P /12

Salution t Assirt6
bma
. (AcD.E)
oo I O . Lo o(H3.S5% Tpè 4enadacmnd to
OO B a Jber "Sqshm5a)
octal
(5 3
.7 6 Pg 3ss Tep Hesadeumal to OCa

(A DE F)6
Decum coueran

256o + I 9 2 + 13 + 0 8 t5 +0 8 5 9
dauma
-(276534)1 .

347)8
(00101 .oo eao n (3a

ToP 0ctal to kam

[Link]) Contmm

75 + 0 23 4
96 +3 +
6 40 +

} s 0 98 4
3 ss4 Top Deae t

587)1
215 8
239 6
(ts87= 11OoollooI1
2 18
2 99
249
2 2

2 2 o

No to a l l Pant neo 1 a pe h a p a
Soton
ndidual Pa hattnencas aem
 P 2412
(158) Pa 3.555 Tope: Decumal
Heaadinal Cue

161587 3.

63 15e- 33)

Pa 3Ss ihr cokurn,

h A =+28 op
Tepr
Swbtradhan nh Cepum

Omd B ++ 65

To ub tract A B yalert to
ad din A wt - B

mere A<B

additien B +0100 1o (2s Copltmet h B)

e n na Caw nenate d and hentyo heault o a higan no.

2s Cplament he fasult
OIOo 10

Venna Pant tte Sabaton)

(Oo1o) +(1»2')+ (or 2°)
) + " )+(o 2)
x)+ +0
6 + O

Negbe 18 18

Amcoo 23 A 6 =-l8
whch
Cvehad)
 P 3/12
Svmilan Prellom a |b)
A
-oo o)-3C3 Some eheronce ao

-(2)10
To do tte pera B- A
pame ae addang B to the 2's onplomonk A

Nn A 1 o o 11o)2

S0 B

2's Lpln
ulb
O
2enenalrA, eeyoe nlt
neate numaer

tke teaultt
2s Complemont

V
B -A 29 3 8 9
wla
ragalse
hne m realt OoIOo), = a),
enataA -9

atch Pg 3.620d

Kace- ano nd onoten m Jk ptp

omd En( Enalte
a d and
Tk latcw k -I
e n , atta a ume
Smonmal

whont RC diteontirtor,
Ana aPud wd NND 2a
rval At fP hén dalayr moua
anslher m e rat
and a-,Ao oa
hoe J- k =| back to =0.
wl hm
A t , he datpub
he EN CENa) eal
Hence, b hee dunaluem t p c ,
betiseam O omdAr
osclato, back andhorth voalue sh e
the tput,wll Ue
anal
e EN ( n a l l e ) eenad bo as
end a
At wncantawn. Tho ntinaluen
ntput, a
Cmdton EN Cme Prod
anond Cam be weLed
Vace ondnten
cowenba o nw
nomnd a
The hac t ao cenabanb
neol Ha, n h a phert i m
At,
>n i u t
aater slane Jk k en
to RO
duenalor

Codulpr i to uae

pKa wan Aa d
rt&
o
Aale w a
nomal Jk latah EN
Wh EN (Smalea)
 P 12
2
AB AB+BC
ACB +B) t BC
P 3 565
SrRce +6
= A BC
t KowsOR Kans 3d

AC (B + B) + (66)
O S B+6 = Pg3 3 S65
AC+ AC
10 Aaws -OR La 3 d)
CA A)

A
XNOR 7 Y 3565

Y A OB
A t AB
T r u Tata

NAND gata
SmbelA
Y A B
91
do s)Trut Tabla
Y

. su

Operonal daoealn
T mpb u)hem e r T
2 mpwto
ba(o), Th t p t halaa (o), wn bt pnto true C).
 2
Assiannent 6
Aat hat aumpitr iven Boelean qalen
Y =A B tAB +BC
A (B+ B) + B,c lans Ba) Pa 3s6s

AtC
The laa wrent waa NAND a hallows

A
A A Bc = A+BC
D ua de Magans
Theorm,
C BC Pa-566)

eBaaic loge qatto wa NAND ala, D

whieh callad ersa" gcta (ir alu baaie

Cam cealhuctd NaND a )

NOT X AYA A-DY-A

ente)
) ND Satt YAB
b
AD Ae
OR Y-A+8
A A

D = A +B

iv)XOR d Y- A B

A AB

A
Y
B AB

B AB
Y A AB
A AB+ AB
A CA +B) + 6 C )
A+B) (A+8) 356S
ABt AB * A A+ B.B
2d)
AB+AB tiice
 P 6/12
2 Simidar o 2 ) for AND
7
Thio me wang NOR Ua hch

wweraal ah.

Suerun)
u AND 2«
D-YA A
Y A+B =A B
w)

Y A+B =A+8
i xOR

A
AB

AB

tB
Y =A +B+A
- ( +E) (+)
AB + AB+A A +B B
Smice AA =O Be =o
=AB +AB AND aw 2d)

A B
 Po 7/12
2 »e ui a
kamaug map (K Map)
wnumi 2e L tollwrg SoP (Sum Prouilo )
P 3 56 b
pren. 3.S72
Fewr vannable
Y 2m (4,s, 7, 8, 10, 1, 13, 14)
k-maps.

ABcD

12 LEL

hawe 6 n ) Pavo as nndicakedL. T mammieed

SoP eaprrnon
Y = A BC AB D +Bc D +

ABC +AB D Ac D
The nBoslaan b~cbon
A)
Y AB + A B BC
Thoto norma h m ,
AB
canomCal ornm.
To ment mto anonical
map a
Qhuw
So Coidamng X mm eoms

t n SOP prmtanmica

B Ct ABC +
& naidor
h
ma
'o e
Mms
k-map
POS Um (Canandeal)
= (A +B tc) (A + 6tc) (A + 8 +c)
 Py B/n
For 8x maltiplax anth 8 npwo
aleu iplo Th eauatin ho ntpnt Rabe 3.602
S2S, ndS,
T, 3,3,5 +T, 5 , +7,3,5,5, +I, 5,5,5,

haprravnul lok
Thm COm e m
dangmn
To
Y
data
Cutpu
nplo MUX

data setect
mpnt linto

dnamw he8;I MUx wang barie gali.

No, to

,S5,3

L,3,5.5
eutput

, S5,5%

dala iput ines

data pautt
 -3
Pa/12
3 T dea an 8: MUx ham 4: ad 2: MUxes
P 3 603, 3-60

To Lnpomntatn kighr ordar

Mult iplaner * mwy l r du

MUA

data
21 y tpnt
Apnt S
MUX

(#8)
MUX
Data
Sute
pnt
S| S
Data
Selat nulo

P 9 3.616 Chapt +.
No Cominattonal' iiwo Seuntal cnoo
.. Owtputo at m me depindo O t p t dapendo on oth
on the sombined net, - h pseent mput ama e

puts aPptiad to i t Prexiouo iobory p

m u l t a m e o u a at hat
matmt 4 me

2. n t a n e no memoT alemert. (orlaimo at e a t ane

mamr elameno,

to dme to absence
3 Eoa deai Dttime to da
memoT
9t petoaneo o totalu
perormamco o. dascibed
5
T h e aat oontpt vabus
Pulaenet a l u a amo
t .
Otpnt valuos,
[Link] m paed e c a u n e a Slower im pead becanae
p t o a n e pmaN ipvie comdart pwo one alao
and appldd amnltamaOwr naadad whden ane aPpuid

9t maedo more hrdutaa eo hardwan qned

6
alizanon.
9to cpnatvelx e p r
7 t
 dhumatc dingrm Seauortuas Grcunl

9pwo ombinatibnnl antpulo

z fCX,Y)
StatY

lock
MamoYy damento k

lock pulae

Noe
Uross a o o re diodr l
mor tan Aata ure; hr do pules it a
un hence mo M Uocg

NAND gole
4 SR Ratch
The S R (St Reast) J t o ha so n pt s, amd R. h o t

St Raal aal) ard uoD Otpt Q ord

haprlaemo h e or

dch to adh aha.

ot
Cemplomenta

S
R
he g haws wo kovplnd ai G3 ond Gu n d NAID

3o G ond G2 aang ulus. Here, onbput G3 ormaill

to ha mpnt G4, and ica s a
SRLtu
T h Trdtn Tale

puo Ovtp Stu

Set
RAat
No
O
Swald npuc
 12
SR PP 3.613
D Data) op n allodrom to a bo hald
data Unto to mteynal atorn4e. t has ne p t unlke o
SR p
D
S
CLK
(Co ck)

Advantage Jk tap ove SA ttp tlap. a3.62o

h e
Shon the ipudo SR
an
tup 1 neie
S= R , tke ntput mdutemnata2 (vala), but
the aae JC hapwhen J =k -1 bat
npulb ane, t ntput oggt
.pnatui a Jt p ag wo NAND
t wo eplam m block Aangramn o m , l o a
LanCade wo SR Latcheo wlh he Radback'4om the ontpnt lsucnd
SR Rotch "to ke tpus d e t v s t
Maste Slave

CLK

K
D
am mew ahownt be vmalemented uama NAND

Maste Slas

CLK

K
 and //2
Postwe tlock pulae appod to e rst latch
Mted <lock pulae to tte eLtond latch, h a ctK =I , h e r

ako Analdad, md the utpto am and m haapod to

e ubh lasle e
and K, accoaia-to Latch i nhidbuted
aecons
T latthw. At his ume tt
becawae t lock in louo. ( Lk =o).
hen he CLk g6e ow e L k =0), tre a

iltes omd t LCend ienallad . Therepre, t otpuo

nd olle te entputo
Simce he ecemdatn aum lors t ona, nt
C

tne d to alae and me tnat ona a

mati
mator- sAaue JK
Hence,i eturatui kmewmAA

r u t , tre
does net dhane dum ne lock plae lauel Tenahora
ndton doeo mat 2na
th roce aond

Stta Tolee hanactenatie Tabee Jk ' P up

horaPostue,Adge tnAWred - k tp hep.

CLK t St
O No
Chon

Raact

Set

Togg
1
No

chon
X den t Canl

Symoe

CLR
AL

4 d) u Sea Pa a 1z
Sama