DEES Module-I Material
1. Introduction to Residential Wiring Systems
Residential wiring refers to the electrical infrastructure used to power appliances, lights, and
outlets in homes. It is crucial for the safe distribution of electricity. Common configurations
include:
Radial system: Each circuit starts from a distribution board.
Ring main system: Conductors form a loop back to the same point, offering redundancy.
Loop-in system: Fixtures loop from one to another, reducing cabling.
2. Systems of Distribution of Electric Energy
Electricity is typically distributed through:
Single-phase (230V): For small loads (homes).
Three-phase (415V): For commercial/industrial loads.
Types:
Radial Distribution
Ring Main
Interconnected systems
3. Methods and Systems of Wiring
Wiring types used in residential/commercial buildings:
Cleat wiring: Temporary and inexpensive.
Casing & capping: Wooden enclosure (obsolete).
Batten wiring: Insulated wires on wooden battens.
Conduit wiring: Modern and safe (surface or concealed).
Preferred: PVC conduit wiring due to safety, aesthetics, and longevity.
4. Choice of Wiring & Cable Selection
Based on:
Load
Environment (heat, chemicals, moisture)
Type of building (residential/commercial)
Indian Standards (e.g., IS 694)
Common cables:
1.5 mm² for lighting
2.5 mm² for power sockets
4–6 mm² for heavy appliances
5. Rating of Wires and Cables
Depends on:
Current carrying capacity
Length of wire
Permissible voltage drop
Insulation type
Formula:
I=PV⋅cos(ϕ)I = \frac{P}{V \cdot \cos(\phi)}I=V⋅cos(ϕ)P
Where:
III = Current (A)
PPP = Power (W)
VVV = Voltage (V)
ϕ\phiϕ = Power factor (typically 0.8)
6. Load Calculations
Calculate total connected load:
Total Load (W)=∑(Number of units×Power Rating)\text{Total Load (W)} = \sum (\text{Number
of units} \times \text{Power Rating})Total Load (W)=∑(Number of units×Power Rating)
Example:
10 LED bulbs × 9W = 90W
2 ceiling fans × 60W = 120W
5 sockets × 100W = 500W
Total = 710W
Apply:
Demand factor
Diversity factor
7. Selection of Conductor Size
Factors:
Current capacity
Voltage drop
Ambient temperature
Mechanical strength
Voltage Drop Formula:
VD=2⋅L⋅I⋅R1000VD = \frac{2 \cdot L \cdot I \cdot R}{1000}VD=10002⋅L⋅I⋅R
Where:
VDVDVD = Voltage Drop (V)
LLL = Length (m)
III = Current (A)
RRR = Resistance (Ohm/km)
8. Estimation for Residential Buildings
Steps:
1. Prepare wiring diagram
2. Count number of points (light, fan, socket)
3. Decide cable route and length
4. Select materials (wires, switches, conduit, etc.)
5. Cost estimation
Example:
5 lights × 9W
2 fans × 60W
3 5A sockets
1 15A socket
Total Load ≈ 1.5 kW
9. Estimation for Commercial Buildings
Needs more circuits and safety:
Separate circuits for lighting, power, HVAC
Use of 3-phase supply
Earthing pits and protection systems
Costing:
More DBs, larger cable sizes, UPS supply
10. Indian Electricity Act & I.E. Rules
IE Act 2003: Governs generation, transmission, and distribution
IS 732: Installation and wiring standards
IS 3043: Earthing
Mandatory:
o RCCB for safety
o Proper color coding
o Earthing of all metal parts
11. Case Study – 2BHK Residential Estimate
Given:
Area: 900 [Link].
10 light points × 9W = 90W
4 fans × 70W = 280W
6 sockets (5A) × 100W = 600W
1 AC × 1500W
Total = 2470W
Apply 0.6 diversity → 1482W
12. Sample Estimation Table
Item Quantity Rate (₹) Total (₹)
1.5 mm² wire 100 m 8 800
2.5 mm² wire 50 m 12 600
Switches (6A) 15 40 600
5A sockets 6 60 360
DB with MCBs 1 1200 1200
Conduit (20 mm) 100 m 10 1000
Total ₹4560
13. Wiring Diagrams
Single line diagram
Switchboard layout
Conduit routing
(Include standard symbols: DB, MCB, L, F, S, etc.)
14. Numerical Problem – Voltage Drop
Given:
Load = 15A
Cable Length = 30 m
Resistance = 0.018 Ohm/m
VD=2×30×15×0.018=16.2VVD = 2 \times 30 \times 15 \times 0.018 =
16.2VVD=2×30×15×0.018=16.2V
Since acceptable drop = 5% of 230V = 11.5V, use thicker cable (lower resistance).
15. Safety Checklist
All wiring must be ISI marked
RCCB mandatory for shock protection
Circuit labeling
Insulation resistance test
Earth resistance < 1 Ohm