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Essential Math Formulas and Concepts

The document provides a comprehensive overview of key mathematical concepts including algebra, geometry, trigonometry, statistics, and probability. It outlines formulas for linear and quadratic equations, properties of triangles and circles, basic trigonometric identities, and methods for calculating mean, median, and mode. Additionally, it includes mensuration formulas for various geometric shapes and algebraic identities.

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nilay koolwal
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6 views6 pages

Essential Math Formulas and Concepts

The document provides a comprehensive overview of key mathematical concepts including algebra, geometry, trigonometry, statistics, and probability. It outlines formulas for linear and quadratic equations, properties of triangles and circles, basic trigonometric identities, and methods for calculating mean, median, and mode. Additionally, it includes mensuration formulas for various geometric shapes and algebraic identities.

Uploaded by

nilay koolwal
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Algebra

Linear Equations

1. Standard form: ax+b=0ax + b = 0


2. Solution: x=−bax = -\frac{b}{a}

Quadratic Equations

1. Standard form: ax2+bx+c=0ax^2 + bx + c = 0


2. Solutions (Quadratic formula): x=−b±b2−4ac2ax = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}

Exponents and Powers

1. am⋅an=am+na^m \cdot a^n = a^{m+n}


2. aman=am−n\frac{a^m}{a^n} = a^{m-n}
3. (am)n=amn(a^m)^n = a^{mn}
4. a0=1a^0 = 1

Polynomials

1. Sum of roots (for ax2+bx+c=0ax^2 + bx + c = 0): −ba-\frac{b}{a}


2. Product of roots (for ax2+bx+c=0ax^2 + bx + c = 0): ca\frac{c}{a}

Geometry
Triangle

1. Area: Area=12⋅base⋅height\text{Area} = \frac{1}{2} \cdot \text{base} \cdot \text{height}


2. Pythagorean theorem: a2+b2=c2a^2 + b^2 = c^2
3. Sum of angles: 180∘180^\circ

Circle

1. Circumference: C=2πrC = 2\pi r


2. Area: A=πr2A = \pi r^2

Quadrilateral

1. Area of a rectangle: Area=length×width\text{Area} = \text{length} \times \text{width}


2. Area of a square: Area=side2\text{Area} = \text{side}^2
Coordinate Geometry

1. Distance formula: d=(x2−x1)2+(y2−y1)2d = \sqrt{(x_2 - x_1)^2 + (y_2 - y_1)^2}


2. Midpoint formula: M=(x1+x22,y1+y22)M = \left(\frac{x_1 + x_2}{2}, \frac{y_1 +
y_2}{2}\right)

Trigonometry
Basic Identities

1. sin⁡2θ+cos⁡2θ=1\sin^2\theta + \cos^2\theta = 1
2. tan⁡θ=sin⁡θcos⁡θ\tan\theta = \frac{\sin\theta}{\cos\theta}
3. cot⁡θ=1tan⁡θ\cot\theta = \frac{1}{\tan\theta}

Values of Trigonometric Ratios

1. sin⁡0∘=0\sin 0^\circ = 0, cos⁡0∘=1\cos 0^\circ = 1, tan⁡0∘=0\tan 0^\circ = 0


2. sin⁡30∘=12\sin 30^\circ = \frac{1}{2}, cos⁡30∘=32\cos 30^\circ = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2},
tan⁡30∘=13\tan 30^\circ = \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}
3. sin⁡45∘=12\sin 45^\circ = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}, cos⁡45∘=12\cos 45^\circ = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}},
tan⁡45∘=1\tan 45^\circ = 1
4. sin⁡60∘=32\sin 60^\circ = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}, cos⁡60∘=12\cos 60^\circ = \frac{1}{2},
tan⁡60∘=3\tan 60^\circ = \sqrt{3}
5. sin⁡90∘=1\sin 90^\circ = 1, cos⁡90∘=0\cos 90^\circ = 0, tan⁡90∘=undefined\tan 90^\circ =
\text{undefined}

Statistics
Mean, Median, and Mode

1. Mean: Mean=∑xn\text{Mean} = \frac{\sum x}{n}


2. Median: Middle value of a sorted data set
3. Mode: Most frequent value in a data set

Probability
1. Probability of an event: P(E)=Number of favourable outcomesTotal number of
outcomes
Algebra
Linear Equations

1. Standard form: ax+b=0ax + b = 0


2. Solution: x=−bax = -\frac{b}{a}

Quadratic Equations

1. Standard form: ax2+bx+c=0ax^2 + bx + c = 0


2. Solutions (Quadratic formula): x=−b±b2−4ac2ax = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}

Exponents and Powers

1. am⋅an=am+na^m \cdot a^n = a^{m+n}


2. aman=am−n\frac{a^m}{a^n} = a^{m-n}
3. (am)n=amn(a^m)^n = a^{mn}
4. a0=1a^0 = 1

Polynomials

1. Sum of roots (for ax2+bx+c=0ax^2 + bx + c = 0): −ba-\frac{b}{a}


2. Product of roots (for ax2+bx+c=0ax^2 + bx + c = 0): ca\frac{c}{a}

Geometry
Triangle

1. Area: Area=12⋅base⋅height\text{Area} = \frac{1}{2} \cdot \text{base} \cdot \text{height}


2. Pythagorean theorem: a2+b2=c2a^2 + b^2 = c^2
3. Sum of angles: 180∘180^\circ

Circle

1. Circumference: C=2πrC = 2\pi r


2. Area: A=πr2A = \pi r^2

Quadrilateral

1. Area of a rectangle: Area=length×width\text{Area} = \text{length} \times \text{width}


2. Area of a square: Area=side2\text{Area} = \text{side}^2
Coordinate Geometry

1. Distance formula: d=(x2−x1)2+(y2−y1)2d = \sqrt{(x_2 - x_1)^2 + (y_2 - y_1)^2}


2. Midpoint formula: M=(x1+x22,y1+y22)M = \left(\frac{x_1 + x_2}{2}, \frac{y_1 +
y_2}{2}\right)

Trigonometry
Basic Identities

1. sin⁡2θ+cos⁡2θ=1\sin^2\theta + \cos^2\theta = 1
2. tan⁡θ=sin⁡θcos⁡θ\tan\theta = \frac{\sin\theta}{\cos\theta}
3. cot⁡θ=1tan⁡θ\cot\theta = \frac{1}{\tan\theta}

Values of Trigonometric Ratios

1. sin⁡0∘=0\sin 0^\circ = 0, cos⁡0∘=1\cos 0^\circ = 1, tan⁡0∘=0\tan 0^\circ = 0


2. sin⁡30∘=12\sin 30^\circ = \frac{1}{2}, cos⁡30∘=32\cos 30^\circ = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2},
tan⁡30∘=13\tan 30^\circ = \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}
3. sin⁡45∘=12\sin 45^\circ = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}, cos⁡45∘=12\cos 45^\circ = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}},
tan⁡45∘=1\tan 45^\circ = 1
4. sin⁡60∘=32\sin 60^\circ = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}, cos⁡60∘=12\cos 60^\circ = \frac{1}{2},
tan⁡60∘=3\tan 60^\circ = \sqrt{3}
5. sin⁡90∘=1\sin 90^\circ = 1, cos⁡90∘=0\cos 90^\circ = 0, tan⁡90∘=undefined\tan 90^\circ =
\text{undefined}

Statistics
Mean, Median, and Mode

1. Mean: Mean=∑xn\text{Mean} = \frac{\sum x}{n}


2. Median: Middle value of a sorted data set
3. Mode: Most frequent value in a data set

Probability

1. Probability of an event:
Mensuration Formulas
Surface Area of a Cuboid = 2(lb + bh + hl), where ‘l’, ‘b’ and ‘h’ are the length, breadth, and
height respectively.

curved Surface Area of a Cone = 1 /2 × l × 2πr = πrl, where ‘r’ is its base radius and ‘l’ its slant
height, then, ‘l’ = Square root of (r2 + h2 )

Surface Area of a Sphere = 4 π r2

Volume of a Cuboid = Base Area × Height = Length × Breadth × Height

Volume of a Cube = a3 where ‘a’ is the edge of the cube.

volume of a Cylinder = πr2h, where, ‘r’ and ‘h’ are radius and height respectively.

Volume of a Cone = (1 / 3)πr2h

Volume of a Sphere = (4/3) πr3

Volume of a Hemisphere = (2/3) πr3

Algebra Formulas
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

(a - b)3 = a3 - b 3 - 3ab(a - b)

Statistics Formula
Class-mark = (Upper limit + Lower limit)/ 2

Mean = Sum of the observations / Total number of observations

Mode = The observation occurring the most frequent times


Experimental Probability Formula: The trial counts in which the event (E)
has occurred / The sum of trials

Number System Formulas


√ab = √a √b

√(a/b) = √a / √b

(√a + √b) (√a - √b) = a - b

(√a + √b)2 = a + 2√ab + b

(a + √b) (a - √b) = a2 – b

(a + b) (a - b) = a2 - b2

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