ ) = g (f (x′ )) = g ◦ f (x′ ).

g◦f x = x′ . y = f (x) = f (x′ ) = y ′ . g

(9) g ◦ f g y∈Y z = g(y) z∈Z

g◦f g ◦ f (x) = z x∈X
g (f (x)) = z = g (y) g f (x) = y. f

7. X Y

(1) X = {1, 2, 3}, Y = {4, 5, 6} (2) X = {1, 2, 3}, Y = {4, 5} (3) X = {1, 2}, Y =
{4, 5, 6}

8. g ◦ f f g

11
 :

(
)

 
4.28 ( ) X, Y X
Y |X|, |Y | (1)–(4)

(1) X Y ⇔ |X| ≤ |Y |.

(2) X Y ⇔ |X| ≥ |Y |.

(3) X Y ⇔ |X| = |Y |.

(4) |X| = |Y | f: X →Y (i), (ii), (iii)

(i) f (ii) f (iii) f

 
n := |X|, m := |Y |, X = {x1 , · · · , xn }, Y = {y1 , · · · , ym } (
)

(1) f : X → Y f (xi ) (1 ≤ i ≤ n) {f (xi )|1 ≤ i ≤ n} ⊂

Y |X| = n ≤ |Y |. n≤m f (xi ) = yi
(1 ≤ i ≤ n) f: X →Y f

(2) f : X → Y {f (xi ) | 1 ≤ i ≤ n} = Y |X| = n ≥ |Y |.

n≥m f (xi ) = yi (1 ≤ i ≤ m), f (xi ) = y1 (m < j ≤ n)
f: X →Y f

(3) X Y (1) |X| ≤ |Y |, (2) |X| ≥ |Y |

|X| = |Y |. |X| = |Y | (1) X Y f (3)
f

(4) (i) ⇔ (ii) ( (i)⇒(iii) (ii)⇒(iii) )

f: X →Y f (xi ) (1 ≤ i ≤ n) | {f (xi ) | 1 ≤ i ≤ n} | = n,
|Y | {f (xi ) | 1 ≤ i ≤ n} ⊂ Y {f (xi ) | 1 ≤ i ≤ n} = Y .
f
f: X → Y {f (xi )|1 ≤ i ≤ n} = Y . n = |Y |
f (xi ) (1 ≤ i ≤ n) f

12
 
4.29 ( : ) X, Y K
dim X, dim Y

(1) X Y ⇔ dim X ≤ dim Y .

(2) X Y ⇔ dim X ≥ dim Y .

(3) X Y ⇔ dim X = dim Y .

(4) dim X = dim Y f: X →Y

(i) f (ii) f (iii) f
 

4.5
(2020/7/22
)

 
4.30 ( ) f : X → Y , g: Y → X g f

g ◦ f = idX ∧ f ◦ g = idY

 

4.31 ( ) f : [0, ∞) → [0, ∞), f (x) = x2 (x ∈ [0, ∞)), g : [0, ∞] → [0, ∞),
√
g(y) = y (y ∈ [0, ∞)) g ◦ f : [0, ∞) → [0, ∞), g ◦ f : [0, ∞) → [0, ∞),
√
g ◦ f (x) = g (f (x)) = x2 = x (x ∈ [0, ∞)),
√
f ◦ g(y) = f (g(y)) = ( y)2 = y (y ∈ [0, ∞)).
g ◦ f = id[0,∞) , f ◦ g = id[0,∞) . g = f −1 .
 
4.32 ( ) f: X → Y f

 

g ◦ f = idX f
f ◦ g = idY f
f
 
4.33 ( ) f: X →Y 1
 
g : Y → X, h : Y → X f
f ◦ g = idY = f ◦ h y∈Y

f (g(y)) = f ◦ g(y) = idY (y) = y = idY (y) = f ◦ h(y) = f (h(y)) .

13
f g(y) = h(y). g = h.
1 f 1
 
−1
4.34 ( ) f: X → Y f

 
 
4.35 f : X → Y f −1 f f −1 :

−1
f −1 = f.
 
−1
g := f g: Y → X

g ◦ f = idX ∧ f ◦ g = idY .

f g

−1
g = g −1 = f −1 .
 
4.36 f : X → Y


(∀x ∈ X)(∀y ∈ Y ) y = f (x) ⇔ x = f −1 (y) .
 
(⇒) y = f (x)

f −1 (y) = f −1 (f (x)) = f −1 ◦ f (x) = idX (x) = x.

(⇐) x = f −1 (y)


f (x) = f f −1 (y) = f ◦ f −1 (y) = idY (y) = y.
 
4.37 f : X → Y f
 
y∈Y f x∈X y = f (x)

x x′ ∈ X, y = f (x′ )

f (x) = y = f (x′ )

f x = x′
g(y) := x g: Y → X
g ◦ f = idX x∈X y = f (x) g
g(y) = x. g (f (x)) = x. g ◦ f = idX .
f ◦ g = idY y ∈X g(y) f (x)) = y x
x = g(y) f (x) = y f (g(y)) = y.
f ◦ g = idY .
g f
 
4.38 f : X → Y g: Y → Z g◦f

(g ◦ f )−1 = f −1 ◦ g −1 .
 

14




f −1 ◦ g −1 ◦ (g ◦ f ) = f −1 ◦ g −1 ◦ g ◦ f



= f −1 ◦ g −1 ◦ g ◦ f


= f −1 ◦ idY ◦ f
= f −1 ◦ f
= idX .

(g ◦ f ) ◦ f −1 ◦ g −1 = g ◦ f ◦ f −1 ◦ g −1 = g ◦ g −1 = idY .
( )
f −1 ◦ g −1 = (g ◦ f )−1 .
A B n AB

(AB)−1 = B −1 A−1

9. R2 D, E ({} , ∧ )
 
x x
D= (x, y) ∈ R 2
x > 0, 1 ≤ x − y ≤ 2, − √ ≤ y ≤ √
2 2
,
3 3
 
1 1
E= (u, v) ∈ R2 1 ≤ u ≤ 2, − √ ≤ v ≤ √ .
3 3

f (x, y) = (x2 − y 2 , y/x)

(1) D (2) (x, y) ∈ D f (x, y) ∈ E
(3) f D E f: D →E f

4.6
f (X) f X
A f A f (A)
 
4.39 ( , ( )) f : X → Y

(1) A ⊂ X A f f (A) A f
(the image of A under f ) (the direct image of A under f )

f (A) := {y | (∃x ∈ A) y = f (x)} = {f (x) | x ∈ A} .

(2) f X f f (X) f (the image of f )

f (the range of f ) Image(f )

Image(f ) := f (X) = {y | (∃x ∈ X) y = f (x)} = {f (x) | x ∈ X} .

 
f : X → Y , a ∈ X, A ⊂ X f (a) f (A)
f f (a) Y f (A) Y

15
 (∃x ∈ A) y = f (x) y {y | P (y)} (P (y)
y ) {f (x) | x ∈ A} {y | (∃x ∈ A) y = f (x)}

f (X) = Image(f ) = “f ” = “f ” = {f (x) | x ∈ X} .

f f

f: X →Y f (X) = Y
 
4.40 ( ) f: X → Y B⊂Y X f
B f −1 (B) B f (the inverse image of
B, pull-back)
f −1 (B) := {x ∈ X | f (x) ∈ B} .
 

4.41 f : R → R, f (x) = sin x

n π o h π i
f ({0}) = {0} , f 0, = {0, 1} , f ({0, π}) = {0} , f 0, = [0, 1],
2 2
f ([0, π]) = [0, 1],
f −1 ({0}) = {x ∈ R | (∃n ∈ Z)z = nπ} , f −1 ({2}) = ϕ,
  n o  5π 
−1 1 π
f = + 2nπ n ∈ Z ∪ + 2nπ n ∈ Z ,
2 6 6
  [  
−1 1 π 5π
f ,6 = + 2nπ, + 2nπ .
2 n∈Z
6 6

f −1 f −1 (2) f −1 (0)
 

x∈A ⇒ f (x) ∈ f (A).

y ∈ f (A) ⇔ (∃x ∈ A) y = f (x).
x ∈ f −1 (B) ⇔ x∈X ∧ f (x) ∈ B.
 
−1 −1
f f f f (B)
( [1])

f f −1 f −1 (B) f B f −1
B (
4.42)
 
4.42 f : X → Y B⊂Y B f B
−1
f
 

16
 
B f −1 = y (∃b ∈ B)y = f −1 (b) = {y | (∃b ∈ B)b = f (y))}
= {y | f (y) ∈ B} = B f .

( 4.35 )

4.43 ( ( [1]) ) [1] f (A) f −1 (B)

−1
f (A) f∗ (A), f (B) f ∗ (B)

f∗ (A) = f (A) = “A f ” = {y | ∃a(a ∈ A ∧ y = f (a))} ,

f ∗ (B) = f −1 (B) = “B f ” = {x ∈ X | f (x) ∈ B} .

f (A) f −1 (B)
(
)

• X x f f (x) X A f f (A)

( )

• f ∗ (B) f∗ (A)
f −1 (B) f B ( )

•
f ( ) Image(f ), f∗ (X), f (X) 3
(Image(f ) “image of f ” ( f )
)

4.42
−1 ∗
( ) (f )∗ (B) = f (B)
 
4.44 f : X → Y

(1) f (∅) = ∅, f −1 (∅) = ∅.

(2) f −1 (Y ) = X.

(3) (∀x ∈ X) f ({x}) = {f (x)}.

(4) (∀y ∈ Y ) f −1 ({y}) = {x ∈ X | f (x) = y}.

 

17
 10. 4.44
 
4.45 f : X → Y , A1 , A2 ⊂ X

(1) A1 ⊂ A2 ⇒ f (A1 ) ⊂ f (A2 ).

(2) f (A1 ∩ A2 ) ⊂ f (A1 ) ∩ f (A2 ).

(3) f (A1 ∪ A2 ) = f (A1 ) ∪ f (A2 ).

(4) f (A1 \ A2 ) ⊃ f (A1 ) \ f (A2 ).

(5) f (1) (2) (4)

(♯) f (A1 ) ⊂ f (A2 ) ⇒ A1 ⊂ A2 .

(♭) f (A1 ∩ A2 ) = f (A1 ) ∩ f (A2 ).

(♮) f (A1 \ A2 ) = f (A1 ) \ f (A2 ).

(6) f (♯), (♭), (♮) A1 ,

A2
 

(3) (2), (4) (5)

(6)

(1) A1 ⊂ A2 y ∈ f (A1 ) (∃x ∈ A1 ) y = f (x). A1 ⊂ A2

x ∈ A2 . y ∈ f (A2 ). f (A1 ) ⊂ f (A2 ).

(2) ( y ∈ f (A1 ∩ A2 ) (1)

)
A1 ∩ A2 ⊂ A1 A1 ∩ A2 ⊂ A2 (1) f (A1 ∩ A2 ) ⊂ f (A1 )
f (A1 ∩ A2 ) ⊂ f (A2 ). f (A1 ∩ A2 ) ⊂ f (A1 ) ∩ f (A2 ).

(3) ( (1) )

(a) A1 ⊂ A1 ∪ A2 A2 ⊂ A1 ∪ A2 (1) f (A1 ) ⊂ f (A1 ∪ A2 )

f (A2 ) ⊂ f (A1 ∪ A2 ). f (A1 ) ∪ f (A2 ) ⊂ f (A1 ∪ A2 ).

18
 (b) y ∈ f (A1 ∪A2 ) (∃x ∈ A1 ∪A2 ) y = f (x). x ∈ A1 y ∈ f (A1 )
y ∈ f (A1 ) ∪ f (A2 ). x ∈ A2 y ∈ f (A2 ) y ∈ f (A1 ) ∪ f (A2 ).
y ∈ f (A1 ) ∪ f (A2 ). f (A1 ∪ A2 ) ⊂ f (A1 ) ∪ f (A2 ).

(a), (b) f (A1 ∪ A2 ) = f (A1 ) ∪ f (A2 ). ( )

( ) y∈Y

y ∈ f (A1 ∪ A2 ) ⇔ (∃x) (x ∈ A1 ∪ A2 ∧ y = f (x))

⇔ (∃x) ((x ∈ A1 ∨ x ∈ A2 ) ∧ y = f (x))
⇔ (∃x) ((x ∈ A1 ∧ y = f (x)) ∨ (x ∈ A2 ∧ y = f (x)))
⇔ ((∃x) (x ∈ A1 ∧ y = f (x)) ∨ (∃x) (x ∈ A2 ∧ y = f (x)))
⇔ y ∈ f (A1 ) ∨ y ∈ f (A2 )
⇔ y ∈ f (A1 ) ∪ f (A2 ).

f (A1 ∪ A2 ) ⊂ f (A1 ) ∪ f (A2 ). ( )( ((∃x)P (x) ∨ Q(x)) ⇔ ((∃x)P (x)) ∨

7
((∃x)Q(x)) )

(4) y ∈ f (A1 ) \ f (A2 ) y ∈ f (A1 ) ∧ y 6∈ f (A2 ). y ∈ f (A1 ) (∃x ∈ A1 )

y = f (x). x A2 x ∈ A2 y ∈ f (A2 )
x ∈ A1 \ A2 y ∈ f (A1 \ A2 ).

(5) ( [1]) pp. 137–138

(6) f (∃x1 ∈ X) (∃x2 ∈ X) x1 6= x2 ∧ f (x1 ) = f (x2 ). A1 := {x1 },

A2 := {x2 }

f (A1 ) = {f (x1 )},

f (A2 ) = {f (x2 )} = {f (x1 )} = f (A1 ),
f (A1 ∩ A2 ) = f (∅) = ∅,
f (A1 ) ∩ f (A2 ) = {f (x1 )} 6= ∅

f (A1 ) ⊂ f (A2 ) ∧ A1 6⊂ A2 ,
f (A1 ∩ A2 ) 6= f (A1 ) ∩ f (A2 ),
A1 := {x1 , x2 }, A2 := {x2 }

f (A1 \ A2 ) = f ({x1 }) = {f (x1 )} ,

f (A1 ) \ f (A2 ) = {f (x1 ), f (x2 )} \ {f (x1 )} = {f (x1 )} \ {f (x1 )} = ∅

f (A1 \ A2 ) 6= f (A1 ) \ f (A2 ).

f f −1 (·)

7
∨ ∧ ∃ ∀
((∀x)P (x) ∧ Q(x) ⇔ ((∀x)P (x)) ∧ ((∀x)Q(x))) ∧ ∨

19
 
4.46 f : X → Y , B1 , B2 ⊂ Y

(1) B1 ⊂ B2 ⇒ f −1 (B1 ) ⊂ f −1 (B2 ).

(2) f −1 (B1 ∩ B2 ) = f −1 (B1 ) ∩ f −1 (B2 ).

(3) f −1 (B1 ∪ B2 ) = f −1 (B1 ) ∪ f −1 (B2 ).

(4) f −1 (B1 \ B2 ) = f −1 (B1 ) \ f −1 (B2 ). f −1 (B c ) = (f −1 (B)) .

c
B⊂Y

(5) f (1)

B1 ⊂ B2 ⇔ f −1 (B1 ) ⊂ f −1 (B2 ).
 

(1) B1 ⊂ B2 x ∈ f −1 (B1 ) f (x) ∈ B1 . B1 ⊂ B2 f (x) ∈ B2 .

x ∈ f −1 (B2 ). f −1 (B1 ) ⊂ f −1 (B2 ).

(2) x ∈ X

x ∈ f −1 (B1 ∩ F2 ) ⇔ f (x) ∈ B1 ∩ B2
⇔ f (x) ∈ B1 ∧ f (x) ∈ B2
⇔ x ∈ f −1 (B1 ) ∧ x ∈ f −1 (B2 )
⇔ x ∈ f −1 (B1 ) ∩ f −1 (B2 ).

f −1 (B1 ∩ B2 ) = f −1 (B1 ) ∩ f −1 (B2 ).

(3) (2)

(4) (2)

(5) (1) f f −1 (B1 ) ⊂ f −1 (B2 ) B1 ⊂ B2

y ∈ B1 f (∃x ∈ X) y = f (x).
f (x) ∈ B1 x ∈ f −1 (B1 ). f (B1 ) ⊂ f −1 (B2 )
−1
x ∈ f −1 (B2 ).
y = f (x) ∈ B2 . B1 ⊂ B2 .
 
4.47 f : X → Y , A ⊂ X, B ⊂ Y

(1) f −1 (f (A)) ⊃ A. f f −1 (f (A)) = A.

(2) f (f −1 (B)) ⊂ B. f f (f −1 (B)) = B.

(3) f (A ∩ f −1 (B)) = f (A) ∩ B.

 

y ∈ f (A) ⇔ (∃x ∈ A) y = f (x),

x ∈ f −1 (B) ⇔ f (x) ∈ B

20
(1) x ∈ A f (x) ∈ f (A). x ∈ f −1 (f (A)). A ⊂ f −1 (f (A)).
f x ∈ f −1 (f (A)) f (x) ∈ f (A). (∃x′ ∈ A)
f (x) = f (x′ ). f x = x′ . x ∈ A. f −1 (f (A)) ⊂ A.
f −1 (f (A)) = A.

(2) y ∈ f (f −1 (B)) (∃x ∈ f −1 (B)) y = f (x). x ∈ f −1 (B) f (x) ∈ B.

y ∈ B. f (f −1 (B)) ⊂ B.
f y∈B (∃x ∈ X) y = f (x). f (x) ∈ B
−1 −1
x ∈ f (B). y = f (x) ∈ f (f (B)). B ⊂ f (f −1 (B)).
−1
f (f (B)) = B.

(3) y ∈ f (A∩f −1 (B) (∃x ∈ A∩f −1 (B)) y = f (x). x ∈ A f (x) ∈ f (A).

x ∈ f −1 (B) f (x) ∈ B. y = f (x) ∈ f (A) ∩ B. f (A ∩ f −1 (B) ⊂
f (A) ∩ B.
y ∈ f (A) ∩ B y ∈ f (A) (∃x ∈ A) y = f (x). f (x) = y ∈
−1
B x ∈ f (B). x ∈ A ∩ f −1 (B). y = f (x) ∈ f (A ∩ f −1 (B)).
f (A) ∩ B ⊂ f (A ∩ f −1 (B)).
f (A ∩ f −1 (B) = f (A) ∩ B.

4.7

f: X → Y f
X ×Y

f: X →Y

graph f := {(x, y) | x ∈ X ∧ y = f (x)} = {(x, f (x)) | x ∈ X}

f
graph f ⊂ X × Y
G⊂X ×Y

(∗) (∀x ∈ X)(∃!z ∈ G) pr1 (z) = x

X Y X ×Y G (∗)

21
A
 
dx − by −cx + ay
1. ∆ := ad − bc, g : R 3 (x, y) 7→
2
, ∈ R2 g ◦ f = idR2 ,
∆ ∆
f ◦ g = idR2 f g = f −1

2.

• idX (X) = {idX (x) | x ∈ X} = {x | x ∈ X} = X.

• D(R) = {D(x) | x ∈ R} = {0, 1}.

• pr1 (X × Y ) = {pr1 ((x, y)) | (x, y) ∈ X × Y } = {x | (x, y) ∈ X × Y } = X.

pr1 (X × Y ) = Y .

• f ad − bc = 1 · 4 − 2 · 3 = 4 − 6 = −2 6= 0 f (R2 ) = R2 .
( f (R2 ) = R2 f (R2 ) ⊂
R2 ! ! ! R ⊂ f (R )
2 2
(a, b) ∈ R2 1
a 1 2 x
= (x, y) ∈ R2
b 3 4 y
f ((x, y)) = (a, b). (a, b) ∈ f (R2 ). R2 ⊂ f (R2 ).)

• f (X) = {f (A) | A ∈ X} = {f (A) | A }= =

(0, ∞).

• D(X) = {D(f ) | f ∈ X} = {f ′ | f ∈ C ∞ (R; R)} = C ∞ (R; R).

( Z := {f ′ | f ∈ C ∞ (R; R)}
Z = C ∞ (R; R) (a) g ∈ Z (∃f ∈ C ∞ (R; R))
g = f ′. f g Z g ∈
x
∞ ∞
C (R; R). (b) g ∈ C (R; R) f (x) := g(t) dt
0
x∈R f ′ (x) = g(x). g f
f ∈ C ∞ (R; R). g ∈ Z. (a), (b) ∞
Z = C (R; R).)

• χA (X) = {χA (x) | x ∈ X} x∈X χA (x) 0 1

– A=X x∈X x∈A χA (x) = 1.

χA (X) = {1}.
– A = ∅ x ∈ X x 6∈ A χA (x) = 0.
χA (X) = {0}.
– A 6= ∅ ∧ A 6= X χA (X) = {0, 1}.

• i(X) = {i(x) | x ∈ X} = {x | x ∈ X} = X.

3. ( )

4. (1) (∃x ∈ X) (∃x′ ∈ X: x 6= x′ ) f (x) = f (x′ ). (2) (∃y ∈ Y ) (∀x ∈ X) y 6= f (x).

22
 5. I R f: I →R

(∀x1 ∈ I)(∀x2 ∈ I) x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1 ) < f (x2 )

x, x′ ∈ I x 6= x′ (i) x < x′ (ii) x > x′

(i) f (x) < f (x′ ) f (x) 6= f (x′ ).

(ii) f (x) > f (x′ ) f (x) 6= f (x′ ).
f (x) 6= f (x′ ) f

6. f ′ (x) = 3x2 > 0 (x ∈ R \ {0}) f (−∞, 0] [0, ∞)

( ) f R
x1 , x2 ∈ R, x1 < x2

• x1 , x2 ∈ (−∞, 0] ∃c ∈ (x1 , x2 ) s.t. f (x2 ) − f (x1 ) = f ′ (c)(x2 − x1 ) > 0.

f (x1 ) < f (x2 ).

• x1 , x2 ∈ [0, ∞) ∃c ∈ (x1 , x2 ) s.t. f (x2 ) − f (x1 ) = f ′ (c)(x2 − x1 ) > 0.

f (x1 ) < f (x2 ).

• x1 ∈ (−∞, 0), x2 ∈ (0, ∞) (∃c1 ∈ (x1 , 0)) (∃c2 ∈ (0, x2 )) f (0) − f (x1 ) =
′ ′
f (c1 )(0 − x1 )), f (x2 ) − f (0) = f (c2 )(x2 − 0) f (x1 ) < f (0) < f (x2 )
f (x1 ) < f (x2 ).

f (x1 ) < f (x2 )

7.

(1) f1 f27 33 = 27

23
 f (1) f (2) f (3)
f1 4 4 4 No No No
f2 4 4 5 No No No
f3 4 4 6 No No No
f4 4 5 4 No No No
f5 4 5 5 No No No
f6 4 5 6 Yes Yes Yes
f7 4 6 4 No No No
f8 4 6 5 Yes Yes Yes
f9 4 6 6 No No No
f10 5 4 4 No No No
f11 5 4 5 No No No
f12 5 4 6 Yes Yes Yes
f13 5 5 4 No No No
f14 5 5 5 No No No
f15 5 5 6 No No No
f16 5 6 4 Yes Yes Yes
f17 5 6 5 No No No
f18 5 6 6 No No No
f19 6 4 4 No No No
f20 6 4 5 Yes Yes Yes
f21 6 4 6 No No No
f22 6 5 4 Yes Yes Yes
f23 6 5 5 No No No
f24 6 5 6 No No No
f25 6 6 4 No No No
f26 6 6 5 No No No
f27 6 6 6 No No No
(f (1), f (2), f (3) 4, 5, 6 ) f6 ,
f8 , f12 , f16 , f20 , f22 3! = 6

(2) f1 f8 23 = 8
f (1) f (2) f (3)
f1 4 4 4 No No No
f2 4 4 5 No Yes No
f3 4 5 4 No Yes No
f4 4 5 5 No Yes No
f5 5 4 4 No Yes No
f6 5 4 5 No Yes No
f7 5 5 4 No Yes No
f8 5 5 5 No No No
f2 , f3 , f4 , f5 , f6 , f7 6

(3) f1 f9 32 = 8

24
 f (1) f (2)
f1 3 3 No No No
f2 3 4 Yes No No
f3 3 5 Yes No No
f4 4 3 Yes No No
f5 4 4 No No No
f6 4 5 Yes No No
f7 5 3 Yes No No
f8 5 4 Yes No No
f9 5 5 No No No
f2 , f3 , f4 , f6 , f7 , f8 6

8. ( )

9. ( )

B ( )
(2016 2017
)
f: X →Y
f ∀y ∈ Y f (x) = y x∈X
x f (1 y )1 y=
′ ′
f (x) = f (x ) f x=x.

∀y ∈ Y f (x) = y x ∈ X
1
1
∃! 8

 ∃! 

P (x) x

∃x(P (x) ∧ ∀y(P (y) ⇒ y = x)).

(∃!x) P (x)
 

f: X →Y

(⋆) (∀y ∈ Y )(∃!x ∈ X) f (x) = y.

(⋆) f

8
∃! ∃1

25
 11. (⋆) f

y∈Y

(1) g(y) := “f (x) = y x” (f y x)

g: Y → X g f (the inverse mapping of

−1
f) f f −1 “f inverse”
f: X →Y

(2) f −1 (y) := “f (x) = y x ∈ X” (y ∈ Y )

f −1 : Y → X f
( )

(♥) :

f −1 =f , f −1 =f .
f

(3) (∀x ∈ X)(∀y ∈ Y ) (y = f (x) ⇔ x = f −1 (y))

f −1
(f y y = f (x)
x f −1 (y) )

B.1 f x ∈ X, y ∈ Y
−1
y = f (x) x = f (y) f: R → R
−1
f (x) = x2 (x ∈ R) f (2) = 4 f (4) = 2 (
f −1 )

(3)
f −1 (f (x)) = x (x ∈ X), f (f −1 (y)) = y (y ∈ Y )
9

(f −1 ◦ f )(x) = x (x ∈ X), (f ◦ f −1 )(y) = y (y ∈ Y ).

( f −1 ◦ f : X → X, f ◦ f −1 : Y → Y )

(4) f −1 ◦ f = idX , f ◦ f −1 = idY .

 
B.2 f : X → Y

(5) f −1 ◦ f = idX , f ◦ f −1 = idY .

 
g f

9
: ∀x ∈ X y := f (x) x = f −1 (y) f −1 (f (x)) = f −1 (y) = x.
−1 −1
∀y ∈ Y x := f (y) y = f (x) f (f (y)) = f (x) = y.

26
 
B.3 f : X → Y , g: Y → X

(♯) g ◦ f = idX , f ◦ g = idY

( : f ) f g = f −1

( f g g f = g −1 )
 
g ◦ f = idX
f ( 4.27 (4)) f ◦ g = idY f (
4.27 (5)) f f −1 y x=f −1
(y)
−1
y = f (x) g(y) = g(f (x)) = idX (x) = x. g(y) = f (y).
−1
g=f
g ◦ f = idX (g ◦ f ) ◦ f −1 = idX ◦ f −1 .
g = f −1 .

B.4 ( ( )) f : X → Y (♯)
g f (
)

B.5 ( ) n X := {1, 2, · · · , n} n 1
f: X →X f —
g: X → X g ◦ f = idX , f ◦ g = idX B.3 f
g = f −1 .

(♯) f g g g −1 = f

 
B.6 f f f −1 f −1 f

−1
f −1 = f.
 

B.7 f4 : [0, ∞) → [0, ∞), f4 (x) = x2 f4−1 : [0, ∞) → [0, ∞)

√
f4−1 (y) = y

12. f (x) = ex f: X → Y (X, Y (X

f ) f )
−1
f f −1 (y)

sin−1
 
B.8 f : X → Y , g : Y → Z g◦f: X → Z

(g ◦ f )−1 = f −1 ◦ g −1 .
 
−1 −1
g ◦ f : X → Z, f ◦g :Z→X

(g ◦ f ) ◦ (f −1 ◦ g −1 ) = ((g ◦ f ) ◦ f −1 ) ◦ g −1 = (g ◦ (f ◦ f −1 )) ◦ g −1 = (g ◦ idY ) ◦ g −1 = g ◦ g −1 = idZ ,

27


(f −1 ◦g −1 )◦(g◦f ) = (f −1 ◦ g −1 ) ◦ g ◦f = (f −1 ◦(g −1 ◦g))◦f = (f −1 ◦idY )◦f = f −1 ◦f = idX .
f −1 ◦ g −1 g◦f :

(g ◦ f )−1 = f −1 ◦ g −1 .

B.9 ( ) A, B n (BA)−1 = A−1 B −1 .

C f: X →Y Y
C.1 (Y )

• , , , ,
[4], [5]
( )
target
1
x f (x)

• Y “the codomain of f ”, “the target (set) of f ”, “the range of f ”

( )
10
• f (“the range of f ” )
( ) 4 {y | ∃x(x ∈ X, y = f (x)} (
f (X) ) f Y f

f (X) Y

• ( [1]) Y f
( )
“range”

“range”

10

“range” f (X) Y

28
 Y f (X)
( ) f (x)
f ,f X
f X
f ,f X

1: f : X → Y Y

29
[1] — , (2012).

[2] , II, (1965),

[3] , (1968), .

[4] , (1979).

[5] , (1972).

30
bijection, 8 ,6
bijective, 8
,7
composite mapping, 7
composition (of mapping), 7

identity mapping, 6
inclusion map, 7
injection, 8
injective, 8

one to one, 8
one-to-one correspondence, 8
onto, 8
onto mapping, 8

surjection, 8
surjective, 8

,3

1 ,6
1 1( ), 8
1 1 ,8

,8

,9
,9

( ), 7
,7
,6

,6

,8
,8

( ), 3
,8

,8

,3
,6
,6
,6
Dirichlet ,6

31