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Periodic Trends in Electron Affinity and Ionization

The document discusses periodic trends including electron affinity, metallic character, atomic radii, and ionization energy, highlighting how these properties change across periods and down groups. It also covers the characteristics of different groups in the periodic table, such as alkali metals, halogens, noble gases, and transition metals, along with key oxidation states and isoelectronic series. Additionally, it notes the natural forms of certain elements and the existence of diatomic elements.

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Amy Fleur
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9 views2 pages

Periodic Trends in Electron Affinity and Ionization

The document discusses periodic trends including electron affinity, metallic character, atomic radii, and ionization energy, highlighting how these properties change across periods and down groups. It also covers the characteristics of different groups in the periodic table, such as alkali metals, halogens, noble gases, and transition metals, along with key oxidation states and isoelectronic series. Additionally, it notes the natural forms of certain elements and the existence of diatomic elements.

Uploaded by

Amy Fleur
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

PERIODIC TRENDS

Electron affinity – energy released when an electron is added (how much an atom wants to gain
an electron)
o Larger EA (more negative – energy released) means it is easier to add an electron
o Smaller EA (more positive – more energy is absorbed) means it is harder to add an
electron (element is stable as neutral atom e.g., noble gases)
o When an electron is added to a neutral atom, energy is released (exothermic)

Trends in electron affinity


• Increases across a period – increased nuclear charge
• Decreases down the group – more shells and shielding

Metallic character – tendency to lose an electron


o Metallic – high tendency to lose an electron
o Non-metallic – high tendency to gain an electron

Atomic radii
• Anions are always larger than neutral atoms due to increased electron-electron repulsions
which push the electrons further apart
• Positive ions are smaller as they have lost outermost electrons and have only core electrons so
are held more tightly to the nucleus

Ionisation energy – energy required to remove an electron from an atom in its gaseous state
o 1st ionisation is the energy to remove the first electron, 2 nd for the second, etc

Trends in ionisation energy


• Increases across a period – increased nuclear charge so more energy needed to remove the
electron
• Decreases down the group – more shells and shielding

Exceptions:
o Group 2 to group 3 – IE decreases as “p” shell is higher in energy than “s” shell so less
energy needs to be added to remove an electron
o Group 5 to group 6 – IE decreases as electrons become paired in orbitals; electron repulsion
makes it easier

The periodic table

• Most metals are solid at room temp, except I2 which is solid, Hg and Br2 which are liquid, and F2
and Cl2 which are gases

Alkali metal – group 1


Halogens – elements that make salts e.g., chlorine makes sodium chloride
Noble gases – gases that don’t participate in any bonding unless forced – have complete shells

Transition metals – have varying transition states e.g., iron can make +2 or +3 charge, copper
can be +1 or +2 charge

Oxidation states to remember:


o Vanadium - +5, +4, +3, +2
o Chromium - +2, +3, +6
o Manganese - +2, +4, +7
o Cobalt - +2, +3
o Nickel - +2
o Copper - +1, +2

Isoelectronic series – group of ions that all have the same number of electrons
e.g., O2-, F-. Ne, Na+, Mg2+, Al3+, Si4+
Metalloids – elements that have both properties of metals and non-metals – located between the
two on periodic table

Elements & rules

• There are 7 diatomic elements: hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and top 4 halogens
• Phosphorus is naturally in the form P4
• Sulphur is naturally in the form S8

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