Kinsa???
Data Collection
SELECTION OF THE PARTICIPANTS OF THE STUDY
and Sampling Pila???
COMPUTATION OF THE SAMPLE SIZE
Unsaon???
.
. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
.
Selection of participants
Sampling
Process of collecting information
Census
Sampling
Techniques
(Basic Concepts) There is no
need for a
hypothesis
. testing
.
Sampling
.
Sample Survey
.
Census
. Complete Enumeration
.
Sampling is the process of
selecting observations (a sample)
to provide an adequate description
and inferences of the population.
Sample
Sample
Set of units that is selected
Census
from population
Represents the whole
Survey
population
. To draw inference Sample .
. mean .
. .
. Population .
. Mean .
. .
What
you want What you
Why Do Sampling?
to talk Population actually
about observe in There are several reasons for researchers do
the data sampling rather than conducting a census. Four
important reasons are as follows:
Sampling Low cost of sampling
Process
Sampling Sample
Less time consuming in sampling
Frame Scope of sampling is high
Inference
. .
Accuracy of data is high
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
Nonsampling Errors
Sampling Error
Errors
The error attributed to the variation
present among the computed 1. Measurement Error
values of the statistic from the the difference between the true value of the variable and
different possible samples the observed value used in the study
consisting of elements.
2. Error in the Implementation of the
Nonsampling Error Sampling Design
This occurs when we do not adhere to the procedures
. The error from the other sources .
. apart from the sample fluctuations . and requirements as specified in the sampling design.
. . Selection error; Frame Error; Population Specification Error
. .
. .
. .
Nonsampling Errors
Measurement Error
Instrument Error
Error in the design of the questionnaire
Response Error
Can be classified as response bias and non-response bias
(It can be minimized by pretesting to detect possible errors
such as the presence of vague or confusing questions.)
Response bias happens when the respondent
does not give truthful answers.
Processing Error Minimize Sampling Error
Nonresponse bias happens the respondent
Incorrect input of data recorded in the By coming up with a good sampling design
does not know the answer or simply refuses (selecting appropriate sample selection procedure, including an adequate number of elements in the sample, etc.)
questionnaire into the computer to answer certain questions.
(It can be reduced through a proper training of encoders
and by incorporating quality control checks.)
Interviewer Error Minimize Nonsampling Error
.
Surrogate Information Error This error occurs when the enumerator asks
.
By constructing a good questionnaire, and by providing the necessary
. .
Use of the wrong variable to measure the the questions in a manner wherein the training of data collectors, data editors and coders, and so on.
. .
concept under study. enumerator infuences the reply of the
. (The concept under study is emotional quotient but the respondent. .
questions included in the questionnaire measure IQ instead
. of EQ.) .
. .
Recall
Sampling Survey
Method of collecting data on the variable of interest by asking people questions.
Techniques Census
(Random and Nonrandom Sampling Techniques) When data came from asking all the people in the population
Sampling or Sample Survey
.
.
When data came from asking a sample of people selected from a well-defined population
.
Random
Sampling
Random Sampling (Probability Sampling) is a
method of selecting a sample wherein each
element in the population has a known, nonzero
Techniques
chance of being included in the sample;
otherwise, it is a Nonrandom Sampling (or
Nonprobability Sampling).
.
.
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING
All units of the frame are
given an equal Order all units in the sampling frame
probability. m = N/n
Random number Pick the number from 1 to m. The number is labelled as k.
generators
Then every kth number on the list is selected
Lottery
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING CLUSTER SAMPLING
Population is divided
into two or more The population is
homogeneous groups divided into natural
called strata groups (clusters).
Samples are randomly Randomly pick some
selected from each clusters from all the
stratum clusters.
Completely
enumerate all
. . samples from chosen
. . clusters.
. .
. .
. .
. .
MULTISTAGE SAMPLING
Carried out in stages Non-Random
Sampling
Using smaller and Stage 1. All regions are included
smaller sampling units Stage 2. For each region, you choose the
at each stage provinces (Simple Random Sampling)
Techniques
Stage [Link] each province, you choose the
cities/municipalities (Simple Random
Sampling)
Stage 4. For each city/municipality, you
choose the barangays (Simple random
.
Sampling)
. Stage 5. Within the barangay, you employ the
.
survey in the households using systematic
random sampling.
.
Simple Random
Sampling CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
Systematic Random
Random Sampling Convenience sampling
Sampling Stratified Random involves choosing
Sampling respondents at the
Sampling convenience of the
Technique Cluster Sampling researcher.
Very low cost
Quota Sampling
.
Non-random . Extensively used
.
Sampling .
Restriction of Generalization.
.
Snowball Sampling .
. .
. .
. .
JUDGMENTAL SAMPLING QUOTA SAMPLING
Researcher employs his or her
Nonprobability sampling
version of stratified
There is an assurance of Quality sampling.
response
Strata exist but nonrandom
Meet the specific objective. selection of individual within
Bias selection of sample may the group
.
occur .
Researcher just set a quota
. .
. Time consuming process. .
. .
. .
. .
SNOWBALL SAMPLING
The research starts with a
key person and introduce the Sample Size
Determination
next one to become a chain
Low cost
Useful in specific
circumstances & for locating
.
rare populations
.
. Projecting data beyond
.
sample not justified
.
.
Total Population ( )
This is the total number of population.
Sample Size Determination SAMPLE Level of Significance ( )
SIZE
At , .
At , .
INFINITE Sample proportion ( ) The sample
proportion is what you expect the results to
POPULATION be. This can often be determined by using
the results from a previous survey, or by
running a small pilot study. If you are
How large should the sample FINITE
unsure, use 50%, which is conservative and
gives the largest sample size.
.
.
be in order to make an .
. POPULATION .
Margin of Error ( ) the difference
.
.
accurate estimate? .
.
between the population parameter and the
sample statistic (e.g. the distance between
. . and )
. .
Example
You are investigating the level of awareness of CMNS students in CSU towards the accessibility law or the BP 344. Three (3) programs were used
as the target populations, namely; BS Math ( , BS Bio ( , and BS Chem ( Since no data are available on the proportion
of CMNS students knowledgeable, you take the worst case scenario and set p = 0.5 (and therefore q = 1-0.5 = 0.5). As this is a preliminary study
you are prepared to accept a margin of error of 5% so you set d = 0.05. How many students per program should you get for your sample?
Example Given: , , , ,
So, .
You are investigating the level of awareness of CMNS students
in CSU towards the accessibility law or the BP 344. Three (3)
programs were used as the target populations, namely; BS Now,
Math ( , BS Bio ( , and BS Chem (
Since no data are available on the proportion of CMNS
students knowledgeable, you take the worst case scenario and So,
set p = 0.5 (and therefore q = 1-0.5 = 0.5). As this is a
preliminary study you are prepared to accept a margin of error Stratum Population ( Proportion Sample Needed
. of 5% so you set d = 0.05. How many students per program . BS Math 200 0.133
. should you get for your sample? . BS Bio 500 0.333
. . BS Chem 800 0.533
. . Total 1500 100.00 308
. .
. .