-Network Function:

The transfer function is used to describe networks which have at least two ports. It relates a voltage or
current at one port to the voltage or current at another port. These functions are also defined as the ratio of
a response transform to an excitation transform. Thus, there are four possible forms of transfer functions.
A network function gives the relation between currents or voltages at different parts of the network. It is
broadly classified as driving point and transfer function. It is associated with terminals and ports.

1
One Port
V Network

1'

I2
I1
2
1
Two Port
Network V2
V1
2'
1'

Any network may be represented schematically by a rectangular box. Two such associated terminals are
called terminal pair or port. If there is only one pair of terminals in the network, it is called a one-port
network. If there are two pairs of terminals, it is called a two-port network. The port to which energy
source is connected is called the input port. The port to which load is connected is known as the output
port. One such network having only one pair of terminals (1 – 1′) is shown in Fig. 12.1 (a) and is called
one-port network. Figure 12.1 (b) shows a two-port network with two pairs of terminals. The terminals 1 –
1′ together constitute a port. Similarly, the terminals 2 – 2′ constitute another port.

A voltage and current are assigned to each of the two ports. V1 and I1 are assigned to the input port,
Whereas V2 and I2 are assigned to the output port. It is also assumed that currents I1 and I2 are entering
into the network at the upper terminals 1 and 2 respectively.

Driving-Point Functions:

If excitation and response are measured at the same ports, the network function is known as the driving-
point function. For a one-port network, only one voltage and current are specified and hence only one
network function (and its reciprocal) can be defined.

OR

If it is a ratio of source voltage to source current, it is called driving point impedance function denoted
as Z(s) while if it is a ratio of source current to source voltage, it is called driving
point admittance function denoted as Y(s).

Driving-point Impedance Function: It is defined as the ratio of the voltage transform at one port
to the current transform at the same port. It is denoted by Z(s).
Driving-point Admittance Function: It is defined as the ratio of the current transform at one port
to the voltage transform at the same port. It is denoted by Y(s).

For a two-port network, the driving-point impedance function and driving-point admittance function at port 1 are

Similarly, at port 2,

Transfer Functions:

The transfer function is used to describe networks which have at least two ports. It relates a voltage or
current at one port to the voltage or current at another port. These functions are also defined as the ratio of
a response transform to an excitation transform. Thus, there are four possible forms of transfer functions.
OR
The transfer function of a linear time invariant system is defined as the ratio of the Laplace transform of
the output variable to the Laplace transform of the input variable under the assumption that all initial
conditions are zero.
Laplace transform: The Laplace transform is an integral transformation of a function f (t ) from the time
domain into the complex frequency domain, giving F (s).

Given a function f (t), its Laplace transform, denoted by F(s) or

is defined by

Where S is the complex variable given by

Since the argument st of the exponent e in Eq. (15.1) must be dimensionless, it follows that s has the
dimensions of frequency and units of inverse seconds or “frequency.”

Voltage Transfer Function: It is defined as the ratio of the voltage transform at one port to the
voltage transform at another port. It is denoted by G (s).
Current Transfer Function: It is defined as the ratio of the current transform at one port to the current
transform at another port. It is denoted by (s).

Transfer Impedance Function: It is defined as the ratio of the voltage transform at one port to the
current transform at another port. It is denoted by Z (s).

Transfer Admittance Function: It is defined as the ratio of the current transform at one port to the
voltage transform at another port. It denoted by Y (s).

Table-1
S. No. Time Domain S-Domain
1 Constant voltage source (battery terminal voltage) V

2 Time dependent voltage source, v= f(t) V(s)

3 Constant current source I

4 Time dependent current source, I= f(t) I(s)

5 Resistance, R R
6 s

8 Inductance (L) sL
9 Capacitance (C)

10

11 t
 12

13

14

Inductance

For an inductancevoltage–current relation in time domain is given as follows:

The transform equivalent equation is as follows:

v(s)L[sI(s)i(0)]sL I(s)LI0

v(s) L[sI(s)] with zero initial condition

or

Capacitance
The time-domain equation for capacitance is

The equivalent transform equation in s-domain is

I(s)C[sV(s)V (0)]

or I(s) CsV(s) with zero initial condition

The transform impedance for the capacitor is

NETWORK FUNCTION IN GENERALISED FORM

A network function, also called transfer function, in generalized form can be represented as follows:

where a0, a1, …, an and b0, b1, …, bm are the coefficients of the polynomials N(s) and D(s). These are real
and positive for networks of passive elements. Let N(s) = 0 have n roots as z1, z2, ……, zn and D(s) = 0
have m roots as p1, p2, ……, pm. Then F(s) can be written as
where and is called Gain factor, the roots Z1, Z2… and P1, P2… are the zeros and poles,
respectively. The location of the roots in the s-plane provides an insight into the nature of the network
function and this information is used in network analysis and synthesis.

POLES AND ZEROS OF NETWORK FUNCTIONS

From the denominator of the transfer function, we get the poles, and from the numerator of the transfer
function, we get the zeros. These poles and zeros are then plotted in the s-plane. The positions of the poles
and zeros provide us information about the stability condition of the network.

Poles of a Network Function:

Poles are those complex frequencies, that is, values of ‘s’ for which the network function becomes infinite.

Zeros of a Network Function

Zeros are those complex frequencies, that is, values of ‘s’ for which the network function becomes zero.

Restrictions On Pole And Zero Locations For Driving-Point Functions [Common Factors In N(S)
And D(S) Cancelled]:

(1) The coefficients in the polynomials N(s) and D(s) must be real and positive.
(2) The poles and zeros, if complex or imaginary, must occur in conjugate pairs.
(3) The real part of all poles and zeros, must be negative or zero, i.e., the poles and zeros must lie in
left half of s plane.
(4) If the real part of pole or zero is zero, then that pole or zero must be simple.
(5) The polynomials N(s) and D(s) may not have missing terms between those of highest and lowest
degree, unless all even or all odd terms are missing.
(6) The degree of N(s) and D(s) may differ by either zero or one only. This condition prevents
multiple poles and zeros at s = ∞.
(7) The terms of lowest degree in N(s) and D(s) may differ in degree by one at most. This condition
prevents multiple poles and zeros at s = 0.

Restrictions On Pole And Zero Locations For Transfer Functions [Common Factors In N(S) And
D(S) Cancelled]:

(1) The coeffi cients in the polynomials N(s) and D(s) must be real, and those for D(s) must be positive.
(2) The poles and zeros, if complex or imaginary, must occur in conjugate pairs.
(3) The real part of poles must be negative or zero. If the real part is zero, then that pole must be
simple.
(4) The polynomial D(s) may not have any missing terms between that of highest and lowest degree,
unless all even or all odd terms are missing.
(5) The polynomial N(s) may have terms missing between the terms of lowest and highest degree,
and some of the coeffi cients may be negative.
(6) The degree of N(s) may be as small as zero, independent of the degree of D(s).
(7) For voltage and current transfer functions, the maximum degree of N(s) is the degree of D(s).
(8) For transfer impedance and admittance functions, the maximum degree of N(s) is the degree of
D(s) plus one.
Q. Draw the pole–zero diagram for the network function G .

In the above transfer function, if the value of numerator is zero, then

These are the location of zeros of the function.

Similarly, in the above transfer function, if the value of denominator is zero, then

These are the location of poles of the function.

Q. Obtain the pole-zero plot of the following functions.

Let us consider a system consists of a series connected resistance (R) and inductance (L) across a voltage
source (V).

Applying KVL

V(s) I(s) sL

Now applying Laplace transformation at both sides we get,

Q . Find the transfer function of the following network.

Soln.:
 R

V(s) I(s) 1/sC

Now applying Laplace transformation at both sides we get,

Q. Determine the driving-point impedance function of a one-port network shown in Fig. 12.2.

Soln.:

Q. Find voltage transfer function of the two-port network shown in Fig. 12.8.
Soln.: Applying KVL

Voltage transfer function

Q. Find the transfer function of the network given below.

C
i(t)
Vi(t) Vo(t)

Soln.:
R

1/sC
I(s)
Vi (s) Vo (s)
In the above figure, the input is applied voltage v(t) and the output is measured as the voltage appears
across the capacitor C that is vc(t).

Laplace transformation of the transfer function is

Q. Determine the transfer function of the network shown in Figure 10.22.

R

i(t) L
Vi(t) Vo(t)

Soln.: Applying KVL

…… (1)
……… (2)
R

I(s) sL
Vi(s) Vo(s)

Taking Laplace transform of equation (1)

 ………. (3)
Taking Laplace transform of equation (2)
……….. (4)
Dividing eqn (4) by eqn (3)

Q. Find the network function for the network shown in Fig. 12.29.

Soln.:

Applying KVL

……… (1)

Q. Find the gain factor K of a transfer function whose value is 2 at s = 2 and the transfer function is given
as
Soln.: Now, as per condition of the problem,

Q. Find the transfer function at s = 4 and K = - 0.3968 and the transfer function is given as

Soln.:

Q. Transform the circuit shown in Fig. 14.44 to the s-domain and determine the Laplace impedance.

Soln.:
Q. Determine v0 for the circuit shown in Fig. 14.58.

Soln.:

Q. The pole-zero diagram of the driving-point impedance function of the network of Fig. 12.76 is shown
below. At dc, the input impedance is resistive and equal to 2 Ω. Determine the values of R, L and C.
Soln.:

……… (1)

……… (2)

At D.C

Comparing eqn (1) and eqn (2), we get

Q. A network is shown in Fig. 12.75. The poles and zeros of the driving-point function Z(s) of this
network are at the following places:

Zero at –1
If Z (j0) = 1, determine the values of R, L and C.
Soln.:

……… (1)

……… (2)

Comparing eqn (1) and eqn (2), we get

Q. A series R-L-C circuit has its driving-point admittance and pole-zero diagram is shown in Fig. 12.79. Find the
values of R, L and C.

R
Z(s)

sL

1/sC
 Q. Determine i1, i2, V and V1, for the circuit in Fig. 14.60.

Soln.:

Q.1 Determine Z(s) in the network shown in Fig. 12.52. Find poles and zeros of Z(s) and plot them on s-plane.
1H

4Ω
Z ½F
 Soln.:
s

4
Z(s) 2/s

The function Z(s) has zeros at s = , and pole at s = – 0.5.

Q. For the network shown in Fig. 12.55, plot poles and zeros of function .
I0 (t)

I(t) 4Ω

0.5 F

2H

Soln.:
I0 (s)

I(s) 4Ω

2/s

2s

By current-division rule
The function has zeros at s = 0 and s = –2 and double poles at s = –1.

Q. Draw the pole-zero diagram of for the network shown in Fig. 12.58.
I2 (t)

I1 (t) 200 Ω
250 µF

10 H

Soln.:

I2 (s)

I1(s) 200
4000/s

10 s

Q. Calculate the current flowing in the circuit of Figure 10.58 when the initial voltage across the capacitor is 4 V.
3Ω

12V ¼F
DC i

Soln.:
 3

12/s 4/s
DC
I(s) +
4/s
-

Applying KVL

Q. Determine the poles and zeros of the impedance function Z (s) in the network shown in Fig. 12.50.
1/2 Ω

1/6 Ω
Z 4F

Soln.:
1/2

4
Z(s) 1/4s 1/6

The function Z(s) has zero at s = −2 and pole at s = −1.5.

Q. Find the transfer function for the circuit in Fig. 14.7.

 Ii(t)

10 Ω
Vo(t) 6Ω
DC

0.05 F 2H

Soln.:
Ii( )

10
Vo( ) 6
DC

20/s 2s

The function has zeros at s = 2 and s = –3 and poles at s = –1.5505 and s= 6.4494

Q.1. Consider the circuit shown in fig.-1. The input to the circuit is the voltage of the voltage source . The output voltage
across 8 Ω resistor is . The network function that represents this circuit is

……………….(1)

Determine the value of L.

4Ω

Vi (t) 8Ω Vo (t)
L

Fig.-1
Soln.:
4Ω

Vi (ω) 8Ω Vo (ω)
jωL

Fig.-2
First we form the equation in form of eqn(1)
By voltage dividing rule
=

= ……….(2)
Dividing numerator and denominator of eq(2) by 12, we get
= = ………..(3)

Comparing eqns (1) and (3), we get

= 0.4 H

2. . Consider the circuit shown in fig.-3. The input to the circuit is the voltage of the voltage source . The output
voltage across 4 Ω resistor is . The network function that represents a first order system has the form

……………….(1)

Where k is called the DC gain of the first order system and p is the pole of the first order system. Determine the
values of k and p for the first order system.

9Ω

Vi (t) 4Ω Vo (t)
0.25 H

Fig.-3
Soln.:
9Ω

Vi (ω) 4Ω Vo (ω)
J0.25 ω

Fig.-4
First we form the equation in form of eqn(1)
By voltage dividing rule
 =

= ……….(2)
Dividing numerator and denominator of eq (2) by 13, we get
= = …..(3)

Comparing eqns (1) and (3), we get

K= 0.308

= 52

Q 3. Consider the circuit shown in fig.-5. The input to the circuit is the voltage of the voltage source . The output
voltage across 5 Ω resistor is . The network function that represents this circuit is

…………(1)

Determine the value of capacitance C.

3Ω

Vi (t) 5Ω Vo (t)
C

Fig.-5
Soln.:
3Ω

Vi (ω) 5Ω Vo (ω)
1/jωC

Fig.-6
First we form the equation in form of eqn(1)
By voltage dividing rule
=

= ……….(2)

Multiplying numerator and denominator of eq(2) by jωC, we get

= = .. ..(3)
Comparing eqns (1) and (3), we get
0.208 =5C j
= 41.60 mF

= 41.67 mF
Consider the circuit shown in fig.-10. The input to the circuit is the voltage of the voltage source . The output is
the output voltage across series connection of the inductor L and 2 Ω resistor. The network function that represents the
circuit is

……………….(1)

Determine the value of inductor L.

8Ω

2Ω
Vo (t)
Vi (t)
L

Fig.-10

Soln.:

8Ω

2Ω
Vo (ω)
Vi (ω)
J ωL

Fig.-11
First we form the equation in form of eqn(1)
= 8 Ω, =2+j Ω,
By voltage dividing rule

=
 = ……..(2)

Comparing eqns (1) and (2), we get

= 0.4 H
Q 8. Consider the circuit shown in fig.-12. The input to the circuit is the voltage of the voltage source . The output is the
output voltage across series connection of the capacitor C and 16 K Ω resistor. The network function that represents
the circuit has the form

……………….(1)

1 KΩ

4KΩ
Vo (t)
Vi (t)
C

Fig.-18
Determine the value capacitance C.
Soln.:
1 KΩ

4KΩ
Vo (ω)
Vi (ω)
1/ jωC

Fig.-19
First we form the equation in form of eqn(1)
= 1 KΩ, +
By voltage dividing rule
 =

= …….(2)

Comparing eqns (1) and (2), we get

=4

C= = 3.577 µF

C= = 3.591 µF

Necessary Conditions for Transfer Functions:

After cancelling the common factors in the polynomials P(s) and Q(s), the necessary conditions for the transfer
functions are as follows:

 The coefficients of P(s) and Q(s) must be real and positive.

 The complex and imaginary poles and zeros must be conjugate.
 The real part of the poles must be negative or zero and if it is zero, the pole must be simple, including
origin.
 There should not be any missing term between the highest and lowest degree of Q(s), unless all the even
or odd terms are missing.
 The polynomial P(s) may have negative terms or even some missing terms between the highest and lowest
degree.
 The degree of polynomial P(s) may be as small as zero independent of the degree of the polynomial Q(s).