Mechanics of deformable bodies

Strength of Materials extends the study of forces that was begun in engineering
mechanics.

In the field of Mechanics covers between forces acting on a rigid bodies: in statics, the
bodies are in equilibrium, whereas in Dynamics, they are accelerated but can be put in
equilibrium by applying correctly placed inertia forces.

In contrast to mechanics, strength of materials deals with the relations between

Simple Stresses

Stress

Stress is defined as the strength of a material per unit area, it is also called the unit
strength. It is the force on a member divided by area, which carries the force, formerly express in
psi, now in N/mm2 or MPa.

𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

Three types of simple stresses

Normal Stress
The applied force is perpendicular to the resisting area

Shear Stress
The applied force is parallel to the resisting area

Bearing Stress
It is the contact pressure between separate bodies.

Normal Stresses
Normal stress will occur to members that are axially loaded. Axial force can be tension or
compression and applied at the centroid of cross-section of the member.

𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴
where P is the applied normal load in Newton and A is the area in mm2. The maximum stress in
tension or compression occurs over a section normal to the load.

Normal stress is either tensile stress or compressive stress. Members subject to pure tension (or
tensile force) is under tensile stress, while compression members (members subject to
compressive force) are under compressive stress.
Compressive force will tend to shorten the member. Tension force on the other hand will tend to
lengthen the member.

Sample Problem
1. A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a tensile load of 400 kN.
Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to 120 MN/m 2.

2. A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is supported at either end by a cable as shown in Figure

3. An aluminum rod is rigidly attached between a steel rod and a bronze rod as shown in Figure.
Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the maximum value of P that will not
exceed a stress in steel of 140 MPa, in aluminum of 90 MPa, or in bronze of 100 MPa.

4. Figure shows a two-member truss supporting a block of weight W. The cross-sectional areas of
the members are 800 mm2 for AB and 400 mm2 for AC. Determine the maximum safe value of W
if the working stresses are 110 MPa for AB and 120 MPa for AC.

5. For the truss shown in Fig. P-111, calculate the stresses in members CE, DE, and DF. The cross-
sectional area of each member is 1.8 in2. Indicate tension (T) or compression (C).
6. Find the stresses in members BC, BD, and CF for the truss shown. Indicate tension or
compression. The cross-sectional area of each member is 1400 mm2:

7. The 1000-kg uniform bar AB is suspended from two cables AC and BD; each with cross-
sectional area 400 mm^2. Find the magnitude P and location x of the largest additional vertical
force that can be applied to the bar. The stresses in AC and BD are limited to 100 MPa and 50
MPa, respectively.

Shear Stress
Forces parallel to the area resisting the force cause shearing stress. It differs to tensile and
compressive stresses, which are caused by forces perpendicular to the area on which they act.
Shearing stress is also known as tangential stress.

𝑉
𝜏=
𝐴𝑣
where V is the resultant shearing force which passes through the centroid of the area Av being
sheared.

Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate bodies. It differs from compressive
stress, as it is an internal stress caused by compressive forces.

𝑃𝑏
𝜎𝑏 =
𝐴𝑏

Sample Problems

1. The lap joint is connected by three 20-mm-diameter rivets. Assuming that the axial load P =
50 kN is distributed equally among the three rivets, find (a) the shear stress in a rivet; (b) the
bearing stress between a plate and a rivet; and (c) the maximum average tensile stress in each
plate.

2. A key prevents relative rotation between the shaft and the pulley. If the torque T = 2200 N - m
is applied to the shaft, determine the smallest safe dimension b if the working shear stress for
the key is 60 MPa.
3. The rectangular wood panel is formed by gluing together two boards along the 30-degree
seam as shown in the figure. Determine the largest axial force P that can be carried safely by the
panel if the working stress for the wood is 1120 psi, and the normal and shear stresses in the
glue are limited to 700 psi and 450 psi, respectively.

4. The bell crank, which is in equilibrium under the forces shown in the figure, is supported by a
20-mm-diameter pin at D that is in double shear. Determine (a) the required diameter of the
connecting rod AB, given that its tensile working stress is 100 MPa; and (b) the shear stress in
the pin.

5. The lap joint is fastened with four 3/4-in.-diameter rivets. The working
stresses are 14 ksi for the rivets in shear and 18 ksi for the plates in bearing. Find the
maximum safe axial load P that can be applied to the joint. Assume that the load is
equally distributed among the rivets.
Thin-walled Pressure Vessels

A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a pressure is subjected to tensile forces, which resist
bursting, developed across longitudinal and transverse sections.

TANGENTIAL STRESS, 𝜎𝑡 (Circumferential Stress)

The forces acting are the total pressures caused by the internal pressure p and the total tension
in the walls T.
𝐹 = 𝑝𝐴 = 𝑝𝐷𝐿
𝑇 = 𝜎𝑡 𝐴𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝜎𝑡 𝐿𝑡
∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0
𝑝𝐷𝐿 = 2𝑇
𝑝𝐷𝐿 = 2(𝜎𝑡 𝐿𝑡)

If there exist an external pressure po and an internal pressure pi, the formula may be expressed
as:
(𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑜 )𝐷
𝜎𝑡 =
2𝑡

LONGITUDINAL STRESS, 𝜎𝑙
Consider the free body diagram in the transverse section of the tank:
The total force acting at the rear of the tank F must equal to the total longitudinal stress on the
wall PT = σLAwall. Since t is so small compared to D, the area of the wall is close to πDt

If there exist an external pressure po and an internal pressure pi, the formula may be expressed as:

It can be observed that the tangential stress is twice that of the longitudinal stress.

SPHERICAL SHELL
If a spherical tank of diameter D and thickness t contains gas under a pressure of p = p i - po, the
stress at the wall can be expressed as:

Sample Problems
1. A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 400 mm in diameter with a wall thickness of 20 mm, is
subjected to an internal pressure of 4.5 MN/m2. (a) Calculate the tangential and longitudinal
stresses in the steel. (b) To what value may the internal pressure be increased if the stress in the
steel is limited to 120 MN/m2? (c) If the internal pressure were increased until the vessel burst,
sketch the type of fracture that would occur.

2. The wall thickness of a 4-ft-diameter spherical tank is 5/16 inch. Calculate the allowable
internal pressure if the stress is limited to 8000 psi.
3. Calculate the minimum wall thickness for a cylindrical vessel that is to carry a gas at a
pressure of 1400 psi. The diameter of the vessel is 2 ft, and the stress is limited to 12 ksi.

4. A cylindrical pressure vessel is fabricated from steel plating that has a thickness of 20 mm. The
diameter of the pressure vessel is 450 mm and its length is 2.0 m. Determine the maximum
internal pressure that can be applied if the longitudinal stress is limited to 140 MPa, and the
circumferential stress is limited to 60 MPa.

5. A water tank, 22 ft in diameter, is made from steel plates that are 1/2 in. thick. Find the
maximum height to which the tank may be filled if the circumferential stress is limited to 6000
psi. The specific weight of water is 62.4 lb/ft3.