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Robotics
We have read that robot is a programmable machine that can complete a task. Correspondingly, the
term robotics is the study focused on designing, developing and programming physical robots which
are able to interact with the physical world and automate one or more tasks. Each robot has a different
level of autonomy varying from human-controlled bots that carry out tasks to fully-autonomous bots
that perform tasks without any external influences.

Artificially Intelligent Robot

Many people think that AI and robotics are synonymous. But this is not true. Table highlights the
difference between an AI program and a robot system.

Difference between AI Program and Robot

Moreover, from the Venn diagram as shown in Fig, it is clear that there is one small area where the
two fields overlap and, in this area, we have artificially intelligent robots (AIRs). These AIRs are the
bridge between robotics and AI.

Venn diagram depiction relationship between AI and Robotics

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Although many AIRs are controlled by AI programs, they are not artificially intelligent. For example,
most industrial robots are programmed to carry out a repetitive series of movements which do not
require artificial intelligence. However, such non-intelligent robots have limited functionality.

To perform complex tasks, an artificially intelligent robot must implement some AI algorithm(s). For
example, consider the scenarios given below to understand how AI can guide the functionality of a
robot.

Case 1: A warehousing robot may use a path-finding algorithm to navigate around the warehouse.

Case 2: A drone may use autonomous navigation to return to its owner when it is about to run out of
batteries.

Case 3: A self-driving car uses AI techniques to detect and avoid potential hazards on the road.

Characteristics of Robots

A robot is a mechanical device which completes it tasks in the environment for which it is designed.
For example, the Mars 2020 Rover’s wheels are motorized and made of titanium tubing to firmly grip
the harsh terrain of the red planet.

1. Robots need electrical components that control and power the machinery. Usually, they draw
electric current using a battery.

2. Robots work on instructions written using computer programming. These instructions tell
the robot what to do, when to do and how to do it.

Types of Robots

Mechanical bots come in a variety of designs, shapes and sizes to efficiently perform the task they are
designed to perform. For example, RoboBee is a 0.2-millimeter-long robot while Vindskip is a 200-
metre-long robotic shipping vessel. To classify them broadly into different categories, robots can be
divided based on their capabilities to perform a particular task.

Pre-Programmed Robots

They operate in a controlled environment where they perform simple, monotonous tasks. For
example, a mechanical arm on an automotive assembly line to weld a door on, to insert a certain
part into the engine, etc. (as shown in Fig. 8.10) is an example of such a robot that performs its tasks
faster and more efficiently than a human.

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Humanoid Robots

They look like or mimic human behaviour and usually perform human-like activities (like walking,
carrying objects). These days, humanoids look like us. For example, Hanson Robotics’ Sophia and
Boston Dynamics’ Atlas.

Autonomous Robots

These machines operate independently of human operators and are usually designed to perform
tasks in open environments without any human supervision. Autonomous robots perceive the
world around them using sensors and then use decision-making capabilities to take the optimal next
step based on their data and mission. For example, Roomba vacuum cleaner uses sensors to roam
freely throughout a home. Other examples of autonomous robots are lawn trimming bots, hospitality
bots, autonomous drones and medical assistant bots.
Most industrial robots are non-intelligent.
We often call these robots, cobots. Cobot, or a simple collaborative robot, is a non-intelligent robot.
For example, a cobot can be programmed to pick up an object and place it elsewhere. This is done by
training a specialized computer vision program to identify different types of objects generally by
using an AI algorithm called Template Matching. Broadly, this is an autonomous function as no human
intervention is required once the cobot has been programmed to do its task efficiently.
Moreover, the task does not require any intelligence as the cobot will always be picking the object in
the same way until its instructions are not changed.

Tele operated Robots

These are semi-autonomous bots that use a wireless network to conditions, weather and
circumstances. For example, drones used to detect landmines on a battlefield, robots used to fix
underwater pipe leaks during oil spill are examples of tele operated robots.

Augmenting Robots

Also known as VR robots, they are used to enhance or replace current human capabilities. With their
help, science fiction could become a reality very soon by making humans faster and stronger. For
example, robotic prosthetic limbs or exoskeletons are used to lift hefty weights.

Types of Robots Based on Degree of Human Control Independent Robots

They perform their work autonomously and independent of human operator control. So, they need to
be intensely programmed. Such robots are deployed to replace humans for performing dangerous,
mundane or otherwise impossible tasks ranging from bomb diffusion and deep-sea travel to factory
automation. Though independent robots eliminate certain jobs, the also present new possibilities for
growth.

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Dependent Robots

These robots are non-autonomous robots as they interact with humans to perform their actions.
Humans guide robots to enhance and supplement their already existing actions. For example, these
days, advanced prosthetics (the branch of surgery concerned with the making and fitting of artificial
body parts. For example, a piece of flexible material applied to a person’s face or body to change their
appearance temporarily) are controlled by the human mind.

In 2018, Johns Hopkins APL created a popular example of a dependent robot was created by in
2018 for a patient (Johnny Matheny) whose arm was amputated above the elbow. A modular
prosthetic limb was fitted in Matheny that was controlled by electromyography, or signals sent
from his amputated limb that controls the prosthesis. Over time, he could accurately move his arm
and even play the piano. At this time, the signals sent from his amputated limb became smaller and
less variable.
Chat bots
Software robotics, also called bots, are computer programs that perform tasks autonomously. For
example, a chat bot is a computer program that simulates conversation both online and over the
phone and is often used in customer service scenarios. While simple chat bots answer questions with
an automated response, more complex digital assistants learn from user information.
Robotics involves building robots physical whereas AI involves programming intelligence.

Types of Bots
Bots, or software robots only exist on the Internet and originate within a computer. Hence, they
cannot be called robots. We have learnt in the characteristics of a robot that a robot has a physical
form, such as a body or a chassis. Some popularly used bots are as follows:

1. Chat bots carry out simple conversations to provide 24 X 7 customer service.

2. Spam bots collect email addresses and send spam mail.
3. Download bots automatically download software and apps.

4. Search engine crawler bots scan websites and make them visible on search engines.
5. Monitoring bots collect statistics to report speed and status of the website.

Components of a Robot

Robots are created to perform a variety of tasks to present a solution for a wide range of problems.
For this, they need a set of specialized components that are discussed below.

Control System

Control system is a CPU that directs a robot’s task at high level. It performs all computations to tell a
robot how to utilize its specific components, like how our brain sends signals to other parts of the
body to complete a specific task. The tasks that a robot completes vary from an invasive surgery to
assembly line packing.

Sensors

Sensors are devices that detect the events or changes in the environment and send data to the
computer processor. For this, they are equipped with other electronic devices to provide electrical
signals that allows the robot to interact with the world. Basically, the electrical signals act as a
stimulus that are processed by the controller. Based on the stimulus received, the controller instructs
the robot to interact with the outside world. This helps the robot to efficiently respond to real-time
data.
Popularly used sensors within a robot include video cameras (as eyes), photo resistors (react to light)
and microphones (as ears).

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All these sensors allow the robot to capture information about its surroundings and process it to
deduce the most logical conclusion and give commands to other components.
Robots are programmable, autonomous or semi-autonomous machines.

It is through these sensors that the robots get the ability to see, hear, touch and move like humans.
Sensors are devices or machines which help to detect the events or changes in the environment and
send data to the computer processor. These devices are usually equipped with other electronic
devices.
Similar to human organs, the electrical sensor also plays a crucial role in artificial intelligence and
robotics. AI algorithms control robots by sensing the environment, and provide real- time
information to computer processors.

Actuators
Actuators are the motor parts that facilitate a robot’s movement. We have read that a machine is a
robot if it has a movable frame or body and actuators are the components that cause movement.
Actuators are made up of motors that receive signals from the control system and move in tandem to
carry out the movement necessary to complete the assigned task.
They are made of metal or elastic.
Electric motors are the devices that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy and are
required for the rotational motion of the machines.
Actuators help in moving and controlling a robot by using energy that can be electrical, hydraulic and
air, etc. This means that actuators are usually operated using electricity (electrical), compressed air
(pneumatic actuators) or oil (hydraulic actuators). Actuators can create linear as well as rotary
motion.

Power Supply

Power supply is done to the robot by a battery. Just as we need food to do our work, robots require
power to operate. The main use of power supply is to convert electrical current to power the load.
Stationary robots used in a factory work on AC power while others operate via an internal battery.

While a majority of robots work on lead-acid batteries as they are safe and have long shelf life, others
use compact and expensive silver-cadmium batteries. These batteries are chosen depending on
safety, weight, replaceability and lifecycle of the robot.
AI algorithms are used in Google searches, Amazon’s recommendation engine and GPS route finders.
However, for future robotic development, pneumatic power from compressed gasses, solar power,
hydraulic power, flywheel energy storage, organic garbage through anaerobic digestion and
nuclear power are also being considered as potential sources of power.
Example of a pure AI is AlphaGo.
Pure AI is usually found in games. For example, in 1997, AI Deep Blue could easily defeat world
champion. A more recent example is AlphaGo which won Lee Sedol, the world champion Go player, in
2016.

End Effectors
End effectors are the physical, typically external components of a robot that facilitate it to complete a
task. For example, in factories, robots usually have interchangeable tools like paint sprayers, gripping
claws or even hands for undertaking tasks like deliveries, packing, bomb diffusion, etc.
All these components are central to every robot’s construction.
AI Technology Used in Robotics

In this section, we will list AI technologies that are used in robotics. We have already studied some of
them. These technologies are discussed below.
1. Computer Vision: As studied earlier, Computer Vision is an important domain of artificial
intelligence that extracts useful information from images, videos and visual inputs to perform
appropriate action(s).

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2. Natural Language Processing (NLP): NLP is used to give voice commands to AI robots to create a
strong human-robot interaction. NLP helps the robot to understand and reproduce human language.
Besides recognizing human language, robots can learn the accent, and predict how humans speak.
3. Edge Computing: Edge computing in robots helps in robot integration, testing, design and simulation
to provide better data management, lower connectivity cost, better security practices, more reliable and
uninterrupted connection.
4. Complex Event Process: An event is said to occur when there is a change of state and one or more
events combine to define a complex event. Correspondingly, complex event processing (CEP) helps us to
understand the processing of multiple events in real time.
The term ‘complex event process’ is popularly used in various industries including healthcare,
finance, security, marketing, detecting credit card fraud, stock marketing, etc. For example, the
deployment of an airbag in a car is a complex event that is based on real-time data coming from
multiple sensors.
5. Transfer Learning and AI: Transfer learning solves a problem with the help of an already solved
problem. So, the knowledge gained from solving one problem is utilized to solve another problem that is
related to the problem to be solved. For example, the model used to recognize a square shape can also
be used to identify a circular shape. Since transfer learning reuses the pre-trained model for a related
problem, the actual learning time for the new problem to be solved is relatively less and thus provides a
cheaper solution. In robotics, transfer learning trains one machine using other machines.
6. Reinforcement Learning: Reinforcement learning focuses on learning based on feedback. In this
technique, an AI agent to learns and explores the environment, performs actions and automatically
learns from experience or feedback obtained for each action. Reinforcement learning makes the agent
learn to behave optimally through hit-and-trail method while interacting with the environment. It is
mainly used to deduce decisions to achieve goals in an uncertain and potentially complex environment.
In the context of robotics, robots explore the environment to learn how to work optimally through
hit and trial method.
For every correct action, the robot gets a reward and a punishment for an incorrect action. In
this way, reinforcement learning provides a framework to design and simulate sophisticated
and hard-to-engineer robotic behaviours.
7. Affective computing: Affective computing focuses on developing systems that can identify, interpret
process and simulate human emotions. Therefore, this study aims to imbibe emotional intelligence in
robots so that they are able to observe interpret and express themselves emotionally.
8. Mixed Reality: Mixed reality is an emerging field that focuses on programming by demonstration
(PbD). PbD creates a prototype using a combination of physical and virtual objects.

Robotics—an Application of AI

Robotics is a branch of engineering that involves the conception, design, manufacture and operation
of robots. It is an inter-disciplinary field that includes the study of electronics, computer science,
artificial intelligence, mechatronics, nanotechnology and bioengineering.

Science-fiction author Isaac Asimov, first used the term ‘robotics’ in the 1940s. According to him,
robots must ensure the following:

Rule 1: Never harm humans.

Rule 2: Always follow instructions from humans without violating rule 1.

Rule 3: Protect themselves without violating the other rules.

Some important aspects of robots include the following:
1. They have electrical components for providing power and control the machinery.
2. They have mechanical construction and their shape or design depends on the task they are
intended to accomplish.
3. They are programmed. Instructions fed to them helps them to determine what, when and how
it would do something.

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These days, robots are being extensively designed as bots that explore the Earth’s harshest
conditions and assist in almost every facet of healthcare. Though the robotics industry is still
evolving, we already have robots that work in the deepest depths of our oceans to the highest heights
of outer space. They are being used to do everything that humans could not dream of doing.

Types of Robots

Pre-programmed robots operate in a controlled environment to perform simple, monotonous tasks.

For example, a mechanical arm on an automotive assembly line that is used to weld a door, or insert a
certain part into the engine. This type of robot can perform that task for longer hours, faster and more
efficiently than a human.

Humanoid robots look like humans and/or mimic human behaviour. They can perform human-
like activities (like running, jumping and carrying objects). Sophia and Atlas are two popular
examples of humanoid robots.

Autonomous robots operate without human operators. They are designed to perform tasks in open
environments that do not require human supervision. For example, the Roomba vacuum cleaner uses
sensors to roam freely throughout a home to clean it.

Tele operated robots are mechanical bots controlled by humans. They are used in extreme
geographical conditions, weather, circumstances, etc. For example, human-controlled submarines
used to fix underwater pipe leaks during the BP oil spill or drones used to detect landmines on a
battlefield are examples of tele operated robots.
Robots are also used for tasks varying from diffusing bombs to performing surgeries. VR robots are
also becoming popular these days.

Augmenting robots either enhance current human capabilities or replace the capabilities a human
may have lost. Robotic prosthetic limbs or exoskeletons used to lift hefty weights are examples of such
robots.

Uses of Robotics: Robots are used in the following areas.

1. Helping fight forest fires

2. Assisting humans in manufacturing plants (known as co-bots)

3. Provide companionship to the elderly

4. Work as surgical assistants

5. Deliver food orders or other packages

6. Perform household tasks like vacuuming and mowing the grass

7. Locate and transfer items throughout warehouses

8. Perform search-and-rescue missions after natural disasters

9. Landmine detectors in war zones
Industry-wise applications can be given as follows:
The manufacturing industry is amongst the first well-known users of robots. They use robots and
co-bots (bots that work alongside humans) to efficiently test and assemble products, like cars and
industrial machinery.

Logistics companies use robots in their warehouses to perform tasks like shipping, handling
goods and ensuring quality control. Robots are supposed to take items off the shelves, transport

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them across the warehouse floor and package them. They are now also used for last-mile delivery of
packages for faster and efficient delivery.
Self-driving cars are a result of integrating data science with robotics. Automakers like Tesla, Ford,
Waymo, Volkswagen and BMW are all working to provide users an ultimate experience of travel that
will let them sit back, relax and enjoy the ride.
Companies like Uber and Lyft are also developing autonomous rideshare vehicles that will be operated
without humans.
The healthcare industry uses robots to perform complicated surgeries, deliver everything from
medicines to clean linens.
Space agencies like NASA use robots in different ways. Robotic arms on spacecraft can move large
objects in space. Robotic spacecraft can visit other worlds like the Moon or Mars. For example, Mars
rovers Spirit and Opportunity are robots. Cassini studies Saturn and its Moons and rings. Robots like
The Voyager and Pioneer spacecraft are now travelling beyond our solar system. People on the Earth
use computers to send messages to the spacecraft. The robots have antennas that pick up the message
commands and work as per the instructions given to it.

Robotic airplanes can fly without a pilot aboard. NASA is also developing Robonaut to help people in
space. The upper body of Robonaut looks like a person. It has a chest, head and arms.
They can work outside a spacecraft and work like an astronaut on a spacewalk.

NASA is also working on robots that might help an astronaut in an emergency. For example, when the
astronaut is seriously hurt, a doctor on Earth could use the robotic arm to perform surgery. This
technology can help doctors on Earth, as well.
Doctors can help people in faraway places where there are no surgeons to perform complicated
surgeries. Robots are also used as scouts to check out new areas to be explored. They take
photographs, measure the terrain, look for dangers and find the best places to walk, drive or stop. This
not only helps scientists and engineers make better plans for exploring but also helps astronauts to
work more safely and quickly.

Note:

ASIMO is a humanoid that has the ability to recognise moving objects, postures, gestures,
understand its environment, and interact with humans.
Pepper is the world’s first robot capable of recognising human emotions. It is social, can
converse with people, give them directions and even dancing with them
Romeo helps with everyday tasks, assist when people have fallen over, make conversations
and play games.
Buddy is designed to entertain the family, help you with your everyday activities, offer reminders,
provides recipes in the kitchen, make video calls, keep an eye on your home while not at home,
connect all your smart home devices together and even help your children learn.
Panasonic Egg uses NLP Robot to communicate with you. It’s an intelligent assistant that can be
controlled by your voice, play video footage via a built- in projector and even engage in interactive
games. This robot is Wi-Fi connected and promises software updates in future to improve it
further.
REEM is a full-size humanoid service robot that can act as a receptionist, provide
entertainment for guests, make presentations and give speeches in different languages and help
with a variety of different chores. REEM is able to self- navigate, interact with people it encounters
and keep on running for up to eight hours.

Drones Using AI

The term ‘drone’ generally means any unpiloted aircraft that operates using a combination of
technologies including computer vision, artificial intelligence, object avoidance tech and others.
Also known as ‘unmanned aerial vehicles’ (UAVs), these drones can be as large as an aircraft or as
small as the palm of your hand. With drones becoming readily accessible, they are now increasingly
being used for the most dangerous and high-paying jobs that are discussed below.

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Emergency Response

Drones outfitted with thermal imaging cameras are used by emergency response teams to identify
victims who are difficult to spot with the naked eye.

Humanitarian Aid and Disaster Relief

During times of natural disaster, drones are used to assess damage, locate victims and deliver aid. In
addition, they are also used to prevent disasters altogether.

Surveillance
Drones outfitted with thermal imaging cameras can be used to monitor and combat forest fires.
Thermal cameras can measure and detect abnormal forest temperatures. This information can then be
used to identify areas that are more prone to forest fires or identify fires just minutes after they begin.

Conservation

Poaching and activities resulting in climate change have adversely affected wildlife worldwide. In
fact, according to the World Wildlife Fund, thousands of species are estimated to extinct each year. To
help combat this trend, conservationists are extensively using drones for geospatial imagery to
monitor and track animals to protect our biological ecosystem.

Disease Control

Many infectious diseases spread through animals. In such a scenario, drones can be used to capture
and test mosquitoes for infectious disease. This initiative can not only protect local residents, but can
also prevent epidemics before they begin.

Moreover, drones are also being used in remote areas to provide quick access to vital drugs,
medicines and medical equipment. All these initiatives have a profound impact on preventing
disease, increasing life expectancy and raising general standards of living.

Bomb Detection

Small sized drones fitted with effective cameras can easily penetrate into constricted spaces to detect
live bombs and save lives of thousands of people.

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Air Strikes

Drones are used for conducting air strikes. Former US President Barack Obama had been using drones
regularly to attack militants in the tribal areas of Pakistan. While being controlled by the defense
personnel, drones can be made to fly around suspected areas to fulfill military operations raised
numerous moral and ethical concerns as they lack accountability and failure to fully grasp the
consequences of actions.

Using Drones for Air Strikes

Agriculture

Farmers in some advanced countries are extensively using drones to gather data, automate
redundant processes and improve efficiency to reduce costs and expand yields. Drones also help
farmers to predict their potential harvest.

Weather Forecasting

Scientists are using drones to collect data about temperature, humidity, wind speed and other
climatic parameters that could help them to accurately predict future changes to global weather
systems. Drones used as autonomous sailboats are used to collect oceanic and atmospheric data
from the ocean surface.

Maritime
Drones are used to inspect ships above the surface as well as hulls from below. Countries like the
Netherlands, Denmark, and Norway are already using drones to identify ships committing emissions
infractions.

Waste Management

Drones are being used to clean oceans, collect waste in ports and harbours and maintain systems
for wastewater management.

Energy

Drones are used by energy generating companies to set up new sites for the production of energy. For
this, the drones are made to survey areas and gather topographic detail that can be used to help oil
and gas companies identify new drill sites. Drones are also used to extract, refine and transport oil
and gas while ensuring compliance with regulations and standards.

Drones fitted with specialized thermal sensors can detect leaks faster than a human inspector. Even
companies generating solar energy can use drones to design configurations for new arrays.

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Mining
Mining activities require constant measurement and assessment of stockpiles of ore or rock or
minerals. Drones fitted with unique cameras can capture large amounts of data from the air,
thereby reducing the risks associated with having surveyors on the ground.
Drones are being using by the Indian government to deliver COVID vaccines even in the remotest
areas.

Construction Planning

Drones are used to improve construction planning, enhance project monitoring and site
management. Cameras fitted in these drones monitor buildings and gauge topography and soil type
throughout the construction lifecycle.

Urban Planning

With increasing urbanization, cities are overburdened to accommodate more people in already
congested spaces. In such a scenario, urban planning is being done with drones to implement data-
driven improvements. For example, drones are used to gather data in populated areas. This data
when analysed using ML algorithms can suggest areas that may get benefited from green space or
classify the different types of structures and regions on the map.

Drones for Surveillance

Personal Transportation

China-based EHANG was started as an autonomous aerial vehicle (AAV) that operates with four
rotors (quad copter) for vertical takeoff. The vehicle is used to help passengers reach their
destinations. Such a vehicle is especially very useful in an urban environment with plenty of
obstacles. Personal transportation drones require minimal inputs from the passenger and aims to
allow safe landings even in case of engine failure or a collision.

Big companies like Uber, Airbus, Boeing and Rolls-Royce are working on developing flying drones
(robo taxis) for ferrying passengers around.
Space

Drones are being used to be moved in the space. For example, NASA is using a drone-like helicopter in
its Mars 2020 mission to help look for signs of life on Mars. In this mission, the helicopter will act as a
scout for the rover, gathering data about the planet’s terrain and surveying areas the rover cannot
reach.

NASA is also using a nuclear-powered drone for exploring Titan, one of Saturn’s moons. The drone will
arrive on Titan by 2034, autonomously traverse the planet for about 2 years, taking photos and
sending data back for analysis.

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Drones for delivering medical help

Telecommunications

Telecommunication towers must be inspected frequently to ensure service reliability. However, this
process is too dangerous and time-consuming to do manually. In such a scenario, drones are able to
quickly assess damage to help guide repair teams in restoring service.

Internet
Drones are being used to provide Internet access in remote areas and over irregular landforms. For
example, Facebook has designed a solar-powered drone called Aquila, to provide Internet access to
rural parts of the world. However, in 2018, Facebook halted the use of Aquila and used only third-
party drones instead.
Even Soft Bank, in collaboration with the drone manufacturer Aero Environment, is planning to
develop drones that will operate in the stratosphere to serve as ‘floating cell towers’ to provide
internet service to customers.

Outdoors

Drones are used outdoors to perform aerial landscape photography and extreme sports footage and
map the entire mountain face to help climbers and skiers to better understand the terrain.

Tourism and Hospitality

These days, flying drones providing luxury accommodations can be used to travel to new locations
on demand or to remote and traditionally inaccessible locations for guests. They are also being used
to deliver packages and room service quickly.

Live Entertainment

Drones are already being used by Disney for entertainment through synchronized lights shows,
floating projection screens and as drone puppeteers.

Journalism and News Coverage

News companies are using drones to gather news, especially from areas that are difficult to visit
due to safety issues, high costs or physical barriers. For example, drones are used to get aerial
footage of the aftermath of hurricane, wildfires and assess flood-ridden areas in the midwest.

Food Services

Drones are being used by online food ordering and delivery services for faster, cheaper delivery. This

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helps restaurants downsize their physical locations and lower real estate expenses.

The Future of AI
Accenture presented a report, AI: Built to Scale, in which it was concluded that 84% of business
executives believed that they required AI to achieve a higher growth but 76% struggled to use AI
across their business. When asked about the future of AI, Dr Kai-Fu Lee, AI oracle and venture
capitalist said, in 2018, ‘[AI] is going to change the world more than anything in the history of
mankind. More than electricity.’

Today, the most important topic that restrains companies to go deep into AI is cyber security. Spike in
cyber security breaches throughout 2020 when attacks rose 600% is a big concern.
During the pandemic, hackers capitalized on people working from home, using less secure
technology and Wi-Fi networks. In such a scenario, AI and machine learning can be used to
identify and predict potential threats and catch instances of fraud especially those involving finances.
Moreover, every application, these days, collect a lot of data about users. A person with disruptive
mindset can train a machine to even threaten user(s) with solutions that can even endanger their
being.

AI is also considered to be a threat to privacy as it violates human rights. For example, voice
assistants and facial recognition techniques invade privacy of humans and probably
Eavesdropping into their lives. Thus, AI needs to evolve as a trustworthy system in the future.

AI will change the way managers search suitable candidates for a job. AI is already being used in the
hiring process so much that up to 75% of resumes are rejected by an automated Applicant Tracking
System (ATS) before even reaching a human being.

In the past, recruiters have to invest considerable time to analyse resumes and shortlist relevant
candidates. But now, this is easily done by AI-powered programs. However, the concern is to develop
AI systems that are not biased. HireVue is a startup (established in 2018) that used facial recognition
software and psychology to determine the potential effectiveness of a candidate in a certain role. But
after the Electronic Privacy Information Center filed a lawsuit alleging that it could perpetuate bias
and prejudice, HireVue had to discontinue use of facial recognition software in early 2021, and now
uses audio analysis and natural language processing. This clearly indicates that the use of AI in the
hiring process or any other process may become controversial.

As of now, AI systems like Jobscan is an excellent resource that provides similar resume scanning by
comparing a candidate’s resume to a job description, thereby performing better than the
ATS. Similarly, Jobseer, a browser add-on, is an AI-based tool which scans a resume, as well as
keywords and skills related to the desired jobs, to match with the job listings that best fit a candidate’s
experience. For each listing, the candidate gets a rating as well as recommendations of skills to be
added to improve the capabilities.

AI and machine learning are one of the most desired skills in today’s job market. Jobs demanding AI
or machine-learning skills are expected to increase by 71% in the next five years. Even an
understanding of how AI can be used in different sectors is considered to be an added skill. Some
facts and myths that prevail about this technology are listed.

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Interesting Facts and Myths about AI

AI technology is still evolving. Companies would strive to implement ethical AI or responsible AI.
Business organizations are becoming keener to earn better revenues and profits. Small businesses are
considering AI solutions of larger companies as a case study to understand how they can delve into it
at a lower cost for maximizing their success. Startups are coming up to offer agility, growth and better
ideas to stay competitive.

In a few years’ time, advances in AI will reach the super intelligence stage. But it should be adopted
without harming the goodwill of loyal people. No doubt, the future of artificial intelligence is exciting
and extremely promising.

In fact, recently, a paper published by researchers at AMOLF’s Soft Robotic Matter group, discussed
self-learning robots that can easily adapt to changing circumstances. For this, small robotic units
were connected to each other for them to learn to move on their own. Techniques like reinforcement
learning and generative adversarial networks will be in great demand.
Moreover, sustainable technologies for fighting climate change will be developed using AI. The term

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already coined for this is ‘Green AI’.

To conclude, AI as a technology is not at all a threat to human existence. But the real threat is from
humans who may misuse AI to harm an individual or a society. For example, robotic army can be fed
to realize harmful motives. In order to alleviate the potential risks of AI in the future, AI systems
must be ethical and responsible.
No Code AI

Right from the first generation of computers, exhaustive efforts have been made to make
programming easier, faster, less technical so that it can become accessible to a much larger audience.

No-code tools allow people to build applications and systems without having to write long and
complex program codes.
Applications can now be designed using visual interfaces and guided user actions. No-code tools are
pre-integrated with other tools to exchange information as needed. Given below are some applications
that can be built entirely using such tools.

1. Websites and landing pages with Web flow.

2. Web or mobile applications with Bubble, Adalo, Mendix or Thunkable

Number and applications of No Code AI tools will grow steadily

3. Chat bots or virtual assistants through Octane AI, [Link], Landbot or mindsay
4. Databases through Air table
5. Connecting your tool stack with Zapier, [Link], Integromat, Parabola or Paragon
6. E-commerce through Shopify or Weebly
7. Manage memberships with Memberstack
8. Newsletters with Mailchimp or Mailjet
Why No-Code AI?

It has been seen that majority of businesses struggle to implement AI to its full potential and scale as
it is still considered to be a core-engineer’s task. In such a scenario, use of no code AI tools can be a
great help due to the following reasons:

1. These tools allow automation through plug-and-play or drag- and-drop UI.

2. Even users with absolutely no coding skills can leverage the benefits of AI algorithms to solve
business issues.
3. Businesses that cannot afford to invest additional time and resources to develop AI applications
can build such systems from the ground up.
4. Improves accessibility to intensify use of data science or AI
by even small and mid-sized companies.
5. Enhances usability as more and more non-technical users can create AI based solutions to a
problem in low-cost and less-time.
6. No-code AI solutions are of fairly good quality and reduces human error(s) when setting up such
systems.

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No-code AI landscape 2022: Technology

No-Code AI landscape 2022: Data type

When running this exercise, it made sense to group the tools by the technology they use. Here’s a
quick round of definitions:

Computer Vision

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It allows machines to obtain information from digital images, videos, pdfs and other visual data, and
take actions based on their learning’s.

NLP

This allows machines to understand and process language both spoken and written, for example, text
messages.

Predictive Analytics

This refers to predictive modeling based on structured (i.e., tabular data), for example, predicting
churn rate, forecasting and stock prices.

We also made a distinction between no-code tools and low-code tools. The no-code tools follow basic
criteria: they are end-to- end tools that are usable without coding knowledge. In that sense, low-code
tools are better suited if you have someone on your team who speaks data. categorizes these tools
based on their usage.

No-code AI landscape 2022: Customer vs use case Let us look at some popularly used no-code tools

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No-Code AI Tools and their Usage

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Future of No Code AI

Businesses are steadily moving towards no-code platforms. Research shows that by 2024, nearly 65%
of application development will be done through either through low-code or no-code platforms. And,
no code AI will play a big role in this. Some advantages of these tools are as follows.

1. No-code AI is a code-free technology.

Google Auto ML is the no-code AI solution that provides a feature-rich suite of AI products
that helps to train high- quality ML models tailored to unique business needs.
2. It facilitates non-AI experts also to implement and test their ideas without any help of AI
experts
3. AI experts can create ML solutions in less time using minimum efforts.
4. It supports collaboration between AI experts and domain experts.
5. It has drag-and-drop or wizard-based interface to build applications.
6. It helps to solve problems with improved productivity and efficiency.

All in all, no code AI ensures that AI technology can be adopted by everyone and everywhere.

Why No-Code AI Must be Used?

No code AI will become more important as it solves the following problems.

Steps in a Traditional ML Model Development and in a No-Code AI Model Development

Gap between AI Experts and Domain Experts

Every year, more and more companies are adopting AI technology. There is a huge gap between AI
experts and domain experts. They rarely understand terminology used by others.
While AI experts talks using terms of machine learning (ML) models and optimization
algorithms, domain experts, on the other hand, use only business-specific words to solve their
problems. This gap is critical to the success of AI initiatives.
Many projects fail due to lack of understanding. In such a scenario, no-code AI platforms allow
domain experts to test their ideas and communicate their issues with AI experts in a better way. At
the same time, these tools also help AI experts to add value for the domain experts in less time with
less effort.

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We can categorize no-code AI platforms based on the type of interface: drag-and-drop or wizard-
based.

Limited AI Experts and More Problems

We know that many problems can be solved fully or partially using AI technology. But to solve them,
we need AI experts.
These experts are still less in number and charge a heavy fee. So, here, domain experts can run their
experiments and get AI solutions using No-code AI platforms.

Steve Jobs said, ‘the line of code that’s the fastest to write, that never breaks, that doesn’t need
maintenance, is the line you never had to write.’

It is interesting to note that only 0.25% population of the world can do coding but anyone can be
taught to quickly and easily use no-code tools.

Low Code AI
The use of no-code as well as low-code platforms is constantly on the rise. Today, the growing
demand for AI solutions in business applications has paved the way for low-code and no- code AI
tools. These tools give companies the flexibility and agility to create new applications.00:00

Low-code is a software development technique that was introduced in 2011 to promote application
development in less time with little to no coding required. For this, it supports visual development of
applications using intuitive modeling with a graphical user interface (GUI).

Low-code development platforms are based on the concepts of model-driven design, automatic code
generation and visual programming. These platforms provide integrated tools to eliminate the need to
write code line-by-line. When working on these platforms, the user draws flowcharts in a visual
editor, and the code is produced automatically. Users can even create software applications by
dragging and dropping pre-defined components. Today, some of the most popular low-code software
platforms that are used by both programmers and non-programmers are Mendix, Outsystems,
Creatio, Appian and Creator.
According to Gartner, the demand for information systems will increase five times faster than IT
departments’ ability to provide them because the number of employees is not growing at a sufficient
pace.

Lower the difficulty level of application development processes, broader is the audience. Low-code
solutions not only enables fast delivery of applications with minimum effort but also ensure least
possible effort for the installation and configuration of environments, training and implementation.
Apart from other reasons, low-code AI is also preferred as it provides built-in security and
maintenance, saving costs and time. It also lowers development risks at a high return on investment.

The key differences between traditional and low-code development are given in Table.
TABLE Differences between traditional and low-code development

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Low-Code vs No-Code AI Development

Low code development requires very less or minimal programming effort from the user, whereas no-
code software does not require any programming at all.
Though both low-code and no-code use building blocks to create applications, low-code
facilitates the integration of custom software in the form of such building blocks.

Who Uses Low-Code Development?

Low-code development is beneficial for different types of users to speed up their projects and
simplify the deployment process. Low-code AI platforms enable rapid development, testing and
scaling of apps. In this section, we will discuss who use these platforms and for what purpose.

Low-Code for AI Beginners

Low-code and no-code AI platforms make AI technologies more accessible to technical and non-
technical users. Businesses no longer need to hire a full-time AI developer. These platforms have made
it much easier for beginners to get started with AI technologies.

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Low-Code for Developers

Low-code platforms help AI developers (like Computer Vision Engineer) to develop AI applications,
add their own custom software or AI models as integrations to the platform. This helps programmers
and researchers to spend less time on repetitive
coding tasks, write less code and focus resources on enhancing and optimizing the functionality of the
application.

Low-Code for Researchers

Researchers can use low-code platforms to quickly develop prototypes, speed up their experiments
and test each change without the need to invest in expensive infrastructure.
Moreover, they can easily compare different approaches and benchmark multiple versions.

Low-Code AI Platform for Computer Vision

A low-code AI platform for automating computer vision applications is a difficult task. Lot of
research is done in this area to overcome the challenges and technological problems. The latest AI
low-code platform, specifically designed for computer vision applications is [Link].

Viso. Ai is used to create custom computer vision and deep learning applications that process video
feeds of numerous cameras in real-time with deployed AI algorithms. Using fine- tuned, pre-trained AI
algorithms and pre-built modules in a visual editor, [Link] quickly creates a custom AI vision solution.
The platform continuously optimizes AI applications to achieve progressively better results.
Components of Low-Code AI Platforms

A low-code AI platform includes the following elements:

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

An intuitive GUI with clear visual elements can be easily used non-technical users to construct AI
vision applications. The purpose and usage of the element must be easily understandable by the
users.

Pre-Built Integrations

The AI vision application may use visual input of cameras and some pre-trained AI models, so these
functionalities are available as ready to use building-blocks to the user. Pre-built integrations of
modules that ensure secure data storage and communication are available with these platforms.

Application Manager

Developing an application with a low-code AI platform is just one portion of the software
development process. The application needs testing, deployment and maintenance on a regular basis.
For this, the platform offers tools to update code remove bugs and improve its functionality and
performance.
Disadvantages of Low-Code/No-Code Platforms

Though no-code/low-code AI platforms sounds interesting to use, there are some concerns which
should be addressed before taking the final call in selecting a platform.

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Security

Some platforms may not be able to design access protocols. In such a case, security may be
compromised and this is a serious concern for many companies where security is at the utmost
priority. Therefore, it is crucial to read research and clearly understand the terms and conditions to
interpret where and how data will be used.

Lack of Customization

Low-code/no-code platforms offer limited functionality as they are specifically designed to solve a
particular problem.

Requires Consultation or Training

All users, technical or non-technical, must be able to use the low-code/no-code platforms. But
usually, it is used by an ML engineer who also needs lot of training and consultations to guide
other team members to solve problems using AI.
Lack of Trust

According to Google Trends, the interest in no code ML is increasing but people interested in
traditional ML are far ahead. Support for libraries for ML and computer vision are much more than
low-code/no-code AI platforms.

Lock-In Strategy

Considerable amount of switching cost is involved while moving from one vendor to another. Thus,
most of the times, a user is entirely dependent on a particular software vendor.

Limitations on Personalization

Some no-code and low-code solutions do not allow users to change certain parameters.

Data Management

Even while using no-code solutions, businesses may have to rely on the expertise of data scientists
and data engineers for data processing tasks.

Scalability

As of now, creating scalable solutions for solving complex problems using a no-code machine learning
platform is far from reality.

Is Low-Code the Future of Software Development?

Low-code AI solutions are having a deep impact on the overall market right now, and its use is
quickly expanding. For example, if you want to enhance your existing application, then either you can
use a coding language such as Python or a low- code/no-code (LCNC) framework that has pre-
designed and tested code blocks that can be instantly incorporated to use its functionality.

The forecast about the use of low-code/no-code development platforms follow a strongly positive
curve. By the end of 2024, it is expected that more than 65% of applications will be developed using
the low-code/no-code development approach. Also, more than 75% of large enterprises will be using
at least four low-code/no-code development tools.

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The demand for low-code/no-coding development platforms has increased tremendously and the
worldwide low-code development technologies market is estimated to be $65 billion market cap by
2026. Businesses will benefit from low-code/no- code AI platforms in more data-driven sectors, such
as marketing, sales, and finance. AI can help in predicting churn rates, analyzing reports, adding smart
suggestions, automating invoicing and for lot more applications.

By 2030, the low-code development platform is expected to generate revenue of $187 billion. As
compared to no-code tools, low-code platforms provide a better scope of customization as per
business requirements.

CHAT GPT (Chat Generating Pre-Training)

Chat GPT is a language-generation software that can easily converse with people. For this, it answers
follow-up questions, rejects inappropriate queries and even admits its mistakes (Source: OpenAI
summary of the language model). To perform its task, Chat GPT has been extensively trained on an
enormous amount of text data.

Using NLP techniques, training data and crawling the web to study archived books and Wikipedia,
Chat GPT can recognize patterns to create text that mimics various writing styles. Some features of
this amazing tool are as follows.

1. Facilitates communication in conversational format.

2. Uses Reinforcement learning techniques to respond more accurately and dynamically.

Chat GPT is developed by Open AI using GPT-3.5 language.

We know that reinforcement learning learns by rewards and punishments received. In case of Chat
GPT, a question is asked from the software. Then, a number of answers are sampled which are later
manually ranked by humans. In fact, these ranks serve as training data for the reward model. The
output of the reward model is then improved by further training a fine- tuned language model using
reinforcement learning to react to queries. Therefore, human feedback plays a crucial role in the
success of deploying this software.

Once trained, Chat GPT can respond to follow-up inquiries, acknowledge its errors, refute false
assumptions and refuse unsuitable proposals.

Besides conversing, Chat GPT can respond to all types of writing, including theoretical essays,
mathematical solutions and stories.

The underlying technique of Chat GPT can also alter how people use search engines by delivering
answers to complex problems.

Chat GPT is a good debugging tool and can also fix the bug when you are asking a question.
Chat GPT is still in the research review stage. But still users can sign up and test it out for free.

Did you know that as soon as Elon Musk learned that Open AI was using Twitter’s database to train
Chat GPT, he immediately stopped it from doing so because Open AI is no longer open- sourced and
non-profit, and it should eventually pay for this knowledge.

Chat GPT-3 be used to create more complex chat bots. Those chat bots can provide detailed
information or perform difficult tasks like book flights, order food, automate simple tasks (like
scheduling meetings, tracking appointments), notify about upcoming events, find local businesses,
give personalized recommendations and advice based on preferences. Imagine a fitness freak person
getting healthy recipes and exercise routines for a chat bot.

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Big Concern: Human Replacement

Most significantly, Chat GPT has demonstrated the ability to build complex Python code and compose
college-level essays. This has raised concerns that such technologies may eventually replace human
workers like journalists or programmers.
Limitations

1. Chat bot is not a new thing. Several companies including Microsoft have developed them but did
not get much success. We have read that in less than 24 hours, Twitter users taught Microsoft’s Tay
bot misogynistic and racist language. Meta released Blender Bot 3 which also disseminated racial,
anti-Semitic and misleading information, including the assertion that Donald Trump won the 2020
presidential elections.
2. To prevent these kinds of incidents, Open AI used a Moderation API (an AI-based moderation
system) that notifies when language violates the company’s content policy to stay away from
communicating harmful or unlawful content. However, its moderation still has issues and is not
perfect.
3. Like any other AI tool, Chat GPT is only as good as the data it is trained on. If the training data
contains biases or inaccuracies, the model may reproduce these biases in its outputs.
4. Chat GPT sometimes write nonsensical answers and fixing this issue is challenging because
there may be no source of truth and building more restrictions may result in declining
questions that it can answer correctly.
5. Chat GPT gives different results when the questions are either slightly rephrased or asked multiple
times.
6. Text generated by Chat GPT excessively uses certain phrases especially when trainers want longer
answers that look more comprehensive.
7. Ideally, Chat GPT should ask clarifying questions when the user asks ambiguous queries but
instead, it gives answers by guessing what the user intended.
8. Attempts were made to make Chat GPT refuse inappropriate requests, but it sometimes respond to
harmful instructions or exhibit biased behaviour.
9. Chat GPT writes long paragraphs, poems, stories, etc. but it has not mastered the art of creative
style, so its output has not yet topped bestseller lists. However, the program does write good
bedtime stories for kids. But models like Chat GPT can never replace children’s books that have
been traditionally published.

Conclusion: Chat GPT is a powerful and versatile NLP tool that has the potential to revolutionize the
way humans interact with machines.

Wishing you and everyone in your family a very healthy, wealthy, happy and prosperous 2023. Stay
abundantly blessed always.

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Industrial Applications of AI
Applications of AI in Healthcare
What’s in the syllabus?
• Medical Diagnosis
• Early Detection & Prevention
• Drug Discovery & Development
• AI-Powered Virtual Medical Assistants (VMAs)
• AI-Powered Robotics in Healthcare
• Challenges
How can you explain in class?
• Use real-life cases: AI detecting cancer early, Chat GPT-style bots for patient queries, and robot-assisted
surgery.
• Relate to India-specific examples (AI in TB detection, Apollo Hospitals using AI).
• Show one demo/video (Google’s retinal AI project or da Vinci surgical robot).
• Activity idea: Ask students, “Which healthcare AI use-case would you trust most as a patient? Why?”
Applications of AI in Finance
What’s in the syllabus?
• Algorithmic Trading → high-speed, AI-driven stock trading.
• Financial Risk Management → fraud detection, credit scoring.
• AI-Based Customer Service → chat bots in banks, financial assistants.
• Challenges → data security, ethical concerns, and over-reliance on AI in critical decisions.
How can you explain in class?
• Start with a simple analogy: “AI in finance is like a smart calculator that not only computes but also predicts
market moves.”
• Use examples: Zerodha (India), JP Morgan, Pay TM fraud detection, SBI YONO chat bots.
• Short classroom activity: ask “Would you prefer a human or AI to approve your loan? Why?” → triggers ethics
discussion.
• Show news clippings (AI predicting stock crashes, fraud detection success stories).
Applications of AI in Retail
What’s in the syllabus?
• Inventory & Store Layout Management → AI predicts demand, manages stock, optimizes shelf placement.
• Personalized Shopping Experience → recommendation engines (Amazon, Flipkart), targeted ads.
• Customer Support → chat bots, virtual shopping assistants.
• Challenges → data privacy, algorithm bias, cost of implementation.
How can you explain in class?

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• Relate to everyday examples: “When you shop online, AI suggests ‘customers also bought…’ → that’s
personalization.”
• Use a visual demo: screenshot of Flip kart/Amazon recommendations.
• Talk about offline retail too → AI cameras tracking footfall in malls, dynamic store layouts.
• Class activity: ask “What AI features have you noticed while shopping online?” (students will recall ads,
suggestions, chat bots).
Applications of AI in Agriculture
What’s in the syllabus?
• Precision Farming → optimize use of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides using AI & sensors.
• Crop Monitoring & Management → drones + computer vision for detecting pests/diseases, yield prediction.
• Smart Irrigation Systems → AI-based water management using soil/moisture data.
• Challenges → high cost, lack of farmer training, poor rural connectivity, and data limitations.
How can you explain in class?
• Begin with India-focused examples: AI in predicting crop yield (ICRISAT, NITI Aayog projects).
• Show short video/picture: drone spraying crops or an AI app identifying leaf disease.
• Connect to students’ local context: “Farmers in Karnataka/Andhra are already using AI apps for soil health
checks.”
• Quick discussion: “How can AI reduce farmer suicides?” → links technology to social impact.
Applications of AI in Education
What’s in the syllabus?
• Personalized Learning → adaptive platforms (custom learning paths, quizzes).
• Administrative Tasks → grading automation, attendance, timetabling.
• AI-Based Language Tools → translation, speech-to-text, grammar correction.
• Challenges → digital divide, data privacy, over-dependence on tech, loss of human touch.
How can you explain in class?
• Start with a relatable example: Byju's, Coursera, or Khan Academy using AI for adaptive learning.
• Demo real tools: Google Translate, Grammarly, speech-to-text → students instantly connect.
• Highlight benefits for teachers: less admin work → more focus on teaching.
• Class activity: ask “Would you prefer feedback from an AI tutor or a human teacher? Why?” → sparks debate.
Applications of AI in Transportation
What’s in the syllabus?
• Traffic Management & Optimization → smart signals, congestion prediction.
• Ride-Sharing & Mobility Services → Uber, Ola, autonomous shuttles.
• Safety & Security → driver assistance (ADAS), accident prediction, surveillance.
• Challenges → infrastructure cost, legal/ethical concerns, data privacy, and reliability.
How can you explain in class?

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• Start with a local example: Bengaluru smart traffic system, FASTag toll booths.
• Show a short clip: self-driving cars, smart traffic lights.
• Relate to students: “Your Ola/Uber fares are dynamic because AI predicts demand.”
• Quick discussion: “Would you trust a self-driving car in India today? Why/why not?”

AI in Experimentation & Multi-Disciplinary Research

What’s in the syllabus?
• Particle Physics → analyzing massive collider data (CERN experiments).
• Astrophysics & Space → detecting exoplanets, analyzing telescope images, space mission data.
• Experimental Chemistry → drug molecule simulation, material discovery.
• Biology → protein structure prediction (AlphaFold), gene sequencing.
• Environmental Science → climate modeling, pollution monitoring, disaster prediction.
How can you explain in class?
• Use real global examples: AlphaFold in biology, NASA using AI for Mars rover data, and AI in climate change
research.
• Relate to student curiosity: “AI is helping scientists discover new planets and new medicines.”
• Show 1–2 images (Hubble/James Webb AI-processed space images, protein folding).
• Quick discussion: “Which field do you think AI will impact the most in the next 10 years?”

Prepared by: TAMIZHSELVAN. A Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Sri Sairam College of Engineering, Anekal
 Regulation-2025 (OBE & CBCS Scheme) INTRODUCTION TO AI AND APPLICATIONS - (1BAIA103/203)
MODULE-1
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE & HUMANITIES

MODULE-5
Robotics

Prepared by: TAMIZHSELVAN. A Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Sri Sairam College of Engineering, Anekal