The Vision Academy School – A Unit of RMV

Class – XII Subject – I.T.

Unit – 2 (Part – B)
Operating Web-based Applications

Web-based applications are those that can be accessed through a web browser and a network
connection. A web-based application offers the benefit of global availability around-the-clock.
Web-based applications are now utilised for a variety of tasks, including online shopping with
the option of paying with credit or debit cards, e-governance, and learning through online
tutorials, quizzes, and other activities.

Online Reservation Systems

A web-based reservation system enables online ticket purchase and cancellation. Online
reservation systems examples are –

 Airline ticket
 Railway ticket
 Bus ticket
 Movie ticket
 Hotel booking
 Car rental
 Tour and travel booking
Advantages of Online Reservation System

The advantages of the online reservation system are :

Advantages for consumers online reservation

1. Convenient – The user/consumer can book tickets anytime anywhere – from home,
office, while travelling, etc.
2. Price Comparison – Online booking allows the customer to check the prices, compare
them and get the best deal.
3. Security – Most online reservation sites require the user to create their profile
and provide them with a username and password. The information thus remains
secure until their password is secure.
4. Confirmation of Reservation – When a booking is done, the confirmation of
the booking just takes a few seconds. It is fast and secure.
5. Making Choices – In online booking, the user can see the arrangement of seats, select a
particular seat, etc. In railway booking, selection of lower berth/upper berth, type of food
required and booking for beddings is possible.
6. Time Saving – Online reservation consumes very less time in contrast to long queues at
the counter.
7. Discount Scheme – The users can avail the special discount schemes provided by the
service provider like, season discount, advance booking discount and frequent user
discount.
Advantages for Providers

1. Requires Less Staffing – Less man-power is required as every task is done through
computers.
2. No Spatial Restrictions – The physical location of the office does not really matter to a
customer who
 is reserving tickets online. So, the organization, big or small, can choose their office
space depending on their needs.
3. Global Access – The scope of access to the online reservation becomes large as anyone
who has access to the Internet can search for the reservation site and book the tickets.
Precautions while Performing Online Transactions

Some actions that can be taken to make the passwords safer are as follows –

 Make a password complex, like mix case, use numbers and special characters. This
decreases ability of automated attacks by trying different character combinations.
 Be cautious not to leave passwords around and do not share them with friends.
 Never use names of near and dear ones as passwords.
E-Governance

The government’s ability to give citizens access to information is made easier by the usage of
ICT. The government has established ICT-enabled services, such as the registration of birth and
death certificates, the purchase of train tickets, the submission of RTI requests, etc.

Initiative

The national satellite-based computer network, NICNET, was launched in India in 1987,
providing the primary impetus for e-Governance. The District Information System of the
National Informatics Center (DISNIC) programme, which aims to computerise all district offices
across the nation, was then introduced in 1990.

The Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DEITY) and Department of

Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DAR&PG) created the National e-Governance
Plan (NeGP) in 2006, which has helped the e-Governance process.

E-Governance Sites

Some of the Central initiatives for e-governance include:

 National e-Governance Plan (NeGP)

 National e-Governance Division (NeGD)
 e-Governance Infrastructure
 Mission Mode Projects
 Citizens Services
 Business Services
 Government Services
 Projects and Initiatives
 R&D in e-Governance
[Link]

[Link] went live on November 10th, 2005. It falls under the National E-Government Plan,
or NeGP, as a Mission Mode Project. The National Informatics Centre, which is a division of the
Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, manages the portal.

[Link]
All websites from the Indian Government, from all levels and throughout all sectors, can be
accessed through this portal. Sites for several Indian states and union territories are also included,
as are those for legislative and judicial branches of government. It also offers details about
various industries, including agriculture and education.

Online Shopping and Bill payments

An online shopping application allows customers to make purchases of goods over the Internet.
The customer can go to a number of websites to conduct online purchasing.

Benefits of Online Shopping

Online shopping is useful in many situations. Here, we discuss some of the situations :

 The customer does not have enough time to visit a store and purchase goods.
 The store where you will get what you need may be very far off.
 The money spent in travelling to the store, parking the car, etc., is much more than
overhead if any in online shopping.
 The product you may require is not available at your market.
 You want to send a product to your friend; you can do online shopping and provide the
receiver’s address. You save your time and energy for delivery of the product to your
friend’s house located in a different city.
 You do not have time during the shopping hours. You can do online shopping from your
office, home, a friend’s place, anywhere, any time. Thus there are no fixed shopping
hours
 Online shopping also has bargain offers for the customer delight.
 Some online stores allow customers to rate their services and the items.
Project Management – Web Based Application Development

The process of generating web apps is included in web based application development. A
software that is kept on a distant server is known as a web application. It is accessible online and
supplied via a web browser interface. A web application could be of various types, such as a
game, quiz, or calculator for bills.

A project is a task that is carried out to produce an original good, service, or outcome. The
following are some of a project’s essential qualities –

 A project has a beginning and an end. The extent of the project is defined. It has
boundaries.
 A project requires finite resources that are required to complete the project.
 A project has a specific time frame. It has a definite beginning and end dates.
 A project is complete when its end objectives are achieved. The objective is specific and
identifiable.
Project Essentials and Tips

Phases in a Web Application Project

Web-based application development can be broadly divided into four phases. In the development
1) Requirements Definition Phase
2) Design Phase
3) Implementation Phase
4) Testing Phase
Requirement Definition Phase
In this phase we identify the problem statement for which the web application is to be developed.

Feasibility : Is the project feasible?

(i) Check whether the project is technically feasible (is it possible to do it?).
(ii) Check whether the project is economically feasible (is it profitable?).
(iii) If feasible, proceed further, otherwise there is no need to proceed with the project.

Scope : The focus is on “what” the application must do. To define the scope of the application,
(i) Compile a detailed list with a clear description of application features.
(ii) Establish the goals that the solution must achieve.
(iii) Recognizing the limitations that are placed on the project.

Design Phase

The focus is on “how” the application is to be designed. This consists of design of –

A Map of the Web Application Site – A site map for a web application comprises crucial
details about the site’s structure, including the pages and the connections between them.

Database – Design the application database.

(i) Identify the database tables that will be required in the application.
(ii) Decide the table structures: For each table we need to identity the attributes of the tables,
their data types, the size of the columns in the tables, the relationship between tables.
Page Structure – Design the structure of page. Identify the main sections of the page like header,
main content and sidebar.
Implementation Phase
Create backend database, frontend and the connectivity between them.

Backend Database – Create the database and write SQL code defining tables, attributes and
relationships, as per the requirement of the application.

Frontend – Identify the inputs that are required to be taken from the user in the Front-End of the
application. Decide the kind of buttons you will provide to the user, to minimize the user’s
typing effort, like, Radio buttons, checkbox, list and combo box.

Data Connectivity – Establish the data connectivity between the Front-End interface and Back-
End Database.

Testing Phase

Test the front end and back end of the entire programme using various example data sets. Find
and fix any application bug you can.

Operating Web Class 12 Questions and Answers

1. What is Web-application?
Answer – Web-based applications are those that can be accessed through a web browser and a
network connection. A web-based application offers the benefit of global availability around-the-
clock. Web-based applications are now utilised for a variety of tasks, including online shopping
with the option of paying with credit or debit cards, e-governance, and learning through online
tutorials, quizzes, and other activities.

2. What are the advantages of online reservation system?

Answer – Online reservation systems have benefits for both the business offering the reservation
services and the customer using the system to make a reservation. We go over the benefits of
using an online reservation system –

Advantages for consumers

a. Convenient – The user/consumer can book tickets anytime anywhere – from home, office,
while travelling, etc. All the user needs is just a computer, Internet access, and a card (credit,
debit, etc.) for payment.

b. Price Comparison – Online booking allows the customer to check the prices, compare them
and get the best deal.

c. Security – Most online reservation sites require the user to create their profile and provide
them with a username and password. The information thus remains secure until their password is
secure.

d. Confirmation of Reservation – When a booking is done, the confirmation of the booking just
takes a few seconds. It is fast and secure.

e. Time Saving – Online reservation consumes very less time in contrast to long queues at the
counter.

Advantages of providers

a. Requires Less Staffing – Less man-power is required as every task is done through
computers.

b. No Spatial Restrictions – The physical location of the office does not really matter to a
customer who is reserving tickets online. So, the organization, big or small, can choose their
office space depending on their needs.

c. Global Access – Online reservation is available to anyone irrespective of their physical

location.

3. What are the precautions we have to take while performing online transactions?
Answer – The precautions we have to take while performing online transactions are –
a. Make a password complex, like mix case, use numbers and special characters.
b. Be cautious not to leave passwords around and do not share them with friends.
c. Never use names of near and dear ones as passwords.

4. What is e-Governance?
Answer – The use of information and communication technology (ICT) by the government to
deliver and facilitate government services, information exchange, communication transactions,
and integration of diverse stand-alone systems and services is known as electronic governance,
or e-governance.
5. What are the initiatives taken by e-Governance.
Answer – The initiatives taken by e-Governance are –

 National e-Governance Plan (NeGP)

 National e-Governance Division (NeGD)
 e-Governance Infrastructure
 Mission Mode Projects
 Citizens Services
 Business Services
 Government Services
 Projects and Initiatives
 R&D in e-Governance
6. What is the purpose of National Portal of India?
Answer – The Portal’s goal is to give people and other stakeholders access through a single
window to the data and services offered by the Indian government. The different ministries and
departments of the Indian government, at the national, state, and district levels, work together
through the National Portal of India. The National Informatics Centre (NIC), DeitY, MoCIT,
Government of India built and maintains this portal as a Mission Mode Project under the
National E-Governance Plan.

7. What is the purpose of India Web Directory website?

Answer – This portal serves as a single point of access to all websites run by the Indian
Government, regardless of level or sector. It comprises websites for several Indian states and
union territories, as well as those for judicial and legislative branches of government.
Additionally, it offers details about numerous industries including agriculture and education.

8. What are the benefits of Online Shopping?

Answer – Benefits of Online shopping are –
a. You want to send a product to your friend; you can do online shopping and provide the
receiver’s address.
b. The store where you will get what you need may be very far off.
c. The money spent in travelling to the store, parking the car, etc., is much more than overhead if
any in online shopping.
d. The product you may require is not available at your market

9. Give some example of online education sites?

Answer – Some of the example of online education sites are –
a. [Link] – e which offers online courses for development of technical skills. It claims to
provide projects built by technical leaders like Google and AT & T. T.
b. [Link] & [Link] – provide high quality online courses for free, in collaboration with
various universities across the globe. They aim to provide free
online education through its partners world wide. The courses include topics from hunanities,
science, and engineering including courses at school level.
c. [Link] – NCERT portal that provides online learning resources in the form of e-books,
journals, question papers, children books, etc.

10. What are the characteristics of project?

Answer – Characteristics of project are –
a. A project has a beginning and an end. The extent of the project is defined. It has boundaries.
b. Aproject requires finite resources that are required to complete the project.
c. Aproject has a specific time frame. It has a definite beginning and end dates.
d. A project is complete when its end objectives are achieved. The objective is specific and
identifiable.

11. What are the different phases in a Web application project?

Answer – The different phases of web application project are –
1) Requirements Definition Phase
2) Design Phase
3) Implementation Phase
4) Testing Phase

12. What is requirement definition phase?

Answer – We identify the issue statement for which the web application is to be developed
during the requirement definition phase. Determine the size of the issue.

13. What is design phase?

Answer – The design phase is when the “how” of the application is to design, what are the
different certiries of designing the software.

14. Explore the following sites for online shopping:

1. [Link]
2. [Link]
Answer –
[Link] – An online store and web service company, [Link] Inc. The company
offers goods in a variety of categories, including clothing, auto and industrial equipment, beauty
and health care, electronics, groceries, books, games, jeweler, kids’ and infant products, movies,
music, sporting goods, toys, and tools, among others.

[Link] – While being one of the most popular and well-established e-commerce sites online,
eBay doesn’t actually sell anything. Users can instead offer goods for sale, and other users can
then place bids on those goods in auctions. eBay recently added the ability to purchase products
at face value or to make price offers for them.

15. Analyze the following scenarios and describe all the steps of the project development
cycle:
(i) Online tutoring
(ii) Online matrimonial bureau
(iii) Online ticket booking
Answer –

(i) Online tutoring – An online instructor follows the same steps as a face-to-face tutor: they
organize the session, deliver it, and then, ideally, give parents a report on it.

(ii) Online matrimonial bureau – Online matrimony services refer to the establishment of an
online community that enables its members to communicate and exchange marriage-related
information in specialized, individualized ways.

(iii) Online ticket booking – Smart technology is used in an online booking system to eliminate
the dangers of manual entry and human mistake. By automatically updating procedures like
payment, scheduling, monitoring availability, and notification reminders, it makes booking easier
for both you and your consumers.