PRACTICAL RESEARCH TOPIC

Topic 1: Draws Conclusions from Research Findings

Comprehensive Discussion
In research, conclusions are the statements that summarize the meaning of the findings. They highlight
the answers to the research questions, confirm or refute the hypotheses, and connect the results to the
objectives of the study.
A conclusion is not an opinion of the researcher—it must come directly from the data analysis. Strong
conclusions show how the findings are useful and relevant, without exaggerating or making claims beyond
what the evidence supports.
Guidelines in Drawing Conclusions
1. Go back to your research questions or objectives. The conclusion must provide clear answers.
2. Base the conclusion only on the findings. Do not include personal bias or assumptions.
3. Be clear and concise. Avoid lengthy explanations—summarize the key point.
4. Avoid overgeneralization. Do not claim results apply to everyone if your sample is limited.
5. Use objective language. Instead of “I believe,” use “The results indicate…”
6. Highlight patterns or trends. Focus on what the data shows consistently.
7. Check alignment. Your conclusion must connect logically to findings and recommendations.
Samples of Research Conclusions
• Research Question: Is there a relationship between study habits and academic performance of Grade
11 students?
o Finding: Pearson’s r = 0.82 (strong positive correlation).
o Conclusion: “There is a strong positive relationship between study habits and academic
performance. Students with better study habits tend to have higher grades.”
• Research Question: What is the effect of using social media on students’ sleeping hours?
o Finding: Average sleeping hours decreased by 2 hours among heavy social media users.
o Conclusion: “Frequent use of social media negatively affects students’ sleeping hours,
reducing their average sleep duration by two hours compared to those who use it less.”
Activity
Instruction: Read the following research findings and write a possible conclusion for each.
1. A survey shows that 75% of students prefer studying with background music.
2. Test scores increased by 20% after students used an online learning app.
3. Findings indicate no significant difference between male and female students in math performance.

10-Item True or False Test (Drawing Conclusions)

1. A conclusion must be based on research findings, not opinions.
2. Conclusions can introduce new ideas not discussed in the study.
3. Overgeneralization means drawing conclusions not supported by data.
4. The best way to phrase conclusions is to use “I think” or “I believe.”
5. Conclusions should directly answer the research questions or objectives.
6. A conclusion may be vague as long as it is related to the study.
7. If findings show no significant effect, the conclusion must still report this honestly.
8. Using “The results indicate…” is an example of objective language in a conclusion.
9. Recommendations are always included in the conclusion.
10. A well-written conclusion avoids assumptions and stays focused on the data.
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH TOPIC
Topic 2: Formulates Recommendations
Comprehensive Discussion
Recommendations in research are practical suggestions or courses of action based on the findings
and conclusions of a study. They are written after the conclusion and aim to improve practices, solve
problems, or guide future studies.
While conclusions summarize the study’s results, recommendations tell the readers what should be
done next. They must be specific, realistic, and directed to the right audience (e.g., students, teachers,
administrators, policymakers, future researchers).
Guidelines in Formulating Recommendations
1. Base recommendations on conclusions. They must directly follow from the results of the study.
2. Be specific and actionable. Instead of “Improve teaching,” write “Conduct weekly peer-tutoring
sessions to strengthen math skills.”
3. Identify the target group. Address whether the recommendation is for teachers, students,
administrators, or policymakers.
4. Avoid vague or broad statements. Recommendations should be realistic and achievable.
5. Organize logically. Start with the most important recommendations and proceed to less urgent ones.
6. Be clear and concise. State the recommendation in one or two sentences only.
7. Include recommendations for future research. Suggest how other researchers can continue or
improve the study.
Samples of Research Recommendations
• Conclusion: There is a strong positive relationship between study habits and academic performance.
o Recommendation: Teachers should organize workshops on effective study strategies to help
students improve their academic performance.
• Conclusion: Students’ average sleep hours decreased due to heavy social media use.
o Recommendation: Parents and schools should guide students in responsible use of social
media and promote time management programs.
• Conclusion: No significant difference was found in math performance between male and female
students.
o Recommendation: Teachers should continue providing equal opportunities and instructional
strategies regardless of gender.
Activity
Instruction: Read the following conclusions and write one recommendation for each.
1. Students who attended peer tutoring showed improved math performance.
2. Most respondents reported lack of internet access as a challenge in online learning.
3. Study shows that students who exercise regularly experience lower stress levels.

10-Item True or False Test (Formulating Recommendations)

1. Recommendations must always be based on the conclusions of the study.
2. A recommendation may be based only on the researcher’s opinion.
3. Effective recommendations are specific and doable.
4. It is acceptable to make vague recommendations as long as they sound positive.
5. Recommendations should identify which group or person can act on them.
6. Recommendations are written before the conclusions.
7. Suggesting future research is part of formulating recommendations.
8. A good recommendation must be clear, concise, and realistic.
9. Recommendations can contradict the findings of the study.
10. Organizing recommendations from most important to least important is a good practice.
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH TOPIC
Topic 3: Lists References
Comprehensive Discussion
References are the list of all sources cited in a research paper. They give credit to authors whose work
supported the study and allow readers to verify the information. Proper referencing is a key part of academic
honesty because it avoids plagiarism and acknowledges the contributions of other researchers.
The style of listing references depends on the format required. The most commonly used in senior high school
is APA (American Psychological Association) format.
Guidelines in Listing References (APA 7th Edition)
1. Alphabetical Order – Arrange references alphabetically by the surname of the first author.
2. Hanging Indent – Each entry uses a hanging indent (first line flush left, following lines indented).
3. Consistency – Use the same style for all references.
4. Complete Details – Include author, year, title, source (publisher, journal, or website).
5. Different Formats for Different Sources –
o Book: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the book. Publisher.
o Journal: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Journal Name, volume(issue), pages.
o Website: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of webpage. Site Name. URL
6. Only Cite What Was Used – Include only the works that were actually cited in the research.
7. Double-check Accuracy – Make sure spelling, dates, and links are correct.
Samples of References (APA Style)
• Book: Creswell, J. W. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods
approaches (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.
• Journal: Santos, M. L. (2020). The impact of online learning on student performance. Philippine Journal
of Education, 95(3), 25–37.
• Website: World Health Organization. (2021). Adolescent mental health. WHO.
[Link]
Activity
Instruction: Arrange the following references in correct APA format.
1. Book – Rex Book Store – 2017 – Authors: Paler-Calmorin, L. & Calmorin, M. – Research Methods and
Thesis Writing
2. Website – [Link] – Department of Education – 2022 – “K to 12 Curriculum Guide”
3. Journal – Garcia, R. (2019). “Social Media Use and Academic Stress” – Asian Journal of Education, 12(2),
44–55.

10-Item True or False Test (Listing References)

1. References give credit to the sources used in the research.
2. Plagiarism can be avoided by writing a proper reference list.
3. References should be arranged in the order they appeared in the study, not alphabetically.
4. In APA format, the author’s surname comes first in the reference entry.
5. The title of a book in APA references should be written in italics.
6. It is acceptable to include sources in the reference list even if they were not cited in the study.
7. Journal articles in the reference list must include volume and issue numbers if available.
8. A hanging indent means all lines of the reference entry are aligned at the left margin.
9. Websites used in the study must include the complete URL in the reference list.
10. Consistency in format is important when writing references.
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH TOPIC
Topic 4: Presents Written Research Report
Comprehensive Discussion
A written research report is the final product of a research study. It is a formal document that organizes the
study’s findings, discussions, conclusions, and recommendations in a systematic manner. The purpose of the
research report is to communicate results clearly to readers, such as teachers, administrators, policymakers,
and other researchers.
The research report not only presents data but also explains how the study was conducted, why it was done,
and what it contributes to knowledge and practice.
Guidelines in Writing a Research Report
1. Follow the Standard Format – Most research reports include:
o Title Page
o Abstract
o Chapter I: Introduction (background, statement of the problem, significance, scope and
delimitation, definition of terms)
o Chapter II: Review of Related Literature
o Chapter III: Methodology
o Chapter IV: Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
o Chapter V: Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations
o References
o Appendices
2. Be Clear and Organized – Each section should have a logical flow and transition.
3. Use Academic Language – Write formally, objectively, and avoid slang.
4. Support with Evidence – Always connect findings to data, literature, or established theories.
5. Avoid Plagiarism – Acknowledge all sources properly in-text and in the references.
6. Edit and Proofread – Check for grammar, clarity, and formatting errors before submission.
7. Follow Institutional Guidelines – Use the prescribed font, spacing, margin, and citation style.
Sample Excerpts of a Research Report
• Introduction (excerpt):
“This study investigates the relationship between sleep duration and academic performance of Grade
11 students at XYZ High School. Specifically, it aims to determine whether students who get at least 8
hours of sleep perform better in their academic tasks.”
• Methodology (excerpt):
“The study used a descriptive-correlational design. A total of 120 Grade 11 students were surveyed
using a validated questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient.”
• Conclusion & Recommendation (excerpt):
“Results revealed a moderate positive relationship between sleep duration and academic performance.
It is recommended that the school promote time management seminars to help students improve their
sleeping habits.”
Activity
Instruction: Identify which part of the research report the following statements belong to:
1. “The study aims to investigate the effect of peer tutoring on students’ math performance.”
2. “A total of 200 students participated in the survey.”
3. “There is a significant relationship between attendance and grades.”

10-Item True or False Test (Written Research Report)

1. A written research report is the final output of a study.
2. The research report should use informal and casual language.
3. Chapter IV of a research report usually presents, analyzes, and interprets data.
4. References are optional in a research report.
5. The abstract is a short summary of the entire study.
6. The methodology section explains how the study was conducted.
7. Plagiarism is acceptable if the copied material is relevant.
8. A research report should always follow a clear, logical organization.
9. Proofreading and editing are unnecessary in writing a report.
10. Research reports should follow the format required by the school or institution.