MULTILEVEL

PRACTICE TEST
MAY - JUNE
10 in 1 2023
TARGET SERIES

Book
№ 12

TEST 1
TEST 2
TEST 3
TEST 4
TEST 5
TEST 6
TEST 7
WITH AUDIO
TEST 8
TEST 9
TEST 10

ABDUSALIM SHAVKATOV
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Test 1
LISTENING TEST ......................................2
READING TEST ........................................8
WRITING (with Model answer).............19
Test 2
LISTENING TEST ....................................22
READING TEST ......................................28
WRITING (with Model answer) ............41
Test 3
LISTENING TEST.................................... 44
READING TEST .......................................50
WRITING (with Model answer)..............62
Test 4
LISTENING TEST....................................65
READING TEST ....................................71
WRITING (with Model answer) ............82
Test 5
LISTENING TEST.....................................85
READING TEST.......................................91
WRITING (with Model answer)............103
Test 6
LISTENING TEST................................... 106
READING TEST ......................................112
WRITING (with Model answer).............125
Test 7
LISTENING TEST....................................128
READING TEST .....................................134
WRITING (with Model answer) ............146
Test 8
LISTENING TEST...................................149
READING TEST.....................................155
WRITING (with Model answer)............166
Test 9
LISTENING TEST...................................169
READING TEST.....................................175
WRITING (with Model answer)............187
Test 10
LISTENING TEST...................................190
READING TEST.....................................196
WRITING (with Model answer)............207
 TEST 1

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 LISTENING TEST
Part 1

You will hear some sentences. Choose the best reply to each sentence.

A
1 B

2 B

3 B

4 B

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 A

5 B

6 B

7 B

8 B

3 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 Part 2

Listen and complete the gap with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer

HEALTHY EATING

Very important to eat a 9________________diet.

People in Europe and USA eat 10________________ more sugar now than in 1800.

Try to eat plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables. 11________________servings a day,

if possible.

Avoid foods containing a lot of sugar, especially 12________________ drinks.

Cut down on fat – eat learn meat, poultry, fish and low- fat 13________________

Eat no more than 14________________ eggs a week.

Part 3

You will hear five different people talking about occasions when a person's clothes and
appearance caused surprise or concern. For questions 15-19, match the speaker to the
correct occasion in the list A-H. Use the letters only once. There are three extra letters
which you do not need to use.

A. a wedding
B. a friend's birthday party
[Link] 1____
[Link] 2____ C. a classical ballet
[Link] 3____ D. a sporting event
[Link] 4____ E. a film premiere
[Link] 5____ F. an examination
G. a job interview
H. a special family meal

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 Part 4

You will hear someone giving talk. Label the place (20-23) on the map (A-G). There are
three extra options which you do not need to use.

20
21
22
23

Part 5

You will hear three different extracts. For questions 24-29, choose the answer (A, В or C)
which fits best according to what you hear. There are two questions for each extract.

Extract One: You hear two friends, Lizzie and Raphael, talking about playing the keyboard
and the drums.
[Link] is thinking of learning the keyboard instead of the drums because
A. finding somewhere to practise the keyboard is less problematic.
B. it’s easier to control the volume on a keyboard.
C. keyboards are much more portable.
[Link]’s Lizzie doing?
A. trying to persuade Raphael to make up his mind
B. questioning whether he has made the right decision
C. suggesting he takes more time to choose which instrument to play

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Extract Two: You hear two colleagues talking about first impressions.

[Link] does the woman say about meeting clients for the first time?
A. She doesn’t feel comfortable wearing formal clothes.
B. She isn’t as open as she usually is.
C. She tries not to be influenced by the surroundings.
[Link] do they agree about long-term business relationships?
A. First impressions can turn out to be right.
B. Friendship can develop over time.
C. Promotion can change the way a person behaves.

Extract Three: You hear a chef, called Nick, talking to his sister about his work.

[Link] did Nick feel when he made a dish he used to love as a child?
A. disappointed that it was less sweet than he remembered
B. frustrated that it took a long time to make
C. embarrassed that it tasted so unpleasant
[Link] aspect of Nick’s job is his sister interested in?
A. how competitive it is?
B. how unpredictable it is
C. how technical it is

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 Part 6

Listen to a radio programme about a fiesta (festival) which takes place in the Spanish
town of Catoira. Before you listen. read through sentences 30-35, then as you listen,
complete the sentences. USE ONLY ONE WORD

THE TORRES DE OESTE FIESTA

The festival has been an annual event since 30______________ in this part of Spain.
The festival commemorates the 31______________ of the ancestors of local people.
Crowds are entertained by 32______________ groups at two different venues.
Visitors to the medieval 33______________ are warned not to arrive late.
The highlight of the festival is when the town's 34______________ is captured by the
so-called Viking invaders.
The arrival of the Viking ship is preceded by 35______________ on the rocks.

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 READING TEST
Part 1

Read the text. Fill in each gap with ONE word. You must use a word which is somewhere
in the rest of the text.

Sam Lounds didn’t use to know what to do with his life. He’s from Cornwall, an area in the
south west of England that offers few prospects for teenagers and young people. Apart
from working in the summer tourist trade – 1___________ is a popular holiday destination
– there isn’t much to do there. ‘I just used to hang out with my friends and in the end I got
into trouble with the police.’ Sam struggled to find a job after he was released from prison
at the age of 22. ‘After I got out, I couldn’t get a 2___________ because of my background.’
Charlotte Hadaway is also from Cornwall. She had a job with a holiday company, but that
didn’t work out and after that she was unemployed. Then she had a big fight with her
family and for some time she was homeless. She felt that her life was going nowhere and in
fact, she had given up making any plans for the future. But Charlotte and Sam, as well as
many other 3___________ people, have been given a chance to rebuild their lives. ‘Fifteen
Cornwall’ is a restaurant set up by Jamie Oliver, the famous chef, and he is responsible for
changing the lives of many teenagers and young adults in Cornwall. To be 4___________
the opportunity to work at the restaurant, candidates must live in Cornwall and be between
the ages of 16 and 24. They must not have a job or be in education. The people who were
interviewing the young 5___________ were surprised – they usually try to find the best
person for a job, but Jamie was asking them to find the worst! Many of the applicants had
dropped out of school or run away from home. Jamie has a vision – he wants to give hope
to young people who feel that they have no future. Both Sam and Charlotte say that
‘Fifteen Cornwall’ has saved their lives. They have become chefs and have excellent futures
ahead of them. They 6___________ to think they had nothing, but now they have
everything.

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 Part 2

The people below all want to visit to an interesting city. Decide which city would be the
most suitable for each person.

7. You have just finished your business degree. You would like to relax in a clean, quiet city
which has a long history.
8. You have just finished your economics degree. You would like to visit a city that has a big
business centre and also offers traditional goods for the tourist to buy.
9. You and your seventy-year-old aunt share an interest in painting and buying valuable,
old objects. You would like to go to a city where they can shop easily and look at art.
[Link] are studying international business. You would like to go to a city where the
inhabitants come from many different countries, which will give him the opportunity to
try a variety of food.
[Link] and Mavis want to escape from modern life and go somewhere more traditional.
You would like to go on some long trips outside the city as well.
[Link] are planning to travel round the world by train. You would like a book with pictures
and maps to take with you on your long journeys.
[Link] used to love visiting France, but now you are too old to travel. You want a book with
lots of photographs which will help you to remember everything you enjoyed.
[Link] are planning to go on holiday round Europe. You intend to drive their car and go for
walks, so you need a book with maps and pictures to guide you on your way.

A. Kadia. This busy city has developed beside the main river which divides the central
commercial district into two parts. Although you will find the main offices of many
international companies, you can still ride on a water taxi and visit the side streets which
sell colourful locally-made clothes and crafts.
B. The Travel Club. First-hand accounts of 30 of the world's most beautiful and dramatic
railway journeys are found together with specially drawn maps and wonderful
photographs that show the people and places on the route.
C. Noien. This is a cultural centre with 33 museums and galleries, many attached to
colleges and universities. It is not a historical city but it contains some interesting
buildings, including the Post Office, which has a silver roof. It has noisy markets selling
everything from antiques to plants.
D. Polatika. The streets of this city are full both day and night. It is built on a river and the
best way to see it is on a tourist boat which passes the beautiful old buildings. The city is
starting to grow and has just opened its first department stores.

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E. Haristor. This famous city has been on the same site for over a thousand years. Old and
new exist together and there isn't the fast pace of most cities. The streets are wide and
well-kept with plenty of trees. Search carefully and you will find some outdoor markets
and food stalls in this peaceful environment.
F. Lotten. This is a regional centre for trade and tourism and is completely 'up-to- date'.
People who live in this city come from many different parts of the world and so there is
an excellent choice of restaurants. There is a wonderful transport system, and modern
department stores.
G. Foforon. There are plenty of tours to take from the city and visitors can go to mountains,
farms and villages. This small city has changed little over time and its streets and
markets are still crowded and noisy.
H. Quinter. There is a lot of modern painting and sculpture in this relatively new city where
many nationalities have come together. The galleries are well hidden though, and not
easy to get to by public transport. This is mainly used for getting people in and out of the
business centre, where there are many office blocks.
I. The Book of French Life. This beautiful volume contains forty wonderful photographs
that show the very nature of French life - the perfect gift for anyone who finds this
country as wonderful as Shirley Pike does.
J. Walks and Tours in France Explore spectacular and pretty France with 61 expertly
researched motor tours and 114 walks, complete with route directions, super mapping,
and descriptions and pictures of places of interest for the traveller.

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 Part 3

Read the text and choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings
below.

There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use all of them. You cannot use
any heading more than once.

List of headings
A. A climate of fear
B. FIFA's response
C. Cancelling the cup
D. Legal action is taken
E. Violence at the core of Italian football
F. Not to blame
G. Violence in the news again
H. A widespread problem
I. Further violence nearby

[Link] 1___
[Link] 2___
[Link] 3___
[Link] 4___
[Link] 5___
[Link] 6___

Soccer Violence

1. Fiorentina's exclusion from the UEFA Cup after a match official was injured by a
firecracker thrown during their second-round match with Grasshopper Zurich in
Salerno brought hooliganism back in the media.
2. The Florence club are appealing against the decision, arguing that the object was
thrown by rival Salernitana fans and the ban would set a dangerous precedent. But
UEFA will have borne in mind that Fiorentina were playing so far away from home

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 only because they had been banned from their own ground for crowd trouble in
Europe last season.
3. Whether Fiorentina have been hard done by or not, fan violence is a major problem in
the Italian game. Fighting before Sunday's 1-1 draw between Bologna and Roma left
eight people in hospital, two with stab wounds. After the game a Roma supporters'
bus was stoned and set on fire.
4. But Italy is not the only country suffering from what used to be called "the English
disease". At the weekend police in Bucharest fired tear-gas and made 20 arrests after
a pitch invasion at the Steaua-Dinamo derby, reflecting a marked growth in
hooliganism in Romania. The Greek first division match between PAOK Thessaloniki
and Olympiakos Piraeus last week was abandoned after one of the linesmen was left
concussed by home fans furious at a disallowed goal, a decision which brought 10,000
people on to the streets of Salonika in protest.
5. In neighbouring Albania, Skenderbeu Korce were fined and docked three points last
month after a brawl involving players, fans and the referee.
6. Hooliganism is taking its toll on the South American game too. An Argentinian judge
suspended all second division matches this month in an effort to combat rising
violence. The same judge halted the first division for two weeks in May for the same
reason.

Part 4

Read the following text for questions 21-29

Learning to Walk

These days the feet of a typical city dweller rarely encounter terrain any more uneven than
a crack in the pavement. While that may not seem like a problem, it turns out that by
flattening our urban environment we have put ourselves at risk of a surprising number of
chronic illnesses and disabilities. Fortunately, the commercial market has come to the
rescue with a choice of products. Research into the idea that flat floors could be
detrimental to our health was pioneered back in the late 1960s in Long Beach, California.
Podiatrist Charles Brantingham and physiologist Bruce Beekman were concerned with the
growing epidemic of high blood pressure, varicose veins and deep-vein thromboses and
reckoned they might be linked to the uniformity of the surfaces that we tend to stand and
walk on.

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The trouble, they believed, was that walking continuously on flat floors, sidewalks and
streets concentrates forces on just a few areas of the foot. As a result, these surfaces are
likely to be far more conducive to chronic stress syndromes than natural surfaces, where
the foot meets the ground in a wide variety of orientations. They understood that the
anatomy of the foot parallels that of the human hand - each having 26 bones, 33 joints and
more than 100 muscles, tendons and ligaments - and that modern lifestyles waste all this
potential flexibility.

Brantingham and Beekman became convinced that the damage could be rectified by
making people wobble. To test their ideas, they got 65 factory workers to try standing on a
variable terrain floor - spongy mats with varying degrees of resistance across the surface.
This modest irregularity allowed the soles of the volunteers' feet to deviate slightly from
the horizontal each time they shifted position. As the researchers hoped, this simple
intervention made a huge difference, within a few weeks. Even if people were wobbling
slightly, it activated a host of muscles in their legs, which in turn helped pump blood back to
their hearts. The muscle action prevented the pooling of blood in their feet and legs,
reducing the stress on the heart and circulation. Yet decades later, the flooring of the
world's largest workplaces remains relentlessly smooth. Earlier this year, however, the idea
was revived when other researchers in the US announced findings from a similar
experiment with people over 60. John Fisher and colleagues at the Oregon Research
Institute in Eugene designed a mat intended to replicate the effect of walking on
cobblestones*.

In tests funded by the National Institute of Aging, they got some 50 adults to walk on the
toots in their bare feet for less than an hour, three times a week. After 16 weeks, these
people showed marked improvements in mobility, and even a significant reduction in blood
pressure. People in a control group who walked on ordinary floors also improved but not as
dramatically. The mats are now available for purchase and production is being scaled up.
Even so, demand could exceed supply if this footstimulating activity really is a 'useful
nonpharmacological approach for preventing or controlling hypertension of older adults, as
the researchers believe. They are not alone in recognising the benefits of cobblestones.
Reflexologists have long advocated walking on textured surfaces to stimulate so-called
'acupoints' on the soles of the feet. They believe that pressure applied to particular spots
on the foot connects directly to particular organs of the body and somehow enhances their
function. In China, spas, apartment blocks and even factories promote their cobblestone
paths as healthful amenities. Fisher admits he got the concept from regular visits to the
country. Here, city dwellers take daily walks along cobbled paths for five or ten minutes,

13 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

perhaps several times a day, to improve their health. The idea is now taking off in Europe
too.

People in Germany, Austria and Switzerland can now visit 'barefoot parks' and walk
along 'paths of the senses - with mud, logs, stone and moss underfoot. And it is not difficult
to construct your own path with simple everyday objects such as stones or bamboo poles.
But if none of these solutions appeal, there is another option. A new shoe on the market
claims to transform flat, hard, artificial surfaces into something like uneven ground. 'These
shoes have an unbelievable effect,' says Benno Nigg, an exercise scientist at Calgary
University in Canada.

Known as the Masai Barefoot Technology, the shoes have rounded soles that cause you to
rock slightly when you stand still, exercising the small muscles around the ankle that are
responsible for stability. Forces in the joint are reduced, putting less strain on the
system, Nigg claims.

Some of these options may not appeal to all consumers and there is a far simpler
alternative.

If the urban environment is detrimental to our health, then it is obvious where we should
turn. A weekend or even a few hours spent in the countryside could help alleviate a
sufferer's aches and pains, and would require only the spending of time.

However, for many modern citizens, the countryside is not as accessible as it once was and
is in fact a dwindling resource. Our concrete cities are growing at a terrifying rate - perhaps
at the same rate as our health problems.

Questions 21-25

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?

[Link] and Beekman were the first researchers to investigate the relationship
between health problems and flat floors.
A) True B) False C) Not Given
[Link] subjects in Fisher's control group experienced a decline in their physical condition.
A) True B) False C) Not Given
[Link] manufacturers are increasing the number of cobblestone mats they are making.
A) True B) False C) Not Given
14 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58
[Link] based his ideas on what he saw during an overseas trip.
A) True B) False C) Not Given
[Link] Masai Barefoot Technology shoes are made to fit people of all ages.
A) True B) False C) Not Given

Questions 26-28

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

[Link] writer suggests that Brantingham and Beekman's findings were

A. ignored by big companies.
B. doubted by other researchers.
C. applicable to a narrow range of people.
D. surprising to them.
[Link] claim is made by the designers of the cobblestone mats"?
A. They need to be used continuously in order to have a lasting effect.
B. They would be as beneficial to younger people as to older people.
C. They could be an effective alternative to medical intervention.
D. Their effects may vary depending on individual users.
[Link] of the following points does the writer make in the final paragraph?
A. People should question new theories that scientists put forward.
B. High prices do not necessarily equate to a quality product.
C. People are setting up home in the country for health reasons.
D. The natural environment is fast disappearing.

Part 5

Rural transport plan of “Practical action”

For more than 40 years, Practical Action has worked with poor communities to identify the
types of transport that work best, taking into consideration culture, needs and skills. With
our technical and practical support, isolated rural communities can design, build and
maintain their own solutions.

Whilst the focus of National Development Plans in the transport sector lies heavily in the
areas of extending road networks and bridges, there are still major gaps identified in
15 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58
addressing the needs of poorer communities. There is a need to develop and promote the
sustainable use of alternative transport systems and intermediate means of transportation
(IMTs) that complement the linkages of poor people with road networks and other socio-
economic infrastructures to improve their livelihoods.

On the other hand, the development of all weathered roads (only 30 percent of the rural
population have access to this so far) and motorable bridges are very costly for a country
with a small and stagnant economy. In addition, these interventions are not always
favourable in all geographical contexts environmentally, socially and economically. More
than 60 percent of the network is concentrated in the lowland areas of the country.
Although there are a number of alternative ways by which transportation and mobility
needs of rural communities in the hills can be addressed, a lack of clear government focus
and policies, lack of fiscal and economic incentives, lack of adequate technical knowledge
and manufacturing capacities have led to under-development of this alternative transport
sub-sector including the provision of IMTs.

One of the major causes of poverty is isolation. Improving the access and mobility of the
isolated poor paves the way for access to markets, services and opportunities. By improving
transport poorer people are able to access markets where they can buy or sell goods for
income, and make better use of essential services such as health and education. No proper
roads or vehicles mean women and children are forced to spend many hours each day
attending to their most basic needs, such as collecting water and firewood. This valuable
time could be used to tend crops, care for the family, study or develop small business ideas
to generate much-needed income.

Road building

Without roads, rural communities are extremely restricted. Collecting water and firewood,
and going to local markets is a huge task, therefore it is understandable that the
construction of roads is a major priority for many rural communities. Practical Action is
helping to improve rural access/transport infrastructures through the construction and
rehabilitation of short rural roads, small bridges, culverts and other transport-related
functions. The aim is to use methods that encourage community-driven development. This
means villagers can improve their own lives through better access to markets, health care,
education and other economic and social opportunities, as well as bringing improved
services and supplies to the now-accessible villages.

Driving forward new ideas

16 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

Practical Action and the communities we work with are constantly crafting and honing new
ideas to help poor people. Cycle trailers have practical business use too, helping people
carry their goods, such as vegetables and charcoal, to markets for sale. Not only that, but
those on the poverty-line can earn a decent income by making, maintaining and operating
bicycle taxis. With Practical Action’s know-how, Sri Lanka communities have been able to
start a bus service and maintain the roads along which it travels. The impact has been
remarkable. This service has put an end to rural people’s social isolation. Quick and
affordable, it gives them a reliable way to travel to the nearest town; and now their
children can get an education, making it far more likely they’ll find a path out of poverty.
Practical Action is also an active member of many national and regional networks through
which exchange of knowledge and advocating based on action research are carried out and
one conspicuous example is the Lanka Organic Agriculture Movement.

Sky-scraping transport system

For people who live in remote, mountainous areas, getting food to market in order to earn
enough money to survive is a serious issue. The hills are so steep that travelling down them
is dangerous. A porter can help but they are expensive, and it would still take hours or even
a day. The journey can take so long that their goods start to perish and become worthless
and less. Practical Action has developed an ingenious solution called an aerial ropeway. It
can either operate by gravitation force or with the use of external power. The ropeway
consists of two trolleys rolling over support tracks connected to a control cable in the
middle which moves in a traditional flywheel system. The trolley at the top is loaded with
goods and can take up to 120kg. This is pulled down to the station at the bottom, either by
the force of gravity or by an external power. The other trolley at the bottom is, therefore,
pulled upwards automatically. The external power can be produced by a micro-hydro
system if access to an electricity grid is not an option.

Bringing people on board

Practical Action developed a two-wheeled iron trailer that can be attached (via a hitch
behind the seat) to a bicycle and be used to carry heavy loads (up to around 200 kgs) of
food, water or even passengers. People can now carry three times as much as before and
still pedal the bicycle. The cycle trailers are used for transporting goods by local producers,
as ambulances, as mobile shops, and even as mobile libraries. They are made in small
village workshops from iron tubing, which is cut, bent, welded and drilled to make the
frame and wheels. Modifications are also carried out to the trailers in these workshops at
the request of the buyers. The two-wheeled ‘ambulance’ is made from moulded metal,
with standard rubber-tyred wheels. The “bed” section can be padded with cushions to

17 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

make the patient comfortable, while the “seat” section allows a family member to attend
to the patient during transit. A dedicated bicycle is needed to pull the ambulance trailer, so
that other community members do not need to go without the bicycles they depend on in
their daily lives. A joining mechanism allows for easy removal and attachment. In response
to user comments, a cover has been designed that can be added to give protection to the
patient and attendant in poor weather. Made of treated cotton, the cover is durable and
waterproof.

Questions 29-30

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each
answer.

[Link] service has put an end to rural people’s social isolation in Sri
Lanka? _________________
[Link] solution had been applied for people who live in remote mountainous areas
getting food to market? _________________

Questions 31-35

Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage.

Using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.

Besides normal transport task, changes are also implemented to the trailers in these
workshops at the request of the buyers when it was used on a medical emergency or a
moveable 31______________; ‘Ambulance’ is made from metal, with rubber wheels and
drive-by another bicycle. When put with 32______________ in the two-wheeled
‘ambulance’, the patient can stay comfortable and which another 33______________. can
sit on caring for the patient in transport journey. In order to dismantle or attach other
equipment, and assembling 34______________ is designed. Later, as users
suggest, 35______________ has also been added to give protection to the patient.

18 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 WRITING

TASK 1

You are taking a course at a local college. The deadline for your project was last week but
you haven't finished it.

Write a letter to your lecturer. In your letter

 introduce yourself
 explain why you haven't handed in the project yet
 request more time to do it.

Model answer

Dear Ms. McKeen,

My name is Leo Smith and I am a first-year student in your Marketing class at Capilano
College. I am writing to you because I have a problem with the project you set about social
media. The due date was last week but I'm afraid I haven't finished it yet. As you know, I
have been absent from class for almost ten days with COVID-19 symptoms and I have not
been attending lectures. I only managed to get the reading list from a friend and go to the
library to do research yesterday. You will see from your records that I have never missed a
deadline for an assignment so far during my course.

However, I am requesting an extension of one week in this case because I am so behind

with my work. I hope you will take my illness into consideration and grant me an extension.

Yours sincerely,
Leo Smith

(155 words)

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 TASK 2

Some people believe that a person's culture is defined by their country of origin, while
others believe that has only a minor influence.

Discuss both these views and give your opinion.

Model answer

If we define culture as shared beliefs, values, attitudes and behaviours, it stands to reason
then that a person's country of origin impacts their culture. The question is to what degree.
Is nationality the defining influence or is it just one of many factors in play? Personally
speaking, I would say both arguments have validity, but I would lean towards the latter.

It is easy to understand the ‘defining influence’ argument. If someone is born and raised in
a place, they will be heavily influenced by it. Psychologists refer to this as the ‘nurture
argument’ - you are a product of your environment. For example, if your country's cuisine
uses certain ingredients, your palate gets accustomed to those ingredients, but may
struggle with other less familiar flavours. If your country has a traditional style of music,
say, reggae or rock, all citizens will be exposed to it and, as a result, are more likely to enjoy
it.

On the other side of the argument we need to consider the effects of globalisation. Most
people have daily access and exposure to other cultures. The evidence is all around us-
restaurants, films and foreign businesses are ubiquitous. One of the benefits of
globalisation is that it offers us a selection of cultural possibilities to choose from. It is
unlikely that you will find any citizen of a certain country who does not have likes or
preferences that come from outside of their country of origin. In addition, more and more
people work, study or travel extensively away from their home country. Inevitably, these
people will be subject to new influences.

My own view is that while we are influenced by our nationality, in this globalised world,
one's country of origin is only one aspect of our collective culture. We all adopt elements
from other cultures on a daily basis, unconsciously or according to our preferences and
experiences. To my mind, this is what makes the world such an interesting place.

(328 words)

20 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 TEST 2

21 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 LISTENING TEST
Part 1

You will hear some sentences. Choose the best reply to each sentence.

A
1 B

2 B

3 B

4 B

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 A

5 B

6 B

7 B

8 B

23 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 Part 2

Listen and complete the gap with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer

Win a ‘dream night’ at the theatre

Running times: from Monday, June 18th to Saturday 9______________

Prize:10______________pairs of tickets.

Bonus: chance to talk to 11______________in person.

Saturdays: three 12______________, at 2, 5 and 8pm.

Ticket prices: from £11.00 to £ 13______________

Bookings: by phone or 14______________

Part 3

You will hear five short extracts in which people are talking about their families. For
questions 15-19, choose from the list A-H what each speaker says about the different
family members. Use the letters only once. There are three extra letters which you do not
need to use.

A. she has a busy working life with little opportunity to go out much
[Link] 1____ B. she has worked hard to achieve her ambitions
[Link] 2____ C. her marriage was not as strong as it seemed
[Link] 3____ D. she now has the job that her parents had hoped for her
[Link] 4____ E. she does not judge me
[Link] 5____ F. she studied the same subject as the speaker
G. she has a successful and steady relationship with her partner
H. her work seems unsuited to her personality

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 Part 4

You will hear someone giving talk. Label the place (A-E) on the map (20-24).

A
21

22
C

23 D

24 E
20

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 Part5

You will hear Tim Cole talking about guidebooks. Choose the answer (A, B or C) which fits
best according to what you hear.

24. Once, when Tim used a guidebook in Australia,

A. he found the best budget hotel ever.
B. it took him ages to find the place he was looking for.
C. he ended up at an unexpected destination.
25. Tim believes the problem with guidebooks is that
A. some of them are very poorly researched.
B. many things have changed by the time you read the book.
C. they are only regularly updated.
26. The thing Tim particularly dislikes about guidebooks is
A. the recommendations about where to eat.
B. that they have too much information about nightlife.
C. the limited amount of information about history and culture.
27. Other things which should be included in guidebooks are
A. clear and detailed maps of the area.
B. as much information as possible about an area.
C. good pictures of well-known tourist sites.
28. What is Tim’s view on digital guidebooks?
A. They can be problematic when downloading.
B. He can’t find what he wants as easily as he can in a traditional guidebook.
C. He likes the fact that they’re tailored to your individual requirements.
29. What did Tim like about Twitter tourism?
A. It allowed him to meet more local people than tourists.
B. The advice from other travellers was extremely helpful.
C. He discovered some unusual things to do.

26 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 Part 6

You will hear a representative from British Waterways called John Sampson talking about
a canal networking England. For questions 30-35, complete the sentences.

The Grand Union Canal

The canals were built despite the fact that there was no 30_______________ and very
little technology.
From 1790 to 1929, there were many canals that were 31_______________with each
other but which were not uniform in size.
The new union of canals provided a32_______________ between major industrial
cities.
There are plenty of 33_______________for a variety of wildlife on and around the
canals.
Walkers can go to the nearest waterway office to get information on
34_______________so they can start and end at the same place.
Anglers can fish in the canals and 35_______________

27 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 READING TEST

Part 1

Read the text. Fill in each gap with ONE word. You must use a word which is somewhere
in the rest of the text.

POMPEII

The only active volcano on mainland Europe is Mount Vesuvius, situated on the west coast
of Italy, just east of Naples, and most well-known for its eruption in the year 79 A.D.
destroying the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Mount Vesuvius has erupted about 50
times, but its most famous 1______________ took place in 79 A.D. when it destroyed the
city of Pompeii. It quickly buried the city in volcanic ash and preserved the life of this
Ancient Roman city. The people of Pompeii didn’t know that Mount Vesuvius was a
2______________ and in fact there wasn’t even a word for volcano in Latin as they were
not aware of their existence until 3______________ erupted. In the year 62 A.D. the city
experienced a huge earthquake and several minor quakes occurred for several years, but
when the volcano finally erupted on 24th August 79 A.D. the people of Pompeii didn’t know
what was happening and didn’t immediately evacuate the city. Pliny described it as looking
like “a pine tree, for it shot up to a great height in the form of a trunk, which extended itself
at the top into several branches.”.' At 1:00 in the afternoon, the sun was blocked as people
tried to clear the heavy ash from the rooftops. Less than 12 hours later, at midnight,
volcanic mud took over the town of Herculaneum and its citizens escaped to Pompeii.
However, just 6 hours later, Pompeii was covered in the debris and ashes. The victims died
almost instantly as the heated air burned their lungs and tightened their muscles. The dead
bodies remained in a semi-curled position quickly buried in 4______________ and
preserved for hundreds of years. Following the eruption, Pliny also had witnessed '...the sea
retreating as if pushed by the 5______________s.' The movement of the water was most
likely caused by a tsunami. About 2,000 people had died. The two cities were abandoned
for centuries. The ruins at Pompeii have provided archaeologists with valuable information
about everyday life in the ancient world. In 1748, Pompeii was discovered by a group of
explorers seeking 6______________ artifacts. They learned that the ashes from the volcano
preserved the city. Pompeii appeared the same as it did nearly 2,000 years earlier.

28 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 Part 2

The people all want to attend a course. Read the descriptions of eight courses. Decide
which course would be the most suitable for each person. For Questions 9-13, select the
best course.

7. Alice wants a course to help her with her drawing skills, particularly with drawing the
latest styles of clothes, shoes and bags, because she wants to study this later at college.
8. Darius loves making comic books, but isn't confident about his drawing. He wants to
draw superheroes and animals and create adventures about them, but doesn't want to
display his work.
9. Cassie enjoys making pictures and objects from different materials. During the course
she'd like to use her love of sport in her designs, and visit an exhibition to get new ideas.
[Link] is talented at drawing, but also likes filming his friends on an old digital camera. He
wants to develop this skill by learning to use more advanced equipment, and prepare for
further study.
[Link] has done a course about printing on paper, and would like to learn how to print on
other materials. He also wants to produce something to take home and wear.
[Link] wants a film that uses traditional animation methods, such as simple drawings
rather than computers to create pictures. He particularly enjoys films about animals, and
with great songs sung by well-known singers.
[Link]. her mum and small sister want a film they can all enjoy. Alice loves films where
she feels the main characters are like her, and that have soundtracks involving only
instruments, with no singing.
[Link] enjoys films that make him laugh, but that he can learn something from at the
same time. He's a keen reader, and he'd like a film of something he's probably already
read.

A. Wild Art
This course concentrates on teaching drawing and painting, and you'll use your new
skills to make a wall poster on the theme of animals, to take home. And we've got
lots of picture books from galleries around the world to give you ideas! There'll be an
exhibition of everyone's work at the end, too.
B. Colourscape

29 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 Come and make a bag to keep your school games clothes in! We supply lots of
colourful wool and printed cotton - you choose the design and colour (like your
favourite football or hockey team colours!). There'll also be a trip to a gallery to help
you get creative in your designs.
C. Create!
This course is all about telling good stories in pictures. There'll be cartoon films to
watch, and instruction in how to draw your favourite characters - but your
imagination is much more important than your drawing skills here! The course
includes a visit to a cartoon museum.
D. Art Attack
You'll work on developing creative skills, like printing, photography. cartoons and
movie-making, using the latest technology. This course is great for anyone wanting to
take these subjects at college. Good drawing skills are helpful on this course, and
students' work will be put into a book, where suitable, for everyone to buy.
E. Art Matters
This course will concentrate on different drawing techniques, including using inks and
colour. We'll get you to draw live models wearing designer fashions and sportswear
— so if you like designing fashion and think your future is in this area, then this
course is for you!
F. Art Magic
This fun course shows you how to design and make fashion jewellery from natural
materials, and particularly how to use photography to help you get ideas for your
designs. So if you have your own camera, bring it along!
G. Arts Contr.
Ever wondered what your comic stories would look like on film? Here's your chance
to find out! Bring along your own comic drawings or prints - good-quality ones if
possible - and we'll transfer the action from your page onto the screen! Film show of
the best cartoons at the end!
H. Rainbow
Bring along a clean white T-shirt for this fun course! Using printing inks and paints,
we'll show you how to transfer a picture onto your T-shirt and create a special
artwork that you can put on for everyone to admire!
I. Imagining
While you're watching this beautiful film, you'll also be entertained by the wonderful
piano and violin music that accompanies it. It's a film for the whole family. including
young children, to sit down and see together. And everyone will find that they have
something in common with the people in the film.

30 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

J. Terry
The pop music in this film is great, as it features the voices of top performers. The
film follows a friendly tiger in the jungle, who becomes a hero to his friends. This film
first came out in the 70s, and the graphics in this beautiful film have changed very
little.
K. Rainbow
The whole family will sing along to the songs by well-known performers in this film.
Choose which of the characters is most like you — and who's your hero! From the
book by teenagers’ author Dylan Peters, it's been a favourite with audiences since it
came out years ago.
L. Constanz
This beautiful film. with simple graphics, is based on the well-known novel. which has
become very popular in school classrooms. Although it's full of comedy situations and
surprises from beginning to end, the film also has a serious message. and will leave
you with something to think about after you've watched it.

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 Part 3

Read the text and choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings
below.

There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use all of them. You cannot use
any heading more than once.

List of headings
A. The hierarchy of the bee colony
B. The importance to farming worldwide
C. The origins of the name
D. The life cycle of an individual
E. Harvesting honey
F. Domesticating the bee
G. The distribution and habitat of bees
H. Usefulness in research
I. Protein and liquid consumption

[Link] 1___
[Link] 2___
[Link] 3___
[Link] 4___
[Link] 5___
[Link] 6___

THE HONEY BEE

1. The western honey bee or European honey bee (Apis mellifera) is the most common of
the 7-12 species of honey bee worldwide. The genus name Apis is Latin for "bee", and
mellifera is the Latin for "honey-bearing", referring to the species' production of honey
for the winter.
2. Human beings have been collecting honey from bees for thousands of years, with
evidence in the form of rock art found in France and Spain, dating to around 7000 BC.
The honey bee is one of the few invertebrate animals to have been domesticated.

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 Humans collected wild honey in the Palaeolithic or Mesolithic periods, with evidence
from rock art from France and Spain around 8,000 years old. Bees were likely first
domesticated in ancient Egypt, where tomb paintings depict bee-keeping. Europeans
brought bees to North America in 1622.
3. Similar to all honey bees, the western honey bee is eusociol, creating colonies with a
single fertile female (or "queen"), many normally non-reproductive females or
"workers," and a small proportion of fertile males or "drones." Individual colonies can
house tens of thousands of bees. Colony activities are organised by complex
communication between individuals, through both pheromones and the dance
language.
4. Interestingly, the honey bee was one of the first domesticated insects, and it is the
primary species maintained by beekeepers to this day for both its honey production and
pollination activities. With human assistance, the western honey bee now occupies
every continent except Antarctica. Because of its wide cultivation, this species is the
single most important pollinator for agriculture globally.
5. The western honey bee can be found on every continent except Antarctica. The species
is believed to have originated in Africa or Asia, and spread naturally through Africa, the
Middle East and Europe. Humans are responsible for its considerable additional range,
introducing European subspecies into North America (early 1600s), South America,
Australia, New Zealand, and East Asia.
6. Western honey bees are an important model organism in scientific studies, particularly
in the fields of social evolution, learning, and memory. They are also used in studies of
pesticide toxicity to assess non-target impacts of commercial pesticides.

Part 4

Read the following text for questions 21-29

An Introduction to Film Sound

Though we might think of film as an essentially visual experience, we really cannot afford to
underestimate the importance of film sound. A meaningful sound track is often as
complicated as the image on the screen, and is ultimately just as much the responsibility of
the director. The entire sound track consists of three essential ingredients: the
human voice, sound effects and music. These three tracks must be mixed and balanced so
as to produce the necessary emphases which in turn create desired effects.

33 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

Topics which essentially refer to the three previously mentioned tracks are discussed
below. They include dialogue, synchronous and asynchronous sound effects, and music.

Let us start with dialogue. As is the case with stage drama, dialogue serves to tell the story
and expresses feelings and motivations of characters as well. Often with film
characterization the audience perceives little or no difference between the character and
the actor. Thus, for example, the actor Humphrey Bogart is the character Sam Spade; film
personality and life personality seem to merge. Perhaps this is because the very texture of a
performer's voice supplies an element of character.

When voice textures fit the performer's physiognomy and gestures, a whole and very
realistic persona emerges. The viewer sees not an actor working at his craft, but another
human being struggling with life. It is interesting to note that how dialogue is used and the
very amount of dialogue used varies widely among films. For example, in the highly
successful science-fiction film 2001, little dialogue was evident, and most of it was
banal and of little intrinsic interest. In this way the film-maker was able to portray what
Thomas Sobochack and Vivian Sobochack call, in An Introduction to Film, the 'inadequacy of
human responses when compared with the magnificent technology created by man and the
visual beauties of the universe'.

The comedy Bringing Up Baby, on the other hand, presents practically non-stop dialogue
delivered at breakneck speed. This use of dialogue underscores not only the dizzy quality of
the character played by Katherine Hepburn, but also the absurdity of the film itself and thus
its humor. The audience is bounced from gag to gag and conversation to
conversation; there is no time for audience reflection. The audience is caught up in a
whirlwind of activity in simply managing to follow the plot. This film presents pure
escapism - largely due to its frenetic dialogue.

Synchronous sound effects are those sounds which are synchronized or matched with what
is viewed. For example, if the film portrays a character playing the piano, the sounds of
the piano are projected. Synchronous sounds contribute to the realism of film and also help
to create a particular atmosphere.

For example, the 'click' of a door being opened may simply serve to convince the audience
that the image portrayed is real, and the audience may only subconsciously note the
expected sound.

However, if the 'click' of an opening door is part of an ominous action such as a burglary,
the sound mixer may call attention to the 'click' with an increase in volume; this helps to
engage the audience in a moment of suspense.

34 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

Asynchronous sound effects, on the other hand, are not matched with a visible source of
the sound on screen. Such sounds are included so as to provide an appropriate emotional
nuance, and they may also add to the realism of the film. For example, a film-maker might
opt to include the background sound of an ambulance's siren while the foreground sound
and image portrays an arguing couple. The asynchronous ambulance siren underscores the
psychic injury incurred in the argument; at the same time the noise of the siren adds to
the realism of the film by acknowledging the film's city setting.

We are probably all familiar with background music in films, which has become so
ubiquitous as to be noticeable in its absence. We are aware that it is used to add emotion
and rhythm. Usually not meant to be noticeable, it often provides a tone or an emotional
attitude toward the story and /or the characters depicted. In addition, background music
often foreshadows a change in mood. For example, dissonant music may be used in film to
indicate an approaching (but not yet visible) menace or disaster.

Background music may aid viewer understanding by linking scenes. For example, a
particular musical theme associated with an individual character or situation may be
repeated at various points in a film in order to remind the audience of salient motifs or
ideas.

Film sound comprises conventions and innovations. We have come to expect

an acceleration of music during car chases and creaky doors in horror films. Yet, it is
important to note as well that sound is often brilliantly conceived. The effects of sound are
often largely subtle and often are noted by only our subconscious minds. We need to foster
an awareness of film sound as well as film space so as to truly appreciate an art form that
sprang to life during the twentieth century - the modern film.

Questions 1-5

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D

1. In the first paragraph, the writer makes a point that

A. the director should plan the sound track at an early stage in filming.
B. it would be wrong to overlook the contribution of sound to the artistry of films.
C. the music industry can have a beneficial influence on sound in film.
D. it is important for those working on the sound in a film to have sole responsibility for
it.
35 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58
2. One reason that the writer refers to Humphrey Bogart is to exemplify
A. the importance of the actor and the character appearing to have similar
personalities.
B. the audience’s wish that actors are visually appropriate for their roles.
C. the value of the actor having had similar feelings to the character.
D. the audience’s preference for dialogue to be as authentic as possible.

3. In the third paragraph, the writer suggests that

A. audiences are likely to be critical of film dialogue that does not reflect their own
experience.
B. film dialogue that appears to be dull may have a specific purpose.
C. filmmakers vary considerably in the skill with which they handle dialogue.
D. the most successful films are those with dialogue of a high Quality.

4. What does the writer suggest about Bringing Up

A. The plot suffers from the filmmaker’s wish to focus on humorous dialogue.
B. The dialogue helps to make it one of the best comedy films ever produced.
C. There is a mismatch between the speed of the dialogue and the speed of actions.
D. The nature of the dialogue emphasises key elements of the film.

5. The writer refers to the ‘click’ of a door to make the point that realistic sounds
A. are often used to give the audience a false impression of events in the film.
B. may be interpreted in different ways by different members of the audience.
C. may be modified in order to manipulate the audience’s response to the film.
D. tend to be more significant in films presenting realistic situations.

Questions 6-10

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?

6. Audiences are likely to be surprised if a film lacks background music.

A) True B) False C) Not Given

36 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

7. Background music may anticipate a development in a film.
A) True B) False C) Not Given
8. Background music has more effect on some people than on others.
A) True B) False C) Not Given
9. Background music may help the audience to make certain connections within the film.
A) True B) False C) Not Given

Part 5

Biology of Bitterness

To many people, grapefruit is palatable only when doused in sugar. Bitter Blockers like
adenosine monophosphate could change that.

There is a reason why grapefruit juice is served in little glasses: most people don’t want to
drink more than a few ounces at a time. aringin, a natural chemical compound found in
grapefruit, tastes bitter. Some people like that bitterness in small doses and believe it
enhances the general flavor, but others would rather avoid it altogether. So juice packagers
often select grapefruit with low naringin though the compound has antioxidant properties
that some nutritionists contend may help prevent cancer and arteriosclerosis.

It is possible, however, to get the goodness of grapefruit juice without the bitter taste. I
found that out by participating in a test conducted at the Linguagen Corporation, a
biotechnology company in Cranbury, New Jersey. Sets of two miniature white paper cups,
labeled 304and 305, were placed before five people seated around a conference table.
Each of us drank from one cup and then the other, cleansing our palates between tastes
with water and a soda cracker. Even the smallest sip of 304 had grapefruit ‘s unmistakable
bitter bite. But 305 was smoother; there was the sour taste of citrus but none of the
bitterness of naringin. This juice had been treated with adenosine monophosphate, or
AMP, a compound that blocks the bitterness in foods without making them less nutritious.

Taste research is a booming business these days, with scientists delving into all five basics-
sweet, bitter, sour, salty, and umami, the savory taste of protein. Bitterness is of special
interest to industry because of its untapped potential in food. There are thousands of bitter
-tasting compounds in nature. They defend plants by warning animals away and protect
animals by letting them know when a plant may be poisonous. But the system isn’t
foolproof. Grapefruit and cruciferous vegetable like Brussels sprouts and kale are nutritious
37 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58
despite-and sometimes because of-their bitter-tasting components. Over time, many
people have learned to love them, at least in small doses. “Humans are the only species
that enjoys bitter taste,” says Charles Zuker, a neuroscientist at the University of California
School of Medicine at San Diego. “Every other species is averse to bitter because it means
bad news. But we have learned to enjoy it. We drink coffee, which is bitter, and quinine [in
tonic water] too. We enjoy having that spice in our lives.” Because bitterness can be
pleasing in small quantities but repellent when intense, bitter blockers like AMP could make
a whole range of foods, drinks, and medicines more palatable-and therefore more
profitable.

People have varying capacities for tasting bitterness, and the differences appear to be
genetic. About 75 percent of people are sensitive to the taste of the bitter compounds
phenylthiocarbamide and 6-n-propylthiouracil. and 25 percent are insensitive. Those who
are sensitive to phenylthiocarbamide seem to be less likely than others to eat cruciferous
vegetables, according to Stephen Wooding, a geneticist at the University of Utah. Some
people, known as supertasters, are especially sensitive to 6-n-propylthiouraci because they
have an unusually high number of taste buds. Supertasters tend to shun all kinds of bitter-
tasting things, including vegetable, coffee, and dark chocolate. Perhaps as a result, they
tend to be thin. They’re also less fond of alcoholic drinks, which are often slightly bitter.
Dewar’s scotch, for instance, tastes somewhat sweet to most people. ” But a supertaster
tastes no sweetness at all, only bitterness,” says Valerie Duffy, an associate professor of
dietetics at the University of Connecticut at Storrs.

In one recent study, Duffy found that supertasters consume alcoholic beverages, on
average, only two to three times a week, compared with five or six times for the average
nontasters. Each taste bud, which looks like an onion, consists of 50 to 100 elongated cells
running from the top of the bud to the bottom. At the top is a little clump of receptors that
capture the taste molecules, known as tastants, in food and drink. The receptors function
much like those for sight and smell. Once a bitter signal has been received, it is relayed via
proteins known as G proteins. The G protein involved in the perception of bitterness,
sweetness, and umami was identified in the early 1990s by Linguagen’s founder, Robert
Margolskee, at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City. Known as gustducin, the
protein triggers a cascade of chemical reactions that lead to changes in ion concentrations
within the cell. Ultimately, this delivers a signal to the brain that
registers as bitter. “The signaling system is like a bucket brigade,” Margolskee says. “It goes
from the G protein to other proteins.”

38 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

In 2000 Zuker and others found some 30 different kinds of genes that code for bitter-taste
receptors. “We knew the number would have to be large because there is such a large
universe of bitter tastants,” Zuker says. Yet no matter which tastant enters the mouth or
which receptor it attaches to, bitter always tastes the same to us. The only variation derives
from its intensity and the ways in which it can be flavored by the sense of smell. “Taste cells
are like a light switch,” Zuker says. “They are either on or off.”

Once they figured put the taste mechanism, scientists began to think of ways to interfere
with it. They tried AMP, an organic compound found in breast milk and other substances,
which is created as cells break down food. Amp has no bitterness of its own, but when put
it in foods, Margolskee and his colleagues discovered, it attaches to bitter-taste receptors.
As effective as it is, AMP may not be able to dampen every type pf bitter taste, because it
probably doesn’t attach to all 30 bitter-taste receptors. So Linguagen has scaled up the hunt
for other bitter blockers with a technology called high-throughput screening. Researchers
start by coaxing cells in culture to activate bitter-taste receptors. Then candidate
substances, culled from chemical compound libraries, are dropped onto the receptors, and
scientists look for evidence of a reaction.

Tin time, some taste researchers believe, compounds like AMP will help make processed
foods less unhealthy. Consider, for example, that a single cup of Campbell’s chicken noodle
soup contains 850 milligrams of sodium chloride, or table salt-more than a third of the
recommended daily allowance. The salt masks the bitterness created by the high
temperatures used in the canning process, which cause sugars and amino acids to react.
Part of the salt could be replaced by another salt, potassium chloride, which tends to be
scarce in some people’s diets. Potassium chloride has a bitter aftertaste, but that could be
eliminated with a dose of AMP. Bitter blockers could also be used in place of cherry or
grape flavoring to take the harshness out of children’s cough syrup, and they could dampen
the bitterness of antihistamines, antibiotics, certain HIV drugs, and other medications.

A number of foodmakers have already begun to experiment with AMP in their products,
and other bitter blockers are being developed by rival firms such as Senomyx in La Jolla,
California. In a few years, perhaps, after food companies have taken the bitterness from
canned soup and TV dinners, they can set their sights on something more useful: a bitter
blocker in a bottle that any of us can sprinkle on our brussels sprouts or stir into our
grapefruit juice.

39 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

Question 30-33

Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more
than two words from the Reading Passage for each answer.

The reason why grapefruit tastes bitter is because a substance

called 30_____________ contained in it. However, bitterness plays a significant role for
plants. It gives a signal that certain plant is 31_____________. For human beings, different
person carries various genetic abilities of tasting bitterness. According to a scientist at the
University of Utah, 32_____________ have exceptionally plenty of 33_____________,
which allows them to perceive bitter compounds.

Questions 34-35

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

34. What is the main feature of AMP according to this passage?

A. offset bitter flavour in food

B. only exist in 304 cup
C. tastes like citrus
D. chemical reaction when meets biscuit

35. What is the main function of G protein?

A. collecting taste molecule

B. identifying different flavors elements
C. resolving large molecules
D. transmitting bitter signals to the brain

40 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 WRITING

TASK 1

You recently took a trip with a taxi company. The driver behaved in an unacceptable way
and you had a lot of problems. You complained to the company but no-one has replied to
your complaint.

Write a letter to the taxi company. In your letter

 say why you are writing and how you feel

 explain what happened
 tell them what you would like them to do.

Model answer

Dear Sir/Madam,

I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with the service I have received from your taxi
company both during my ride and in dealing with my subsequent complaint.

Last Thursday (3rd of March), I took one of your taxis to go to an important business
meeting in the city. Although the driver said he knew the address I wanted to go to, he took
me to the wrong address. This made me late for my appointment. When I complained
about his mistake, he became angry and shouted at me. I refused to pay the fare and he
then started to threaten me. I took down his information and left the taxi while he was
shouting, and I immediately wrote a letter of complaint to your company. However, I am
very disappointed to find that I haven't a letter of apology for the driver's behaviour. As a
representative of your company, he should behave in a courteous manner; particularly
because it was the driver who had made the mistake.

I would like to recommend that you train your staff to behave in a polite manner to
customers. I also expect an apology for your employee's behaviour towards me.

Yours sincerely,
Jimmy Perez

(203 words)

41 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 TASK 2

In the past, most people used to travel to their place of work. With increased use of
computers, the internet and smart phones, more and more people are starting to work
from home.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of this development?

Model answer

The way in which we work has changed a great deal in recent years. Whilst some people
still travel to their place of work each day, others have the option to work from home. This
has all become possible since the birth of the internet and smartphones, which enable
workers to be in constant contact with their colleagues and clients all over the world.

There are both advantages and disadvantages to this new development. There are definite
advantages to people being allowed to work from home. The main advantage is that it gives
workers more flexibility in their working lives. This can be particularly useful for parents or
people who live far from their workplace. Working from home is also more comfortable -
you can take a break whenever you need. Another advantage is that you have the
possibility to work for companies in other countries through the use of the internet.
Therefore, people can apply for jobs globally as well as locally.

On the other hand, working from home can also have its disadvantages. Travelling to work
and working in an office with others can be a very sociable activity which many people
enjoy, especially if they live on their own. Without this social interaction many people might
feel very lonely. Furthermore, many people may lack sufficient discipline to complete the
work they need to do without colleagues around.

In conclusion, therefore, there are clearly advantages and disadvantages to working from
home. Perhaps the ideal arrangement would be to spend part of the working week in an
office with colleagues, and part of the working week at home, with a certain amount of
flexibility and comfort.

(277 words)

42 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 TEST 3

43 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 LISTENING TEST
Part 1

You will hear some sentences. Choose the best reply to each sentence.

A
1 B

2 B

3 B

4 B

44 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 A

5 B

6 B

7 B

8 B

45 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 Part 2

You will hear a man called Stephen Mills talking to a group of people about a trip to India
to see tigers. Fill in the missing information. Listen and complete the gap with NO MORE
THAN ONE WORD OR/AND A NUMBER for each answer

TRIP TO INDIA

Stephen’s profession 9_________________

Date of departure 10_________________

Number of tourists in group: 11_________________

Type of accommodation: 12_________________

Means of transport in the park open truck in the north 13______________

Meal NOT included 14_________________

Part 3

You will hear five short extracts in which teenagers are talking about doing an art project
at school. For questions 15-19, choose from the list (A-H) how each speaker felt about the
art project. Use the letter only once. There are three extra letters which you do not need
to use.

A. surprised by what they learned from the experience

B. unsure how useful it was
[Link] 1____ C. grateful for the support they received
[Link] 2____ D. critical of the resources available for it
[Link] 3____ E. satisfied that they achieved their aims
[Link] 4____ F. sorry that they weren't more ambitious
[Link] 5____ G. amused by reactions to the art they produced
H. annoyed by the attitude of other students

46 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 Part 4

Choose the exact location for the following places on the map. Fill in letters A-G next to
the places' names in questions 20-23

[Link] office
[Link] manager’s
office
[Link] box
[Link] director’s office

47 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 Part 5

You will hear three different extracts For questions 24 — 29. choose the answer (A. B or
C) which fits best according to what you hear. There are two questions for each extract

Extract One: You hear two friends discussing the topic of marketing.

[Link] aspect of college publicity meter al do the friends disagree about?

A. how useful the environmental rating system is
B. how well the different courses are described
C. how visually attractive the brochures are
[Link] the woman's opinion, companies link themselves with charities in order to
A. boost their profile
B. improve their image in society
C. Distract attention away from other Issues.

Extract Two: You hear two friends talking about ways of keeping fit.

[Link] is the woman's criticism of exercising in gyms?

A. Members get limited access to the facilities.
B. The membership cost is too high for the services offered.
C. It encourages exercise habits that lead to unhealthy lifestyles
[Link] does the man respond to his friend's criticism?
A. He objects to her making sweeping generalizations about gyms.
B. He questions the value of excessive gym attendance.
C. He suspects she'd enjoy a different type of gym.

Extract Three: You hear a woman telling a friend about living in her capital city as a student.

[Link] is she doing during the conversation?

A. admitting to regrets about her choice of place to study
B. complaining about challenges she s had to face
C. expressing her admiration for people in the city
[Link] does the man give the example of trees?
A. to support her main point
B. to present a counter-argument to hers
C. to express a reservation about her interpretation

48 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 Part 6

You will hear a radio report about a new security body scanner. For questions 30-35,
complete the sentences.

Laying bare the traveller's secrets

The body scanner will be able to tell if someone has30___________ a weapon

on their body.
The scanner will be able to 31___________ private parts of the body.
The technology was first invented to help pilots flying in 32___________
The scanner will show if someone has a33___________ fitted in their heart.
Operators of the machines will be carefully checked to ensure they are not
being 34_________
Air passengers will no longer need to be physically checked by 35__________

49 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 READING TEST

Part 1

Read the text. Fill in each gap with ONE word. You must use a word which is somewhere
in the rest of the text.

At a Brooklyn printing plant, fluctuations in heat and moisture were causing the size of the
printing paper to keep changing slightly, making it hard to align different colours. Carrier’s
invention made it possible to control temperature and humidity levels and
so 1_____________ the colours. The 2_____________ also allowed industries such as film,
processed food, textiles and pharmaceuticals to improve the quality of their products.

In 1914, the first air-conditioning device was installed in a private house. However, its size,
similar to that of an early computer, meant it took up too much space to come into
widespread use, and later models, such as the Weathermaker, which Carrier brought out in
the 1920s, cost too much for most people. Cooling for human comfort, rather than
industrial need, really took off when three air conditioners were 3_____________ in the J.L.
Hudson Department Store in Detroit, Michigan. People crowded into the shop to
experience the new invention. The fashion spread from department stores to cinemas,
whose income rose steeply as a result of the 4_____________ they provided.

To start with, money-conscious employers regarded air conditioning as a luxury. They

considered that if they were paying people to work, they should not be 5_____________
for them to be comfortable as well. So in the 1940s and ’50s, the industry started putting
out a different message about its product: according to their research, installing air
conditioning increased productivity amongst employees. They found that typists
6_____________ their output by 24% when transferred from a regular office to a cooled
one. Another study into office working conditions, which was carried out in the late ’50s,
showed that the majority of companies cited air conditioning as the single most important
contributor to efficiency in offices.

50 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 Part 2

The people below all want to go to a restaurant for a celebration. Decide which
restaurant would be the most suitable for each person.

7. You want to book a special family meal for your grandmother's 80th birthday. There will
be a mix of ages so the menu needs to provide for a wide range of tastes. Your
grandmother finds it difficult to hear so she doesn't want to take her anywhere which
has loud music.
8. You want to book somewhere to celebrate your daughter's 18th birthday. You want to
invite about 20 family members and close friends. You are looking for somewhere
special that can offer a reasonably priced dinner. You'd like the atmosphere to be
friendly and informal.
9. You want to celebrate your first wedding anniversary. You want to go to a first-class
restaurant and don't mind how much it costs. You'd like somewhere that attracts
famous people and for which your wife can put on her best dress.
[Link] want to book a restaurant to celebrate the end of exams with a group of six friends.
They don't want to spend much money but want to go somewhere with a lively
atmosphere and interesting food.
[Link] want to celebrate your son Danny's birthday by taking him to try some top-quality
cooking by a well-known chef. Danny is studying restaurant management at college and
wants to run his own high- class restaurant one day.
[Link] and your friends ate in Spider-Man's Web last week. They would like to try another
character restaurant this Thursday. They aren't keen on fish and can't afford anywhere
expensive.
[Link] parents want to celebrate their summer wedding anniversary with the family next
Tuesday. They hate being with other groups of people. The family normally orders steak,
but you would like to try something different.
[Link] family always have lunch out on Sundays and love foreign food. On this occasion
they'd prefer to book somewhere they can eat alone as a family, because you leave
Sweden for a month on Monday.

A. Max's Café is a favourite venue with the stars for its amazing views across the river and
excellent service, so you might find yourself on a table next to a well-known actor or
politician. Prices are high but the perfectly-cooked, if slightly old-fashioned, food won't
disappoint. Men must wear jackets and ties.

51 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

B. One of the cheapest pizza and pasta restaurants in town, JoJo's remains very popular
with groups of students for its live music and reasonable prices. The menu hasn't
changed in 20 years but when it comes to food, JoJo's customers are more interested in
value for money than excitement.
C. Winner of the award for best service, Justin's is now offering a special menu for only £15
per person, giving people the chance to eat unusual food at affordable prices. The
restaurant is always very busy and there's limited space for large groups. The staff are
young and welcoming, although they are often in a hurry.
D. Relax in comfort at the Regent Hotel's new Terrace Restaurant, while a classical pianist
plays softly in the background. Tables are well spaced, so customers can hold their
conversations in private. The menu, although certainly not cheap and a little on the dull
side, is varied and there's something to please everyone.
E. Sammy's is an excellent choice for those planning an event for a large group. Angela
Hastings, former chef at the four-star Pink restaurant, specialises in good-quality simple
food which is good value for money. Their aim is to please every type of customer. The
staff make you feel very welcome. Live jazz most nights.
F. TV chef, Eliot Harris, has just opened his first restaurant, Bitter Sweet. Harris skilfully
offers a mix of exciting and unusual ingredients, which those expecting more traditional
food may find strange or even disgusting. A truly memorable experience for real food
lovers. Book well in advance and expect to pay top of the range prices.
G. Enjoy amazing sunsets over the city from the 100th floor at the top of the Star Building
as world-famous chef, Marco Louis, prepares food for all tastes. We have two private
dining rooms for small groups. At Floor 100, expect top food for top prices! Open
Monday to Saturday.
H. Discover the world of the ninja warrior in our restaurant which has been designed as a
ninja castle. It's conveniently located inside the shopping centre with private rooms for
small groups. Not cheap but you can enjoy Japanese fish or meat dishes. Closed all day
Tuesday.
I. Don't expect great views here, as this restaurant is a hiding place for spies. You'll need
the password to get into our large dining room where you will share long tables with
other spies. Reasonable prices for a range of chicken, meat or fish dishes.

52 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 Part 3

Read the text and choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings
below.

There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use all of them. You cannot use
any heading more than once.

List of headings
A. A religious or a secular celebration?
B. Halloween on the Gregorian calendar
C. Naughty children and spooky adults
D. Spread by immigrants and accepted by locals
E. The etymology of the name
F. Typically differing views on its origin
G. A global festival thanks to the US
H. Sugary, fruity treats
I. Ghosts, ghouls and pumpkins

[Link] 1___
[Link] 2___
[Link] 3___
[Link] 4___
[Link] 5___
[Link] 6___

THE HISTORY OF HALLOWEEN

1. The name Halloween or Hallowe'en dates to the mid 1700s and is of Christian origin. The
word "Hallowe'en" means "hallowed evening" or "holy evening". It comes from a
Scottish term for All Hallows' Eve (the evening before All Hallows' Day). In Scots, the
word "eve" is even, and this is contracted to e'en or een. Over time, the name evolved
into Hallowe'en. Although the phrase -All Hallows'" is found in Old English All Hallows'
Eve" is itself not seen until 1556.

53 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

2. It is widely accepted that many Halloween traditions originated from ancient Celtic
harvest festivals, particularly the Gaelic festival Samhain and therefore that the festival
may have pagan roots. Some believe, however, that Halloween began solely as a
Christian holiday, separate from ancient festivals like Samhain. Historian Nicholas Jones,
exploring the origins of Halloween, notes that while "some folklorists have detected its
origins in the Roman feast of Pomona, the goddess of fruits and seeds, or in the festival
of the dead called Parentalia, it is more typically linked to the Celtic festival of Samhain,
which comes from the Old Irish for 'summer's end'.
3. Halloween activities include trick-or-treating, costume parties, carving pumpkins into
jack-o'-lanterns, bonfires, apple bobbing, divination games, playing pranks, visiting
haunted attractions, telling scary stories, and watching horror films. In many parts of the
world, the Christian religious observances of All Hallows' Eve, including attending church
services and lighting candles on the graves of the dead, remain popular, although in the
UK and USA it is now a more commercial and secular celebration.
4. Trick-or-treating is a traditional celebration for children on Halloween. They go in
costume from house to house, asking for treats such as candy or sometimes money,
with the question, "Trick or treat?". The word "trick" implies a 'threat" to perform
mischief on the homeowners or their property if no treat is given. The practice is said to
have roots in the medieval practice of mumming. Mumming, practiced in Germany,
Scandinavia and other parts of Europe, involved masked persons in fancy dress who
paraded the streets and entered houses to dance or play dice in silence.
5. Anglican and Catholic colonists in America recognized All Hallow's Eve in their church
calendars, although the Puritans of New England maintained strong opposition to the
holiday, along with other traditional celebrations of the established Church, including
Christmas. It was not until mass Irish and Scottish immigration in the 19th century that
Halloween became a major holiday in North America. Confined to the immigrant
communities during the mid-19th century, it was gradually assimilated into mainstream
society and by the first decade of the 20th century it was being celebrated coast to coast
by people of all social, racial and religious backgrounds.
6. On All Hallows' Eve, many Western Christian denominations encourage abstinence from
meat giving rise to a variety of vegetarian foods associated with this day. Because in the
Northern Hemisphere Halloween comes in the wake of the yearly apple harvest, toffee
apple, caramel apples or taffy apples are common Halloween treats made by rolling
whole apples in a sticky sugar syrup, sometimes followed by rolling them in nuts .

54 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 Part 4

Read the following text for questions 21-29

Preserving Britain’s cultural heritage: to restore a legendary theatrical dress

An astonishingly intricate project is being undertaken to restore a legendary theatrical dress, Angela Wintle
explains.

On December 28th, 1888, the curtain rose on a daring new stage revival of Shakespeare’s
Macbeth at the Lyceum Theatre in London. Topping the bill, playing Lady Macbeth, a main
character in the play, was Ellen Terry. She was the greatest and most adored English actress
of the age. But she didn't achieve this devotion through her acting ability alone, She knew
the power of presentation and carefully cultivated her image. That first night was no
exception. When she walked on stage for the famous banqueting scene, her appearance
drew a collective gasp from the audience.

She was dressed in the most extraordinary clothes ever to have graced a British stage: a
long, emerald and sea-green gown with tapering sleeves, surmounted by a velvet cloak,
which glistened and sparkled eerily in the limelight. Yet this was no mere stage trickery. The
effect had been achieved using hundreds of wings from beetles. The gown - later named
the ‘Beetlewing dress’ became one of the most iconic and celebrated costumes of the age.

Terry was every bit as remarkable as her costumes. At 31, she became a leading lady at the
Lyceum Theatre and for two decades, she set about bringing culture to the masses.

The productions she worked on were extravagant and daring. Shakespeare’s plays were
staged alongside blood-and-thunder melodramas and their texts were ruthlessly cut. Some
people were critical, but they missed the point. The innovations sold tickets and brought
new audiences to see masterpieces that they would never otherwise have seen.

However, it was a painter who immortalised her. John Singer Sargent had been so struck by
Terry's appearance at that first performance that he asked her to model for him, and his
famous portrait of 1889, now at the Tate Gallery in London, showed her with a glint in her
eye, holding a crown over her flame-red hair. But while the painting remains almost as
fresh as the day it was painted, the years have not been so kind to the dress. Its delicate
structure, combined with the cumulative effects of time, has meant it is now in an
extremely fragile condition. Thus, two years ago, a fundraising project was launched
by Britain's National Trust1 to pay for its conservation.

55 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

It turned to textile conservator Zenzie Tinker to do the job. Zenzie loves historical dress
because of the link with the past. ’Working on costumes like the Beetlewing dress gives you
a real sense of the people who wore them; you can see the sweat stains and wear marks.
But it’s quite unusual to know who actually wore a garment. That’s the thing that makes
the Beetlewing project so special.’

Before any of Zenzie’s conservation work can begin, she and her team will conduct a
thorough investigation to help determine what changes have been made to the dress and
when. This will involve close examination of the dress for signs of damage and wear, and
will be aided by comparing it with John Singer Sargent's painting and contemporary
photographs. Then Zenzie and the National Trust will decide how far back to take the
reconstruction, as some members feel that even the most recent changes are now part of
the history of the dress.

The first stages in the actual restoration will involve delicate surface cleaning, using a small
vacuum suction device. Once the level of reconstruction has been determined, the
original crocheted2 overdress will be stitched onto a dyed net support before repairs begin.
It’s going to be extraordinarily difficult, because the original doth is quite stretchy, so we’ve
deliberately chosen net because that has a certain amount of flexibility in it too,' says
Zenzie. When the dress is displayed, none of our work will be noticeable, but we’ll retain all
the evidence on the reverse so that future experts will be able to see exactly what we've
done - and I'll produce a detailed report.’

Zenzie has estimated that the project, costing about £30,000, will require more than 700
hours’ work. ‘It will be a huge undertaking and I don’t think the Trust has ever spent quite
as much on a costume before,’ she says. ‘But this dress is unique. It's very unusual to see
this level of workmanship on a theatrical costume, and it must have looked spectacular on
stage.’ If Terry was alive today, there’s no doubt she would be delighted. Unlike many other
actresses, she valued her costumes because she kept and reused them time and time again.
'I'd like to think she’d see our contribution as part of the ongoing history of the dress,’ says
Zenzie.

Questions 21-26

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

[Link] do you learn about Ellen Terry in the first paragraph?

A. Lady Macbeth was her first leading role.

56 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 B. The Lyceum was her favourite theatre.
C. She tried hard to look good on stage.
D. She wanted to look young for her audience.
[Link] is the writer’s purpose in paragraph 2?
A. to describe different responses to the Beetlewing dress
B. to explain why the Beetlewing dress had such a big impact
C. to consider the suitability of the Beetlewing dress for the play
D. to compare the look of the Beetiewing dress on and off the stage
[Link] to the writer, the main effect of the Lyceum productions was to
A. expose more people to Shakespeare’s plays.
B. reduce the interest in other types of production.
C. raise the cost of going to the theatre.
D. encourage writers to produce more plays.
[Link] the fourth paragraph, what comparison does the writer make between Sargent’s
portrait and the Beetlewing dress?
A. The dress has attracted more attention than the painting.
B. The dress is worth more money than the painting.
C. The painting took longer to produce.
D. The painting looks newer.
[Link] says the Beetlewing project is particularly special because
A. the dress is very old.
B. people know who wore the dress.
C. the dress was designed by someone famous.
D. there is evidence that the dress has been used
[Link] of the following is the most suitable title for the passage?
A. A lesson from the past
B. A challenging task
C. An unusual fashion show
D. An unexpected discovery

Questions 27-29

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the reading passage?

[Link] National Trust conducted useful research to assist Zenzie's plans for the dress.
A) True B) False C) Not Given

57 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

[Link] will be some discussion over the changes that Zenzie’s team should make to the
dress.
A) True B) False C) Not Given
[Link]’s estimate for the timing of the project is realistic.
A) True B) False C) Not Given

Part 5

Radio Automation

Today they are everywhere. Production lines controlled by computers and operated by
robots. There’s no chatter of assembly workers, just the whirr and click of machines. In the
mid-1940s, the workerless factory was still the stuff of science fiction. There were no
computers to speak of and electronics was primitive. Yet hidden away in the English
countryside was a highly automated production line called ECME, which could turn out
1500 radio receivers a day with almost no help from human hands.

John Sargrove, the visionary engineer who developed the technology, was way ahead of his
time. For more than a decade, Sargrove had been trying to figure out how to make cheaper
radios. Automating the manufacturing process would help. But radios didn’t lend
themselves to such methods: there were too many parts to fit together and too many wires
to solder. Even a simple receiver might have 30 separate components and 80 hand-
soldered connections. At every stage, things had to be tested and inspected. Making radios
required highly skilled labour—and lots of it.

In 1944, Sargrove came up with the answer. His solution was to dispense with most of the
fiddly bits by inventing a primitive chip—a slab of Bakelite with all the receiver’s electrical
components and connections embedded in it. This was something that could be made by
machines, and he designed those too. At the end of the war, Sargrove built an automatic
production line, which he called ECME (electronic circuit-making equipment), in a small
factory in Effingham, Surrey.

An operator sat at one end of each ECME line, feeding in die plates. She didn’t need much
skill, only quick hands. From now on, everything was controlled by electronic switches and
relays. First stop was the sandblaster, which roughened the surface of the plastic BO that
molten metal would stick to it The plates were then cleaned to remove any traces of grit
The machine automatically checked that the surface was rough enough before sending the
58 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58
plate to the spraying section. There, eight nozzles rotated into position and sprayed molten
zinc over both sides of the plate. Again, the nozzles only began to spray when a plate was in
place. The plate whizzed on. The next stop was the milling machine, which ground away the
surface layer of metal to leave the circuit and other components in the grooves and
recesses. Now the plate was a composite of metal and plastic. It sped on to be lacquered
and have its circuits tested. By the time it emerged from the end of the line, robot hands
had fitted it with sockets to attach components such as valves and loudspeakers. When
ECME was working flat out; the whole process took 20 seconds.

ECME was astonishingly advanced. Electronic eyes, photocells that generated a small
current when a panel arrived, triggered each step in the operation, BO avoiding excessive
wear and tear on the machinery. The plates were automatically tested at each stage as they
moved along the conveyor. And if more than two plates in succession were duds, the
machines were automatically adjusted—or if necessary halted In a conventional factory, I
workers would test faulty circuits and repair them. But Sargrove’s assembly line produced
circuits so cheaply they just threw away the faulty ones. Sargrove’s circuit board was even
more astonishing for the time. It predated the more familiar printed circuit, with wiring
printed on aboard, yet was more sophisticated. Its built-in components made it more like a
modem chip.

When Sargrove unveiled his invention at a meeting of the British Institution of Radio
Engineers in February 1947, the assembled engineers were impressed. So was the man
from The Times. ECME, he reported the following day, “produces almost without human
labour, a complete radio receiving set. This new method of production can be equally well
applied to television and other forms of electronic apparatus.

The receivers had many advantages over their predecessors, wit components they were
more robust. Robots didn’t make the sorts of mistakes human assembly workers
sometimes did. “Wiring mistakes just cannot happen,” wrote Sargrove. No w ừ es also
meant the radios were lighter and cheaper to ship abroad. And with no soldered wires to
come unstuck, the radios were more reliable. Sargrove pointed out that the drcuit boards
didn’t have to be flat. They could be curved, opening up the prospect of building the
electronics into the cabinet of Bakelite radios.

Sargrove was all for introducing this type of automation to other products. It could be used
to make more complex electronic equipment than radios, he argued. And even if only part
of a manufacturing process were automated, the savings would be substantial. But while
his invention was brilliant, his timing was bad. ECME was too advanced for its own good. It
was only competitive on huge production runs because each new job meant retooling the

59 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

machines. But disruption was frequent. Sophisticated as it was, ECME still depended on old-
fashioned electromechanical relays and valves—which failed with monotonous regularity.
The state of Britain’s economy added to Sargrove’s troubles. Production was dogged by
power cuts and post-war shortages of materials. Sargrove’s financial backers began to get
cold feet.

There was another problem Sargrove hadn’t foreseen. One of ECME’s biggest advantages—
the savings on the cost of labour—also accelerated its downfall. Sargrove’s factory had two
ECME production lines to produce the two c ữ cuits needed for each radio. Between them
these did what a thousand assembly workers would otherwise have done. Human hands
were needed only to feed the raw material in at one end and plug the valves into then
sockets and fit the loudspeakers at the other. After that, the only job left was to fit the pair
of Bakelite panels into a radio cabinet and check that it worked.

Sargrove saw automation as the way to solve post-war labour shortages. With somewhat
Utopian idealism, he imagined his new technology would free people from boring,
repetitive jobs on the production line and allow them to do more interesting work. “Don’t
get the idea that we are out to rob people of then jobs,” he told the Daily Mnror. “Our task
is to liberate men and women from being slaves of machines.”

The workers saw things differently. They viewed automation in the same light as the
everlasting light bulb or the suit that never wears out—as a threat to people’s livelihoods. If
automation spread, they wouldn’t be released to do more exciting jobs. They’d be released
to join the dole queue. Financial backing for ECME fizzled out. The money dried up. And
Britain lost its lead in a technology that would transform industry just a few years later.

Questions 30-33

Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage. using NO more
than two words from the Reading Passage for each answer.

Sargrove had been dedicated to create a 30______________ radio by automation of

manufacture. The old version of radio had a large number of
independent 31______________. After this innovation made, wireless-style radios
became 32______________ and inexpensive to export oversea. As the Saigrove saw it, the
real benefit of ECME’s radio was that it reduced 33______________ of manual work; which
can be easily copied to other industries of manufacturing electronic devices.

60 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

Questions 34-35

Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.

34. What were workers’ attitude towards ECME Model initially

A. anxious
B. welcoming
C. boring
D. inspiring

35. What is the main idea of this passage?

A. approach to reduce the price of radio

B. a new generation of fully popular products and successful business
C. in application of die automation in the early stage
D. ECME technology can be applied in many product fields

61 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 WRITING

TASK 1

Your next-door neighbour likes to listen to music late at night. Because of the loud music,
you often lose sleep.

Write a letter to the building manager. In your letter

 describe the situation

 explain the problems it is causing you
 offer at least one solution

Model answer

Dear Mr. Rockwell,

I have been living in this apartment building for six years now, and I have always been a
responsible tenant. I am especially careful to be respectful of my neighbours in this
building. I would like to bring your attention to a problem I am having with one of my
neighbours.

Last month, Mrs. Somers moved into apartment 2A, right next door to me. She enjoys
listening to music late at night, often after midnight. The music is very loud and I can easily
hear it in my bedroom. It makes it very difficult for me to fall asleep. I have to get up at 6:00
A.M. in order to get to work on time, so this is a serious problem for me.

Since Mrs. Somers is new to the building, perhaps she isn't aware of the building rules
about noise at night. I wonder if you would speak to her and remind her of this. Also,
maybe you could post a notice in the lobby about the noise rule for all the tenants to see.

Thank you for your help.

Sincerely,
Calvin Harris

(187 words)

62 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 TASK 2

It is generally believed that some people are born with certain talents, for instance for
sport or music, and others are not. However, it is sometimes claimed that any child can
be taught to become a good sports person or musician.

Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

Model answer

The relative importance of natural talent and training is a frequent topic of discussion when
people try to explain different levels of ability in, for example, sport, art or music.

Obviously, education systems are based on the belief that all children can effectively be
taught to acquire different skills, including those associated with sport, art or music. So,
from our own school experience, we can find plenty of evidence to support the view that a
child can acquire these skills with continued teaching and guided practice.

However, some people believe that innate talent is what differentiates a person who has
been trained to play a sport or an instrument, from those who become good players. In
other words, there is more to the skill than a learned technique, and this extra talent
cannot be taught, no matter how good the teacher or how frequently a child practices.

I personally think that some people do have talents that are probably inherited via their
genes. Such talents can give individuals a facility for certain skills that allow them to excel,
while more hard-working students never manage to reach a comparable level. But, as with
all questions of nature versus nurture, they are not mutually exclusive. Good musicians or
artists and exceptional sports stars have probably succeeded because of both good training
and natural talent. Without the natural talent, continuous training would be neither
attractive nor productive, and without the training, the child would not learn how to exploit
and develop their talent.

In conclusion, I agree that any child can be taught particular skills, but to be really good in
areas such as music, art or sport, then some natural talent is required.

(281 words)

63 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 TEST 4

64 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 LISTENING TEST
Part 1

You will hear some sentences. Choose the best reply to each sentence.

A
1 B

2 B

3 B

4 B

65 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 A

5 B

6 B

7 B

8 B

66 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 Part 2

Listen and complete the gap with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS OR/AND A NUMBER for
each answer

HIGHDOWN COLLEGE
Accommodation Office at the college 9___________________
Opening hours – term time:
Monday – Friday
9 a.m. to 4 p.m.
(Holidays: Monday and 10___________________ mornings only)
Emergency No. 11___________________
College Facilities
Learning Resource Center – over 50,000 library books 50 12___________________
Snacks (including sandwiches and 13___________________) – in The Hungry Café on the
first floor.
Hot meals – in The Food Hall on the ground floor next to the 14___________________
Pub Lunch – in the Students’ Bar

Part 3

You will hear five short extracts in which people are talking about astronomy. For
questions 15-19, choose from the list (A-H) why each speaker decided to get involved in
[Link] the letters only once. There is one extra letter which you do not need to
use.
A. I was inspired by an educational visit.
B. I was looking for an interest that would challenge me.
[Link] 1____
C. Something I read made me curious about astronomy.
[Link] 2____
D. It gave me the chance to be part of an online community.
[Link] 3____
E. My friends were already interested in astronomy.
[Link] 4____
F. I realised it was something I could do while travelling.
[Link] 5____
G. Astronomy can help improve life on earth.
H. A relative of mine was passionate about astronomy.

67 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 Part 4

Write the correct letter, A-H, next to questions 20-24.

20.Pizza____
[Link] vehicle charging station ____
[Link] Hall ____
[Link] ____
[Link] ____

68 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 Part 5

You will hear three different extracts. For questions 24-29, choose the answer (A, В or C)
which fits best according to what you hear. There are two questions for each extract.

Extract One: You hear two students talking about a work-experience scheme they took part
in.

[Link] does the girl regret her choice of company?

A. The office was poorly equipped.
B. The staff tended to ignore her.
C. The work lacked variety.
[Link] both think that the work-experience scheme has
A. been good preparation for a future job
B. made them appreciate student life more
C. taught them a lot about the business world

Extract Two: You hear part of a discussion programme in which two journalists are talking
about the world's wetlands.

[Link] does the man think about wetlands?

A. They would benefit from more visitors.
B. Their beauty is artistically important.
C. They serve only a limited purpose
[Link] is the woman doing'?
A. explaining how easily wetlands can be restored
B. suggesting why wetlands are disappearing
C. describing the way wetlands are exploited

Extract Three: You overhear a woman showing a friend one of her childhood photos.

[Link] point is she making about the photo?

A. It is an accurate portrait of her family life then.
B. It looks more posed than she remembers.
C. It perfectly captures a brief moment.
[Link] a result of looking at the photo. she realises that
A. possessions acquire a significance beyond their practical usefulness.
B. it's a mistake to become too attached to objects.
C. objects from that era lasted longer.

69 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 Part 6

You will hear a radio report about panic attacks. For questions 30-35, complete the
sentences.

PANIC ATTACK
People tend to have a panic attack when their brain tells them they
are in a 30___________
The first sign of a panic attack is often an abnormal beating
of31___________
lt may be useful to keep a diary of any 32___________ you have so
that you can analyse them.
You should not 33___________ from places that cause you to panic.
If you tense and relax all your 34____________ your whole body will
actively relax.
Holding a 35____________ to your face can help you breathe during
an attack.

70 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 READING TEST
Part 1

Read the text. Fill in each gap with ONE or TWO word(s). You must use a word which is
somewhere in the rest of the text.

The ants and their agriculture have been extensively studied over the years, but the recent
research has uncovered intriguing new findings about the fungus they cultivate, how they
domesticated it and how they 1______________ it and preserve it from pathogens. For
example, the fungus farms, which the ants were thought to keep free of pathogens, turn
out to be vulnerable to a devastating mold, found nowhere else but in ants’ nests. To keep
the 2______________ in check, the ants long ago made a discovery that would do credit to
any pharmaceutical laboratory.

Fungus growing seems to have originated only once in evolution, because all gardening ants
belong to a single tribe, the descendants of the first fungus farmer. There are more than
200 known species of the attine ant tribe, divided into 12 groups, or genera. The leaf-
cutters use fresh vegetation; the other groups, known as the lower 3______________s
because their nests are smaller and their techniques more primitive, feed their gardens
with detritus like dead leaves, insects and feces.

The leaf-cutters’ fungus was indeed descended from a single strain, propagated clonally, or
just by budding, for at least 23 million years. But the lower attine ants used different
varieties of the fungus

Evidently the ants usually manage to keep Escovopsis and other parasites under control.
But with any lapse in control, or if the ants are removed, 4______________ will quickly
burst forth. Although new leaf-cutter gardens start off free of Escovopsis, within two years
some 60 percent become infected. The discovery of Escovopsis’s role brings a new level of
understanding to the evolution of the attine ants. “In the last decade, evolutionary
biologists have been increasingly aware of the role of parasites as driving forces in
evolution,” Dr. Schultz said. There is now a possible reason to explain why the lower attine
species keep changing the variety of 5______________ in their mushroom gardens, and
occasionally domesticating new ones— to stay one step ahead of the relentless Escovopsis.

Interestingly, Mr. Currie found that the leaf-cutters had in general fewer alien molds in their
gardens than the lower attines, yet they had more Escovopsis infections. It seems that the
price they pay for cultivating a pure variety of fungus is a higher risk from Escovopsis. But
the 6______________ may have little alternative: they cultivate a special variety of fungus

71 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

which, unlike those grown by the lower attines, produces nutritious swollen tips for the
ants to eat.

Part 2

There are descriptions of ten shows & films. Decide which show or film (letters A to J)
would be the most suitable for you described below.

7. You are looking for a cartoon film to watch with your young cousin, Tom. You enjoy films
which make you laugh. It mustn't be longer than an hour because Tom gets bored
quickly.
8. You are interested in history and like watching documentaries which contain parts of
real films showing how people used to live in different parts of the world.
9. You enjoy pop music and for your birthday you want to watch a DVD with your friends.
You are looking for a new musical which has some of the latest songs in it.
[Link] want to watch an action film which has won a prize. You don't mind if it's new or old
but it should have a good story and be exciting.
[Link] want to find a DVD to watch with your grandfather, who loves old comedy films.
You want to see one which has some famous actors in it.
[Link] would like to go to a show that's funny and is about a real person. You are looking
for one with some music in it, but with more speaking than singing.
[Link] want to see a musical show which contains lots of special effects and would like to
watch it in an unusual place. You would like to see a love story.
[Link] want to go to a show that's a bit frightening. You would like to see a story set in the
past and realistic costumes from the period.

A. Two Weeks and a Day is about a group of students on holiday together in South
America. The students are actually the band Sound Machine and the story is created
using the lyrics of their recent hits. They perform them perfectly but they will never be
famous for their acting.
B. The Last Chance is about a spy who gets discovered but manages to escape. It involves
helicopters, speed boats and a fantastic car chase. Not everything goes as planned and
the two hours will be over before you notice. It came first in the National Film Awards.
72 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58
C. In the Clouds is a cartoon film about a car which goes on a journey without a driver.
There is plenty of action as the car gets into some very difficult situations. It is exciting to
watch at first but two hours is too long. There is some excellent music written specially
for the film.
D. By the Ocean won a prize when it came out because it showed for the first time what it
was like to live on an island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean in the first half of last
century. Through interviews and film of daily life as it was then, we see people farming,
fishing, cooking and enjoying themselves.
E. Up and Away was a very popular film over fifty years ago and it won several prizes. The
main actors were very well known then and the film is still entertaining. It appeals to all
ages and will keep you laughing all the way through.
F. Rabbit Run is another cartoon about a rabbit called Rob. The earlier ones were very
short but this one lasts about 45 minutes. Rob has all kinds of adventures and there are
many amusing moments. You will recognise some of the voices as they are read by some
famous actors.
G. Mary Wright The two well-known lead actors in this 16th-century drama are
surprisingly good dancers, and the music creates quite a scary atmosphere. The clothes
by top designer Jean Luc Filbert are historically accurate and look absolutely wonderful.
H. The Final Whistle If you're tired of serious dramas and dull love stories, why not give
this laugh-a-minute show a try? The true story of basketball player Andy Hammond is
cleverly told. Despite being advertised as a musical show, it actually has very few songs.
You'll love all the brilliant jokes and entertaining conversations.
I. No Exit With its use of film and advanced technology to make it seem like the
characters appear in two places at once, this spectacular musical starts off as an old-
fashioned ghost story but quickly turns into a highly entertaining romantic comedy. The
fact that the show is performed in an old factory building only adds to the enjoyment.
J. Keeping Time Keeping Time is based on the real-life story of the popular group
Marcellous, and includes their best work. We see how having members from three
different continents allowed them to create songs using music from each place.
Unusually, there's ballet in this show, but it goes surprisingly well with their music.

73 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 Part 3

Read the text and choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings
below.

There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use all of them. You cannot use
any heading more than once.

List of headings
A. A multicultural megacity
B. An undeserved notoriety for showers
C. From ancient beginnings
D. An urban oasis
E. The scope of the city
F. From palaces to skyscrapers
G. Is London the global culture capital?
H. A prodigious offering for visitors
I. Global markets and international finance

[Link] 1___
[Link] 2___
[Link] 3___
[Link] 4___
[Link] 5___
[Link] 6___

THE CITY OF LONDON, ENGLAND

1. London, also referred to as Greater London, is one of nine regions of England and the
top-level subdivision covering most of the city's metropolis. The small ancient City of
London at its core once comprised the whole settlement, but as its urban area grew, the
Corporation of London resisted attempts to amalgamate the city with its suburbs,
causing "London" to be defined in a number of ways for different purposes. Forty per
cent of Greater London is covered by the London post town, within which 'LONDON'
74 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58
 forms part of postal addresses. The Greater London boundary has been aligned to the
M25 motorway in places.
2. London is one of the leading global cities in the arts, commerce, education,
entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and
development, tourism and transportation. London is often regarded as a world cultural
capital. It is the world's most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and it is
the world's leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and
ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. In 2012, London became the first
city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.
3. London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are
spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2016 municipal population (corresponding to
Greater London) was 8,787,892, accounting for 13.4% of the UK population. The city's
metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 14,040,163 inhabitants in 2016,
while the Greater London Authority states the population of the city-region (covering a
large part of the south east) as 22.7 million. London was the world's most populous city
from around 1831 to 1925.
4. London contains four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Kew Gardens; the site
comprising the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church.
Other landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul's
Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square and the Shard. London is home to numerous
museums, galleries, libraries, sporting events and other cultural institutions, including
the British Museum, National Gallery, Natural History Museum, Tate Modern, British
Library and West End theatres. The London Underground is the oldest underground
railway network in the world.
5. London's largest industry is finance, and its financial exports make it a large contributor
to the UK's balance of payments. London has over 480 overseas banks, more than any
other city in the world. It is also the world's biggest currency trading centre, accounting
for some 37 percent of the $5.1 trillion average daily volume, according to the BIS. Over
half of the UK's top 100 listed companies (the FTSE 100) and over 100 of Europe's 500
largest companies have their headquarters in central London.
6. London has a temperate oceanic climate, similar to all of southern England. Despite its
reputation as being a rainy city, London receives less precipitation in a year than Rome,
Bordeaux, Lisbon, Naples, Sydney and New York City. Temperature extremes for all sites
in the London area range from 38.1 °C at Kew during August 2003 down to -16.1 °C (3.0
°F) at Northolt during January 1962.

75 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 Part 4

Read the following text for questions 21-29

Neuroaesthetics

An emerging discipline called neuroaesthetics is seeking to bring scientific objectivity to the

study of art, and has already given us a better understanding of many masterpieces. The
blurred imagery of Impressionist paintings seems to stimulate the brain's amygdala, for
instance. Since the amygdala plays a crucial role in our feelings, that finding might explain
why many people find these pieces so moving.

Could the same approach also shed light on abstract twentieth-century pieces, from
Mondrian's geometrical blocks of colour, to Pollock's seemingly haphazard arrangements of
splashed paint on canvas? Sceptics believe that people claim to like such works
simply because they are famous. We certainly do have an inclination to follow the crowd.
When asked to make simple perceptual decisions such as matching a shape to its rotated
image, for example, people often choose a definitively wrong answer if they see others
doing the same. It is easy to imagine that this mentality would have even more impact on a
fuzzy concept like art appreciation, where there is no right or wrong answer.

Angelina Hawley-Dolan, of Boston College, Massachusetts, responded to this debate by

asking volunteers to view pairs of paintings - either the creations of famous abstract artists
or the doodles of infants, chimps and elephants. They then had to judge which they
preferred. A third of the paintings were given no captions, while many were labelled
incorrectly -volunteers might think they were viewing a chimp's messy brushstrokes when
they were actually seeing an acclaimed masterpiece. In each set of trials, volunteers
generally preferred the work of renowned artists, even when they believed it was by an
animal or a child. It seems that the viewer can sense the artist's vision in paintings, even if
they can't explain why.

Robert Pepperell, an artist based at Cardiff University, creates ambiguous works that are
neither entirely abstract nor clearly representational. In one study, Pepperell and
his collaborators asked volunteers to decide how'powerful'they considered an artwork to
be, and whether they saw anything familiar in the piece. The longer they took to answer
these questions, the more highly they rated the piece under scrutiny, and the greater their
neural activity. It would seem that the brain sees these images as puzzles, and the harder it
is to decipher the meaning, the more rewarding is the moment of recognition.

76 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

And what about artists such as Mondrian, whose paintings consist exclusively of horizontal
and vertical lines encasing blocks of colour? Mondrian's works are deceptively simple,
but eye-tracking studies confirm that they are meticulously composed, and that simpiy
rotating a piece radically changes the way we view it. With the originals, volunteers'eyes
tended to stay longer on certain places in the image, but with the altered versions they
would flit across a piece more rapidly. As a result, the volunteers considered the altered
versions less pleasurable when they later rated the work.

In a similar study, Oshin Vartanian of Toronto University asked volunteers to compare

original paintings with ones which he had altered by moving objects around within the
frame. He found that almost everyone preferred the original, whether it was a Van Gogh
still life or an abstract by Miro. Vartanian also found that changing the composition of the
paintings reduced activation in those brain areas linked with meaning and interpretation.

In another experiment, Alex Forsythe of the University of Liverpool analysed the visual
intricacy of different pieces of art, and her results suggest that many artists use a key level
of detail to please the brain. Too little and the work is boring, but too much results in a kind
of 'perceptual overload', according to Forsythe. What's more, appealing pieces both
abstract and representational, show signs of 'fractals' - repeated motifs recurring in
different scales, fractals are common throughout nature, for example in the shapes of
mountain peaks or the branches of trees. It is possible that our visual system, which
evolved in the great outdoors, finds it easier to process such patterns.

It is also intriguing that the brain appears to process movement when we see a handwritten
letter, as if we are replaying the writer's moment of creation. This has led some to
wonder whether Pollock's works feel so dynamic because the brain reconstructs the
energetic actions the artist used as he painted. This may be down to our brain's 'mirror
neurons', which are known to mimic others' actions. The hypothesis will need to be
thoroughly tested, however. It might even be the case that we could use neuroaesthetic
studies to understand the longevity of some pieces of artwork. While the fashions of the
time might shape what is currently popular, works that are best adapted to our visual
system may be the most likely to linger once the trends of previous generations have been
forgotten.

It's still early days for the field of neuroaesthetics - and these studies are probably only a
taste of what is to come. It would, however, be foolish to reduce art appreciation to a set of
scientific laws. We shouldn't underestimate the importance of the style of a particular
artist, their place in history and the artistic environment of their time. Abstract art offers
both a challenge and the freedom to play with different interpretations. In some ways, it's

77 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

not so different to science, where we are constantly looking for systems and decoding
meaning so that we can view and appreciate the world in a new way.

Questions 21-24

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

[Link] the second paragraph, the writer refers to a shape-matching test in order to illustrate
A. the subjective nature of art appreciation.
B. the reliance of modern art on abstract forms.
C. our tendency to be influenced by the opinions of others.
D. a common problem encountered when processing visual data.
22. Angelina Hawley-Dolan’s findings indicate that people
A. mostly favour works of art which they know well.
B. hold fixed ideas about what makes a good work of art.
C. are often misled by their initial expectations of a work of art.
D. have the ability to perceive the intention behind works of art.
[Link] of studies involving Robert Pepperell’s pieces suggest that people
A. can appreciate a painting without fully understanding it.
B. find it satisfying to work out what a painting represents.
C. vary widely in the time they spend looking at paintings.
D. generally prefer representational art to abstract art.
24. What do the experiments described in the fifth paragraph suggest about the paintings
of Mondrian?
A. They are more carefully put together than they appear.
B. They can be interpreted in a number of different ways.
C. They challenge our assumptions about shape and colour.
D. They are easier to appreciate than many other abstract works.

Questions 25-29

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage?

[Link]’s findings contradicted previous beliefs on the function of ‘fractals’ in art.

A) True B) False C) Not Given
[Link] ideas regarding the link between ‘mirror neurons’ and art appreciation require
further verification.
78 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58
 A) True B) False C) Not Given
[Link]’s taste in paintings depends entirely on the current artistic trends of the period.
A) True B) False C) Not Given
[Link] should seek to define the precise rules which govern people’s reactions to
works of art.
A) True B) False C) Not Given
[Link] appreciation should always involve taking into consideration the cultural context in
which an artist worked.
A) True B) False C) Not Given

Part 5

Adventures in mathematical reasoning

Occasionally, in some difficult musical compositions, there are beautiful, but easy parts -
parts so simple a beginner could play them. So it is with mathematics as well. There are
some discoveries in advanced mathematics that do not depend on specialized knowledge,
not even on algebra, geometry, or trigonometry. Instead they may involve, at most, a little
arithmetic, such as ‘the sum of two odd numbers is even’, and common sense. Each of the
eight chapters in this book illustrates this phenomenon. Anyone can understand every step
in the reasoning. The thinking in each chapter uses at most only elementary arithmetic, and
sometimes not even that. Thus all readers will have the chance to participate in
a mathematical experience, to appreciate the beauty of mathematics, and to
become familiar with its logical, yet intuitive, style of thinking.

One of my purposes in writing this book is to give readers who haven’t had the opportunity
to see and enjoy real mathematics the chance to appreciate the mathematical way of
thinking. I want to reveal not only some of the fascinating discoveries, but, more
importantly, the reasoning behind them. In that respect, this book differs from most books
on mathematics written for the general public. Some present the lives of colorful
mathematicians. Others describe important applications of mathematics. Yet others go into
mathematical procedures, but assume that the reader is adept in using algebra.

I hope this book will help bridge that notorious gap that separates the two cultures: the
humanities and the sciences, or should I say the right brain (intuitive) and the left brain
79 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58
(analytical, numerical). As the chapters will illustrate, mathematics is not restricted to the
analytical and numerical; intuition plays a significant role. The alleged gap can be narrowed
or completely overcome by anyone, in part because each of us is far from using the full
capacity of either side of the brain. To illustrate our human potential, I cite a structural
engineer who is an artist, an electrical engineer who is an opera singer, an opera singer who
published mathematical research, and a mathematician who publishes short stories.

Other scientists have written books to explain their fields to non-scientists, but have
necessarily had to omit the mathematics, although it provides the foundation of
their theories. The reader must remain a tantalized spectator rather than an
involved participant, since the appropriate language for describing the details in much
of science is mathematics, whether the subject is expanding universe, subatomic particles,
or chromosomes. Though the [Link] of a scientific theory can be sketched
intuitively, when a part of the physical universe is finally understood, its description often
looks like a page in a mathematics text.

Still, the non-mathematical reader can go far in understanding mathematical reasoning.

This book presents the details that illustrate the mathematical style of thinking, which
involves sustained, step-by-step analysis, experiments, and insights. You will turn these
pages much more slowly than when reading a novel or a newspaper. It may help to have a
pencil and paper ready to check claims and carry out experiments.

As I wrote, I kept in mind two types of readers: those who enjoyed mathematics until they
were turned off by an unpleasant episode, usually around fifth grade, and mathematics
aficionados, who will find much that is new throughout the book. This book also serves
readers who simply want to sharpen their analytical skills. Many careers, such as law and
medicine, require extended, precise analysis. Each chapter offers practice in following a
sustained and closely argued line of thought. That mathematics can develop this skill is
shown by these two testimonials:

A physician wrote, The discipline of analytical thought processes [in mathematics] prepared
me extremely well for medical school. In medicine one is faced with a problem which must
be thoroughly analyzed before a solution can be found. The process is similar to doing
mathematics.’

A lawyer made the same point, “Although I had no background in law - not even one
political science course — I did well at one of the best law schools. I attribute much of my
success there to having learned, through the study of mathematics, and, in particular,

80 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

theorems, how to analyze complicated principles. Lawyers who have studied mathematics
can master the legal principles in a way that most others cannot.’

I hope you will share my delight in watching as simple, even naive, questions lead to
remarkable solutions and purely theoretical discoveries find unanticipated applications.

Questions 30-35

Complete the sentences below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

[Link] areas of both music and mathematics are suitable for someone who is a
______________
[Link] is sometimes possible to understand advanced mathematics using no more than a
limited knowledge of ______________
[Link] writer intends to show that mathematics requires ______________ thinking, as well
as analytical skills.
[Link] books written by ______________ have had to leave out the mathematics that
is central to their theories.
[Link] writer advises non-mathematical readers to perform ______________ while reading
35.A lawyer found that studying ______________ helped even more than other areas
of mathematics in the study of law.

81 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 WRITING

TASK 1

You recently spent a night in a hotel and had to put up with a great deal of noise very
early in the morning because of a faulty central heating system. The manager promised to
contact you regarding compensation but you still haven't heard from him.

Write a letter to the hotel. In the letter

 describe the problem at the hotel

 explain what the manager had said at the time
 say what you want the manager to do.

Model answer

Dear Sir,

I am writing with regards to the complaint I made to you on 25th October concerning the
stay I had at your hotel the previous night.

You may remember that on the day in question, you had a serious problem with your
central heating system and that there was a great deal of noise, which started as early as 5
o'clock in the morning. Not surprisingly, this resulted in a very poor night's sleep for my
wife and me. We complained about this to you when we checked out. You agreed that we
had a cause to complain and assured me that you would be contacting us regarding
compensation.

It has now been three weeks since that conversation and we have yet to hear from you.
Could you please confirm that this issue is being dealt with? I would also be grateful if you
could let me know when we can expect to be told the amount of compensation we will be
receiving.

I look forward to hearing from you very soon.

Yours faithfully,
Nick Brewer

(178 words)

82 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 TASK 2

We are becoming increasingly dependent on computer-based technology.

How do you think it will change in the future?

Is it good for us to rely so much on computers?

Model answer

It would be difficult to imagine life without computers. Over recent years in particular, their
use and potential have grown at an incredible rate and I strongly believe that this growth
will continue as more innovative ways to use them are developed. Although there are
definitely some downsides to their use, I do believe the positives outweigh the negatives.

Computers enable us to do a wealth of tasks that would have been unthinkable for previous
generations. We can bank online, book holidays, do our weekly shopping - the list of labour-
saving activities is almost endless. Given the speed at which they have evolved and altered
the way we do things, I am convinced that this evolutionary trend will continue. Take, for
example, the rise of virtual reality. We can already do amazing things with it, and, as a
computer-based technology, it is only in its infancy. It has so many practical applications,
from improving gaming to providing training for doctors or pilots to handle real-life
situations. As computer processing power increases, so will its potential to enhance
everything we do.

Despite this, there are dangers in relying quite so heavily on computers. So much of our
daily lives is controlled by them, that without them, modern-day life as we know it would
be impossible. Furthermore, computers store all our important data and the risk of hacking
exposes us to crimes such as fraud. However, I would argue that the technological advances
made possible by computers have improved our world in so many ways. I believe that most
people would argue that that any negative aspects of computers are outweighed by all the
benefits they have brought.

In conclusion, I believe we will probably become more dependent on computers but that
our lives will improve as the technology improves. While there is a negative side to such a
dependency, there are many more positives that we can focus on.

(318 words)

83 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 TEST 5

84 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 LISTENING TEST
Part 1

You will hear some sentences. Choose the best reply to each sentence.

A
1 B

2 B

3 B

4 B

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 A

5 B

6 B

7 B

8 B

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 Part 2

Listen and complete the gap with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS OR/AND A NUMBER for
each answer

Fitness week
Anyone who would like to become healthier and learn new things should
9______________ for this course.
All new members must have with them trainers, a tracksuit, shorts and T-shirts as well
as a(n) 10______________
After answering some questions, specific targets will be set according to the
members’ 11______________
Every morning a(n) 12______________ will keep an eye on new members exercising.
At the end of the week, members will be told 13______________ so as not to gain
back the weight they’ve lost.
For the next 48 hours, there’s a sale on: you can pay £14______________ for 7 days.

Part 3
You hear some people speaking about their relationships with their motorbikes. Chooses
from the list what each speaker says. For questions 15-19, choose from the list A-H. Use
the letters only once. There are three extra letters which you do not need to use.

A. Learning to ride a motorbike gave me a good living.

B. Don't get on a bike without having classes.
[Link] 1____
C. My bike was too big for me.
[Link] 2____
D. My bike helps me relax.
[Link] 3____
E. My bike means the world to me.
[Link] 4____
F. A bike stands for something more than just a set of wheels.
[Link] 5____
G. My bike gave me some fond memories.
H. I miss my first bike.

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 Part 4

Label the map below. Write the correct letter, A-H, next to Questions 19-23

[Link] ……………………
[Link] hub ……………………
[Link] ……………………
[Link] centre ……………………
[Link] ……………………

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 Part 5

You will hear three different extracts. For questions 24-29, choose the answer (A, В or C)
which fits best according to what you hear. There are two questions for each extract.

Extract One: You hear some ones peaking about their relationship with music.
24. How does the speaker explain her positive feelings for music?
A. It was omnipresent in her young life.
B. It was her mother's influence.
C. Her community was very musical.
[Link] was the source of the dichotomy in her feelings?
A. The changing nature of music.
B. Her love for her instrument.
C. Her father's achievements.

Extract Two: You hear someone speaking about mathematics.

[Link] reason does the speaker give for some forms of maths education being
unnecessary?
A. The out dated concepts that are taught.
B. The availability of technology.
C. The changing nature of society.
[Link] opinion does the speaker agree to sharing?
A. Maths should be removed from the school curriculum.
B. Maths should be taught differently in schools.
C. Maths is too difficult for most people.

Extract Three: You hear someone speaking about handling tragedy.

[Link] opinion does the speaker express about showing emotion in a professional
context?
A. She feels it is unnecessary.
B. She feels it is natural and admirable.
C. She feels it causes distress.
[Link] difficulties does the speaker identify?
A. Giving people bad news.
B. Stopping herself from crying.
C. Combining her profession life with her social life

89 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 Part 6

You will hear a radio report about an art exhibition. For questions 30-35, complete the
sentences.

History through portraiture

30_________ are depicted in portraits of the 18th and 19th centuries.

The exhibition at the Royal Academy is called 31__________
The new subject matter for portraits included 32___________,
philosophers and naturalists.
Mary Anne Stevens is the 33______________ at The Royal Academy.
Both Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were 34____________ during the
French Revolution.
In the portrait of George Washington, he is holding 35__________

90 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 READING TEST

Part 1

Read the text. Fill in each gap with ONE word. You must use a word which is somewhere
in the rest of the text.

Do you want to be on TV or in a film? Well, if you 1_____________, then why not become
an extra? Extras play a very small part in a film or TV programme. They don’t usually speak.
However, they may have to walk across the set or stand with other extras as part of a
crowd. There are many agencies that are always looking for 2_____________ and some of
them are online, so it’s easy to apply wherever you live. You usually just need to fill in an
application form and send in some photos. TV and film directors often want extras who
have a particular look. For example, they may want women with long hair for period
dramas and people who 3_____________ a bit scary for horror films, so try to think about
the kind of programme that you’d like to be in when you’re choosing which photos to
4_____________. So imagine you get a call to say a director wants you in their next film.
You’re really excited, but what happens next? Well, don’t be anxious about how you’ll look
on screen, as the company will do lots of work on you when you arrive on the set. You
might have to wear your own clothes, but don’t worry about your hair and make-up as
there will be staff to make you look perfect for the role. Now, although it all sounds really
exciting, be prepared to sit around for a lot of the day, waiting until you are needed for
your scene. The time can go very slowly if you don’t have anything to do, so it’s a good idea
to take a book with you on any job that you get. Take some food and drink, too – you’ll
probably get lunch, but remember it’ll be a long day! Most extras can earn about £90 to
£110 a day. This isn’t very good for the number of hours that you need to be available, but
for the actual work that you do, it’s OK. However, people usually become an extra for the
chance to be on the big 5_____________ rather than for the money. Some people hope
that it may lead to a real acting part. This doesn’t happen very often, but there are some
stories of extras becoming famous because a 6_____________ saw them on a film set.
However, even if you continue to just be an extra, you might get to see one of your
favourite Hollywood actors one day, and it will definitely be something to tell all your
friends about!

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 Part 2

The people below all want to visit somewhere. There are descriptions of ten (A-J) places.
Decide which place would be the most suitable for the people below.

1. You and your wife have two children who cannot swim. Your wife wants them to be able
to play safely in the water. You want to learn to sail. You need to park near the beach.
2. You study physics and are interested in anything to do with science. You'd like to visit
somewhere to see some examples of early mechanical engines.
3. You and your wife want to spend the day on the beach and have lunch in a café. You
want to go surfing, while your wife wants to relax in the sun.
4. Your eldest daughter is learning about English history and would like to go somewhere
to bring this subject to life. You are really interested in flowers.
5. You and Claudia want to relax on the beach. You would also like to do some sport, while
Claudia would like to buy some presents to take home.
6. Sarah and her husband would like to spend the day outdoors. They don't like going on
rides but are both interested in history and how people used to live.
7. Richard, Fiona and their seven-year-old daughter want to swim and go for a walk. They
would also like somewhere that has a children's play area, and they plan to buy
souvenirs.
8. You and your wife want somewhere with lots of space where you can sit and enjoy the
view. your wife would not manage a difficult walk to the beach. You want to eat lunch in
a café.

A. Koekohe

A sandy beach with lots of space and views out to Fish port Harbour. Surfing is not
permitted but swimming is safe and there is a children's play area and a small shop. The
nearest car park is two kilometres away. There are many pleasant walks along the coastal
path.

B. Isla Robeson

You wouldn't expect to bump into a hammerhead shark whilst visiting Brum city centre. But
yes, it's true, The National Sea Life Centre in Birmingham is the only aquarium in the UK
where you can see this creature along with our Sea Dragons from Australia and baby
stingrays from the Amazon. We guarantee an experience you'll never forget.

C. Yonaha Maehama
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At Think tank you will find four floors of hands-on exhibits and historical collections that will
amaze and inspire you, showing you the science of the world all around us from the past,
the present and the future. From galleries and exhibitions to an exciting programme of
events and activities, there is something for everyone to enjoy, whether your interest is
steam engines, looking into deepest space or seeing how doctors perform life-saving
surgery.

D. Puntadel’Este

A large beach which attracts quite a few visitors but doesn't get crowded because of its
size. There are pleasant views out to sea and to Bedruth Island. Swimming is safe but
surfing is not permitted. There is a café and parking but no shops.

E. StratfordButterflyFarm

The biggest butterfly farm in Europe. Whatever the weather come and see these beautiful
creatures as they would live in their natural environment. Walk around atropical rainforest
as butterflies fly freely around you. See them as they come into the world in the Caterpillar
Room. And don't miss Insect City where you can view huge spiders and our very own
scorpion colony!

F. Champagne

A very sheltered beach which is great for sun bathing. It is a popular surfing and sailing
beach but swimming is dangerous. There is a café and a children's play area but there is no
car park and visitors have a ten-minute walk across fields.

G. WarwickCastle

Regarded by many as Britain's greatest Medieval Castle. Visit exhibitions, climb the castle
towers, relax as you walk around the gardens, designed and created in 1753 by Capability
Brown. Experience the preparations for battle in the Kingmaker exhibition or witness a
Victorian Royal Weekend. And if your interest is more in the darker side of the Castle's
history visit The Castle Dungeon.

H. Halcombe

This is a small beach within easy reach of the town centre and its many shops. It is very
popular so there isn't much space. It is next to the Milgrove Golf Club, which is open to the
public and has a restaurant. There is no children's play area, and surfing is not permitted.

I. Marple

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Although unsuitable for surfing, this is a popular boating centre. Swimming is good and the
many pools of shallow water are safe for children. Ocean Water sports Centre, which offers
lessons in sailing and water skiing, is next to the beach. There is a steep path to the beach
from the car park.

J. BlackCountryMuseum

It's been called Britain's friend lies to pen-air museum. Come to Black Country Museum and
discover an old-fashioned village by the canal. Look around original old-fashioned shops
and houses, see what it's like down a mine and take a ride on a tramcar.

Part 3

Read the text and choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings
below.

There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use all of them. You cannot use
any heading more than once.

List of headings
A. Quinoa and its relatives
B. Climatic requirements for its production
C. The complexities of its harvesting
D. Effects on growers of rising demand
E. The importance of the crop to ancient tribes
F. An increasingly profitable alternative to other grains
G. The characteristics and botany of the plant
H. A healthy superfood
I. A possible replacement for prohibited grains

94 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

[Link] 1___
[Link] 2___
[Link] 3___
[Link] 4___
[Link] 5___
[Link] 6___

QUINOA: A SUPERFOOD?

1. The plant was first domesticated by the Andean peoples around 3,000 to 4,000 years
ago. It has been an important staple in the Andean cultures where the plant is
indigenous but relatively obscure to the rest of the world. The Incas, who held the crop
to be sacred, referred to it as chisoya mama or "mother of all grains", and it was the Inca
emperor who would traditionally sow the first seeds of the season using "golden
implements".
2. Quinoa is a dicotyledonous annual plant, and is approximately 1-2 m high. It has broad,
generally powdery, hairy, lobed leaves, normally arranged alternately. The woody
central stem is branched and depending on the variety it may be green, red or purple.
The flowering panicles arise from the top of the plant or from leaf axils along the stem.
The green flowers are generally self-fertilizing. The fruits (seeds) are about 2 mm in
diameter and of various colours—from white to red or black, depending on the variety.
3. Throughout the ages, quinoa grain has been hand-picked, and only rarely by machine,
because the extreme variability of the maturity period of most Quinoa cultivars
complicates mechanization. Harvest needs to be precisely timed to avoid high seed
losses as different panicles on the same plant mature at different times of the year. The
crop yield in the Andean region is comparable to wheat yields. In the West, varieties
have been selected for uniformity of maturity and are mechanically harvested using
conventional small grain combines.
4. From the early 21st century to today the crop values has risen, mainly due to quinoa
becoming more commonly consumed in North America, Europe, and Australasia where
it was not typically grown. Indeed, between 2006 and 2013, quinoa crop prices tripled.
In 2011, the average price was US $3,115 per tonne with some varieties selling as high as
58,000 per tonne. This compares with wheat prices of 59 per bushel (about US 8340 per
tonne), making wheat about 10% of the value of quinoa.
5. Inflating quinoa prices over the period 2006 to 2017 may have reduced affordability of
traditional consumers to eat quinoa themselves. Attempts are being made in some areas

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 to distribute quinoa more widely and ensure that farming and poorer populations not
only have access to it but have an understanding of its nutritional importance. Efforts
are being made to include the grain in free school breakfasts and government provisions
distributed to pregnant and nursing women in need.
6. Quinoa is used in the Jewish community as a substitute for the leavened grains that are
forbidden during the Passover holiday. Several kosher certification organizations refuse
to certify it as being kosher for Passover, citing reasons including its resemblance to
prohibited grains or fear of cross-contamination of the product from nearby fields of
prohibited grain or during packaging. However, in December 2013 the Orthodox Union,
the world's largest kosher certification agency, announced it would begin certifying
quinoa as kosher for Passover.

Part 4

Read the following text for questions 21-29

EFFORT AND SCIENCE TO WIN

Winning nowadays is not only a question of disciplined training: The triumph of victory
today involves the collaboration of several medical specialists who combine their particular
knowledge in an effort to help each athlete to reach their potential.

In Mexico, the Medicine Direction and .Applied Sciences of the National Commission of
Deporte analyses all aspects of sports science from the role of the auditory system in
sporting achievement to die power of the mind and its role in the ability to win. Everything,
it seems, is open to scrutiny. Recently, the focus has been evaluating the visual acuity of
cyclists and long distance runners but they also focus on the more traditional areas of
sports research, among them psychology, nutrition, anthropology, biochemistry and
odontology1. From budding child athletes as young as 9 to the more mature-aged
sportsperson, the facility at Deporte has attracted some of Mexico’s most famous sporting
and Olympic hopefuls.

“The study of elite athletes is now more scientific than ever” says doctor Francisco Javier
Squares, “after each competition, athletes are exposed to vigorous medical examinations
and follow-up training in order to help US arrive at a program that is tailor-made. “The

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modern athlete has become big business, no longer is there a one-size-fits-all approach. For
example, in the past two people both 1.70 meters tall and weighing 70 kilograms would
have been given the same program of athletic conditioning – now this idea is obsolete. It
may be that the first individual has 35 kgs of muscle and 15 kgs of fat and the other person,
although the same height and weight may have 30 kgs of muscle and 20 kgs of fat. Through
detailed scientific evaluation here at our facility in Deporte,” says Squares, “… we are able
to construct a very specific training programme for each individual.”

Whereas many countries in die world focus on the elevation of the glorious champion, the
Mexican Olympic team takes a slightly different approach. Psychologically speaking an
athlete must bring to his endeavour a healthy dose of humility. As Squares said, “When an
athlete wins for Mexico, it is always as a result of a combined team effort with many people
operating behind the scenes to realise the sporting achievement. When an athlete stands
on the dais, it is because of great effort on the part of many.”

As is often the case in some poorer countries, sportsmen and women are stifled in their
development due to budgetary constraints. However this has not been a factor for
consideration with the team in Mexico. The Mexican government has allocated a
substantial sum of money for the provision of the latest equipment and laboratories for
sports research. In fact, the quality of Mexico’s facilities puts them on a par with countries
like Italy and Germany in terms of access to resources. One example of sophisticated
equipment used at the Mexican facility is the hyperbaric chamber. This apparatus is used to
enhance oxygen recovery after a vigorous physical workout. Says Squares, “When you
breathe the air while inside a hyperbaric chamber the natural state of the oxygen does not
change. Green plants produced the oxygen; modern technology just increases the air
pressure. This does not change the molecular composition of oxygen. Increased pressure
just allows oxygen to get into tissues better. Due to our purchase of the hyperbaric
chamber, athletes are able to recover from an intense workout in a much shorter space of
time. We typically use the chamber for sessions of 45 to 60 minutes daffy or three times
per week.”

When pushed to the limit, the true indicator of fitness is not how hard the heart operates,
but how quickly it can recover after an extreme workout. Therefore, another focus area of
study for the team in Mexico has been the endurance of the heart. To measure this
recovery rate, an electroencephalograph (EEG) is used. The EEG enables doctors to monitor
the brainwave activity from sensors placed on the scalp. Athletes exert intense effort for a
sustained period after which they are given time to rest and recover. During these periods
between intense physical exertion and recovery, doctors are able to monitor any

97 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

weaknesses in the way the heart responds. The CCG has had a big impact upon our ability
to measure the muscular endurance of the heart.

In 1796, the life expectancy of a human being was between 25 and 36 years, in 1886 that
number basically doubled to between 45 and 50. In 1996, the life expectancy of an average
Mexican stood at around 75 years. People are living longer and this is due in large part to
the advances of modern science. It is not all sophisticated medical equipment that is
playing a part; although lesser in impact, basic advances in engineering are also greatly
assisting. Take for example, a professional tennis player. In the past, most tennis players’
shoes were constructed with fabric and a solid rubber sole. These shoes were of poor
construction and resulted in hip and foot injuries. Today the technology of shoe
construction has radically changed. Now some shoes are injected with silicone and made of
more comfortable, ergonomic1 construction. This has helped not only the elite but also the
recreational sportsperson and thus, helps in the preservation of the human body.

Questions 21-23

Choose the correct letter A, B, C, or D.

[Link] hyperbaric chamber

A. helps athletes to breathe more easily.
B. increases the level of oxygen an athlete breathes.
C. decreases the pressure of the oxygen for Mexican athletes.
D. speeds up recovery time for athletes.
[Link] electroencephalograph (EEC)
A. measures how fast brainwaves move during exercise.
B. helps doctors to determine heart problems.
C. measures how hard the heart works during exercise.
D. strengthens the heart muscle in athletes.
[Link] life-span of individuals in Mexico has increased due to
A. medical improvements.
B. more committed doctors.
C. better made sporting equipment.
D. advances in ergonomics.

Questions 24-29

98 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?

[Link] are limits to the level of sporting enquiry.

A) True B) False C) Not Given
[Link] athletic programs differ mostly between men and women
A) True B) False C) Not Given
[Link] and Germany have similar sporting resources.
A) True B) False C) Not Given
[Link] of money is what stops athletic improvement in some poor countries.
A) True B) False C) Not Given
[Link] countries enjoy greater athletic success.
A) True B) False C) Not Given
[Link] athletes have the support of their government.
A) True B) False C) Not Given

Part 5

Voyage of going: beyond the blue line 2

One feels a certain sympathy for Captain James Cook on the day in 1778 that he
“discovered” Hawaii. Then on his third expedition to the Pacific, the British navigator had
explored scores of islands across the breadth of the sea, from lush New Zealand to the
lonely wastes of Easter Island This latest voyage had taken him thousands of miles north
from the Society Islands to an archipelago so remote that even the ok! Polynesians back on
Tahiti knew nothing about it. Imagine Cook’s surprise, then, when the natives of Hawaii
came paddling out in their canoes and greeted him in a familiar tongue, one he had heard
on virtually every mote of inhabited land he had visited Marveling at the ubiquity of this
Pacific language and culture, he later wondered in his journal: “How shall we account for
this Nation spreading it self so far over this Vast ocean?”

Answers have been slow in coming. But now a startling archaeological find on the island of
Efate, in the Pacific nation of Vanuatu, has revealed an ancient seafaring people, the distant
ancestors of today’s Polynesians, taking their first steps into the unknown. The discoveries
there have also opened a window into the shadowy work! of those early voyagers. At the
same time, other pieces of this human puzzle are turning up in unlikely places. Climate data
gleaned from slow-growing corals around the Pacific and from sediments in alpine lakes in

99 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

South America may help explain how, more than a thousand years later, a second wave of
seafarers beat their way across the entire Pacific.

What we have is a first-or second-generation site containing the graves of some of the
Pacific’s first explorers,” says Spriggs, professor of archaeology at the Australian National
University and co-leader of an international team excavating the site. It came to light only
by luck A backhoe operator, digging up topsoil on the grounds of a derelict coconut
plantation, scraped open a grave— the first of dozens in a burial ground some 3,000 years
old It is the oldest cemetery ever found in the Pacific islands, and it harbors the bones of an
ancient people archaeologists call the Lapita, a label that derives from a beach in New
Caledonia where a landmark cache of their pottery was found in the 1950s. They were
daring blue-water adventurers who roved the sea not just as explorers but also as pioneers,
bringing everything they would need to build new lives— their families and livestock, taro
seedlings and stone tools.

Within the span of a few centuries the Lapita stretched the boundaries of their world from
the jungle-clad volcanoes of Papua New Guinea to the loneliest coral outliers of Tonga, at
least 2,000 miles eastward in the Pacific. Along the way they explored millions of square
miles of unknown sea, discovering and colonizing scores of tropical islands never before
seen by human eyes: Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji, Samoa.

What little is known or surmised about them has been pieced together from fragments of
pottery, animal bones, obsidian flakes, and such oblique sources as comparative linguistics
and geochemistry. Although their voyages can be traced back to the northern islands of
Papua New Guinea, their language variants of which are still spoken across the Pacific came
from Taiwan. And their peculiar style of pottery decoration, created by pressing a carved
stamp into the clay, probably had its roots in the northern Philippines. With the discovery
of the Lapita cemetery on Efate, the volume of data available to researchers has expanded
dramatically. The bones of at least 62 individuals have been uncovered so far including old
men, young women, even babies—and more skeletons are known to be in the ground.
Archaeologists were also thrilled to discover six complete Lapita pots. It’s an important find,
Spriggs says, for it conclusively identifies the remains as Lapita. “It would be hard for
anyone to argue that these aren’t Lapita when you have human bones enshrined inside
what is unmistakably a Lapita urn.”

Several lines of evidence also undergird Spriggs’s conclusion that this was a community of
pioneers making their first voyages into the remote reaches of Oceania. For one thing, the
radiocarbon dating of bones and charcoal places them early in the Lapita expansion. For
another, the chemical makeup of the obsidian flakes littering the site indicates that the rock

100 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

wasn’t local; instead it was imported from a large island in Papua New Guinea’s Bismarck
Archipelago, the springboard for the Lapita’s thrust into the Pacific. A particularly intriguing
clue comes from chemical tests on the teeth of several skeletons. DNA teased from these
ancient bones may also help answer one of the most puzzling questions in Pacific
anthropology: Did all Pacific islanders spring from one source or many? Was there only one
outward migration from a single point in Asia, or several from different points? “This
represents the best opportunity we’ve had yet,” says Spriggs, “to find out who the Lapita
actually were, where they came from, and who their best descendants are today.

“There is one stubborn question for which archaeology has yet to provide any answers:
How did the Lapita accomplish the ancient equivalent of a moon landing, many times over?
No one has found one of their canoes or any rigging, which could reveal how the canoes
were sailed Nor do the oral histories and traditions of later Polynesians offer any insights,
for they segue into myth long before they reach as far back in time as the Lapita.” All we
can say for certain is that the Lapita had canoes that were capable of ocean voyages, and
they had the ability to sail them,” says Geoff Irwin, a professor of archaeology at the
University of Auckland and an avid yachtsman. Those sailing skills, he says, were developed
and passed down over thousands of years by earlier mariners who worked their way
through the archipelagoes of the western Pacific making short crossings to islands within
sight of each other. Reaching Fiji, as they did a century or so later, meant crossing more
than 500 miles of ocean, pressing on day after day into the great blue void of the Pacific.
What gave them the courage to launch out on such a risky voyage?

The Lapita’s thrust into the Pacific was eastward, against the prevailing trade winds, Irwin
notes. Those nagging headwinds, he argues, may have been the key to their success. “They
could sail out for days into the unknown and reconnoiter, secure in the knowledge that if
they didn’t find anything, they could turn about and catch a swift ride home on the trade
winds. It’s what made the whole thing work.” Once out there, skilled seafarers would
detect abundant leads to follow to land: seabirds and turtles, coconuts and twigs carried
out to sea by the tides, and the afternoon pileup of clouds on the horizon that often
betokens an island in the distance. Some islands may have broadcast their presence with
far less subtlety than a cloud bank. Some of the most violent eruptions anywhere on the
planet during the past 10,000 years occurred in Melanesia, which sits nervously in one of
the most explosive volcanic regions on Earth. Even less spectacular eruptions would have
sent plumes of smoke billowing into the stratosphere and rained ash for hundreds of miles.
It’s possible that the Lapita saw these signs of distant islands and later sailed off in their
direction, knowing they would find land For returning explorers, successful or not, the

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geography of their own archipelagoes provided a safety net to keep them from
overshooting their home ports and sailing off into eternity.

However they did it, the Lapita spread themselves a third of the way across the Pacific, then
called it quits for reasons known only to them. Ahead lay the vast emptiness of the central
Pacific, and perhaps they were too thinly stretched to venture farther. They probably never
numbered more than a few thousand in total, and in their rapid migration eastward they
encountered hundreds of islands - more than 300 in Fiji alone. Still, more than a millennium
would pass before the Lapita’s descendants, a people we now call the Polynesians, struck
out in search of new territory.

Questions 30 -32

Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more
than Two words from the Reading Passage for each answer.

Scientific Evident found in Efate site

Tests show the human remains and the charcoal found in the buried um are from the start
of the Lapita period. Yet The 30_____________ covering many of the Efate site did not
come from that area.

Then examinations carried out on the 31_____________ discovered at Efate site reveal that
not everyone buried there was a native living in the area. In fact, DNA could identify the
Lapita’s nearest 32_____________ present-days.

Questions 33-35

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each
answer.

33. What did the Lapita travel in when they crossed the oceans? ___________

34. In Irwins’s view, what would the Latipa have relied on to bring them fast back to the
base? ___________

35. Which sea creatures would have been an indication to the Lapita of where to find land?
___________

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 WRITING

TASK 1

You are planning to go and study English at a school overseas. You would like some
information about their courses.

Write a letter to the school. In your letter

 ask about the school

 say what kind of accommodation you want
 mention any special requests you have (for example diet).

Model answer

Dear Sir/Madam,

My name is Renata Pereira from Sao Paolo in Brazil. I have recently registered as a student
at your college to follow a four-week course in Advanced Computer Programming starting
at the end of November this year.

I am writing to you to try to decide on my accommodation while I'm in Manchester. Ideally,

I would like to stay with a host family because I think that this will also help me to improve
my English. If possible, I would like to stay very close to the College so I don't heed to spend
a lot of time travelling. Last year, I studied on a Business English course in San Diego, USA
and stayed with a host family and really enjoyed it very much. I am hoping for the same
experience in Manchester.

I'd really appreciate it if you could send me any information you have regarding the
different accumulation options (particularly host families). In particular, I'd like to know
where the accommodation is and how much it costs.

I look forward to hearing from you soon.

Yours faithfully,
Renata Pereira

(183 words)

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 TASK 2

Very few schoolchildren learn about the value of money and how to look after it, yet this
is a critical life skill that should be taught as part of the school curriculum.

Do you agree or disagree?

Model answer

It may be true that schools don’t really teach young people how to handle their finances on
a grand scale, but it isn’t true that they ignore the topic altogether. The problem may be
that students don’t see the relevance of what they are taught.

At primary school children learn to do mental arithmetic and simple calculations including
fractions and decimals. At my school, maths problems at this level were set in a real context
such as working out the cost of buying a T-shirt at 10% discount, or calculating interest
when you put your pocket money in a savings account.

Unfortunately, some children do not realise how useful these things will be later in life. For
instance, if you borrow money to buy a car, you need to know how to work out for yourself
how much it will cost you without relying on the finance company to tell you. Similarly
people should only buy things on credit if they know how much it is really costing them if
they don’t pay the debt off each month.

It is possibly true that schools could try to make children understand the importance of all
these areas, but children are young and cannot look into the future or predict the skills that
they will need.

Ultimately, people have to make their own decisions about what money is worth, based on
their earnings and lifestyle. An education system can equip us to work out what is best, but
it cannot save the money for us.

(253 words)

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 TEST 6

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 LISTENING TEST

Part 1

You will hear some sentences. Choose the best reply to each sentence.

A
1 B

2 B

3 B

4 B

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 A

5 B

6 B

7 B

8 B

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 Part 2

Listen and complete the gap with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR/AND A NUMBER for
each answer

CAMPING TRIP
Coach leaves at 9_______________ on Monday morning.
Bring :
* one bag or case
*a 10_______________
* warm clothes
* 11_______________ things
* pocket money to spend on souvenirs and 12_______________
catch a bus outside 13_______________ to Southport.
Friday p.m.: check notice board in 14_______________

Part 3

You hear five people talking about cycling. Choose from the list what each person felt. For
questions 15-19, choose from the list A-H. Use the letters only once. There are three extra
letters which you do not need to use.

A. I was glad I took adequate precautions.

B. I feel let down because I did not get the support I should have
[Link] 1____ got.
[Link] 2____ C. I have a lot to learn about this event.
[Link] 3____ D. I was disappointed, though I had done everything I could.
[Link] 4____ E. My equipment breaking down robbed me of the success I had
[Link] 5____ worked for.
F. I lost because I was given poor advice.
G. I underestimated how demanding the event could be.
H. My fellow competitors behaved very badly.

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 Part 4

Label the map below. Write the correct letter, A-E, next to Questions 19-23

[Link] Museum
[Link] History Museum
[Link] Park
[Link] Mall
[Link] School

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 Part 5

You will hear three different extracts. For questions 24-29, choose the answer (A, В or C)
which fits best according to what you hear. There are two questions for each extract.

Extract One: You hear some ones peaking about zoos.

[Link] does the speaker feel zoos are still needed?
A. Because it's the only way people can see some species.
B. Because they are a good way of keeping the public interested in conservation.
C. Because there is an ever decreasing amount of habitat suitable for wild animals.
[Link] advice does the speaker give people visiting zoos?
A. They should avoid disturbing the animals.
B. They should find out how the zoo handles the subject of conservation.
C. Theyshouldvisitendangeredspeciesbecausetheymaynotbeabletodosoforlong.

Extract Two: You hear some speaking about how she responds to the word NO.

[Link] is her advice to her listeners?

A. To be determined.
B. To learn to judge who's on your side.
C. To accept well-meaning advice.
[Link] does the speaker justify her approach to life?
A. She feels she know best.
B. She wants to teach her family something.
C. She is naturally stubborn.

Extract Three: You hear someone speaking about language.

[Link] was the speaker's parent's objective?

A. To ensure the speaker was fluent in several languages.
B. To ensure the speaker did well in school.
C. To ensure the speaker had English as her mother tongue.
[Link] does the speaker feel about her parents' efforts?
A. The way one of them handles language is confused.
B. She is grateful for their foresight.
C. She resents the pressure they put her through.

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 Part 6

You will hear a radio report about marine life in the UK. For questions 30-35, complete
the sentences.

British marine life in crisis

Pollution, coastal developments and 30__________ are the conventional threats to

marine life.
31__________is most in danger along with turtles, sharks and salmon.
32__________passed by the UK and EU protects some areas of UK waters.
33__________per cent of UK waters are currently fully protected.
WWF-UK is calling for a 34____________ of protected marine reserves to be
established.
The way that marine life has been protected up until now is 35___________

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 READING TEST

Part 1

Read the text. Fill in each gap with ONE word. You must use a word which is somewhere
in the rest of the text.

For thousands of years people have used cannabis for recreational, ritualistic and medicinal
purposes. In the modern era, the latter property excites a lot of people, and there is no
shortage of wild claims about the supposed medical benefits of the plant. Of all the
1______________, perhaps the most bold is the assertion that cannabis can cure cancer.
Astounding testimonials about cannabis and its derived products shrinking tumours or
curing terminal cases are easy to find on the internet. But alluring as these stories are, they
tend to be based on misunderstanding, wishful thinking or outright falsehood. Let’s start by
asking what the 2______________ efficacy might be. Contrary to what most people
believe, medical uses of cannabis have been widely studied. A 2017 review by the National
Academy of Science looked at over 10,000 studies. They found evidence for some
applications of cannabis, including managing chronic pain and spasms associated with
multiple sclerosis. There was also good 3______________ that tetrahydrocannabinol (THC),
the main psychoactive ingredient in cannabis, can reduce the nausea caused by
chemotherapy. Indeed, a synthetic form of THC, called dronabinol, has been prescribed for
just this use for decades. But, crucially, there is zero evidence that cannabis has any
curative or even helpful impact on 4______________, despite enthusiastic claims to the
contrary. Why then is there such a gulf between public perception and scientific evidence?
Part of this is 5______________. For example, an often aired claim is that high-dose THC
kills cancer cells in a petri dish. This is true, but not very meaningful. Killing cells in a dish is
extremely easy; you can do so with anything from heat to bleach. But effective anti-cancer
agents must be able to selectively kill cancer 6______________ in the human body while
sparing healthy ones. The reality is that cannabis simply cannot do this.

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 Part 2

The people below all want to do a local activity. There are eight activities in the local
area. Decide which activity would be the most suitable for the people below.

1. You have a teenage son who is very keen to get into acting and learning how best to
perform on stage. Because of other activities he cannot do Saturdays or Sundays.
2. You are 21 and on summer vacation before going back to university. You are looking for
voluntary work that will help you gain experience in working with customers.
3. You would like to take your children to the park one day next week. You would like to
show them the importance of doing something for local people.
4. You are a new mum with a three-month-old baby and are looking for exercise to help
relax. You are free on Monday and Tuesday and love getting a bargain!
5. You are looking for somewhere to take your son for something to eat at lunchtime any
day this week. He would like to go somewhere that is outside to get some fresh air.
6. You have decided to join a gym. You want to have someone who can help and
encourage you to work hard. You’d also like to go swimming at the weekend.
7. You are looking for a personal trainer and are returning to exercise after hurting your
ankle. You are busy at work and need someone who is available any day.
8. You are a keen athlete and want to find somewhere you can train on a race-track and
compete against other athletes. You like to train early in the morning.

Local activities

A. Friends of Hamley Park

Come along to ‘Friends of Hamley Park’ for our monthly litter pick. Join our friendly team of
adults and children every Sunday to help us keep our lovely local park tidy and something
to be proud of. We provide all the tools and equipment you’ll need. Just come along on the
day and we’ll find something for you to do.

B. Yoga sessions

Yoga sessions with Petra aimed at your level. I know how important it can be for you mums
to get out of the house and do some exercise. My fun weekly ‘Mum and Child’ yoga classes
start on Monday 18 June. Buy five sessions and get one free.

C. Broadchester Park
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You are invited to come along for our weekly picnic in Broadchester Park. Open to all,young
and old, it’s held every Tuesday throughout the summer at 12.00. Please note there will be
a charge for food which will be supplied by the café.

D. JDC Gym

We offer personal, one-to-one training programmes for beginner and more advanced
workouts. Our trainers are available seven days a week and can meet you at the gym or at a
place that’s more convenient to you. Build your strength and fitness and get help with any
injuries you may have.

E. Storytelling

Storytelling has become popular lately, especially for those who want to tell their story on
stage in front of a live audience. Join our one-day event on Wednesday – we’ll be looking at
how to feel confident and keep your audience interested.

F. Time to relax

A new six-week yoga course for beginners. Help yourself become more focused, reduce
your stress levels, sleep better and improve your mental health. I will be running these
courses in the local community centre on Wednesday and Thursday mornings from 11.00
till 12.00. Childcare is available for babies and young children.

G. The community café

Our community café is looking for young volunteer waiters and waitresses to help us
throughout the summer period. You’ll learn skills that will be useful when you start your job
search. We’re looking for anyone who is at least 18 and would like you to be available for at
least two days per week.

H. Sport Special

For those who want to focus on their own personal fitness, Sport Special provides members
with a modern gym with the latest equipment. The leisure centre also organises group
events such as five-a-side football or hockey. After the match, get to know your team mates
in the café for tea, coffee and snacks.

I. Stevie’s Gym

Stevie’s Gym is well known in the area for offering the best in everything to do with health
and fitness. Relax in our luxury swimming pool or use the latest equipment in the gym. It’s

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easy to lose interest if you don’t have the right support, and our skilled team of trainers will
get you started and help you stay focused.

J. Central Fitness and Leisure

We are one of the larger leisure centres in the area and can offer a huge range of activities
at our 24-hour gym and 400-metre running track that is free to use for members. Sign up to
our monthly league table and see how your times compare to other members.

K. The Arcadian Harriers

We meet in the Arcadian Leisure Centre twice a week and set off on planned routes around
the area. Join us on Tuesday for the 6k run and Thursday for the 10k. You don’t have to
become a member to run with us, but we’d love it if you did. We are also looking for people
to help out with events.

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 Part 3

Read the text and choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings
below.

There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use all of them. You cannot use
any heading more than once.

List of headings
A. Common objections
B. Who's planning what
C. This type sells best in the shops
D. The figures say it all
E. Early trials
F. They can't get in without these
G. How does it work?
H. Fighting fraud
I. Systems to avoid
J. Accepting the inevitable

[Link] 1___
[Link] 2___
[Link] 3___
[Link] 4___
[Link] 5___
[Link] 6___

THE KEYLESS SOCIETY

1. Students who want to enter the University of Montreal's Athletic Complex need more
than just a conventional ID card - their identities must be authenticated by an electronic
hand scanner. In some California housing estates, a key alone is insufficient to get
someone in the door; his or her voice print must also be verified. And soon, customers
at some Japanese banks will have to present their faces for scanning before they can
enter the building and withdraw their money.

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2. All of these are applications of biometrics, a little-known but fast-growing technology
that involves the use of physical or biological characteristics to identify individuals. In
use for more than a decade at some high- security government institutions in the United
States and Canada, biometrics are now rapidly popping up in the everyday world.
Already, more than 10,000 facilities, from prisons to day-care centres, monitor people's
fingerprints or other physical parts to ensure that they are who they claim to be. Some
60 biometric companies around the world pulled in at least $22 million last year and that
grand total is expected to mushroom to at least $50 million by 1999.
3. Biometric security systems operate by storing a digitised record of some unique human
feature. When an authorised user wishes to enter or use the facility, the system scans
the person's corresponding characteristics and attempts to match them against those on
record. Systems using fingerprints, hands, voices, irises, retinas and faces are already on
the market. Others using typing patterns and even body odours are in various stages of
development.
4. Fingerprint scanners are currently the most widely deployed type of biometric
application, thanks to their growing use over the last 20 years by law-enforcement
agencies. Sixteen American states now use biometric fingerprint verification systems to
check that people claiming welfare payments are genuine. In June, politicians in Toronto
voted to do the same, with a pilot project beginning next year.
5. To date, the most widely used commercial biometric system is the handkey, a type of
hand scanner which reads the unique shape, size and irregularities of people's hands.
Originally developed for nuclear powerplants, the handkey received its big break when it
was used to control access to the Olympic Village in Atlanta by more than 65,000
athletes, trainers and support staff Now there are scores of other applications.
6. Around the world, the market is growing rapidly. Malaysia, for example, is preparing to
equip all of its airports with biometric face scanners to match passengers with luggage.
And Japan's largest maker of cash dispensers is developing new machines that
incorporate iris scanners. The first commercial biometric, a hand reader used by an
American firm to monitor employee attendance, was introduced in 1974. But only in the
past few years has the technology improved enough for the prices to drop sufficiently to
make them commercially viable. 'When we started four years ago, I had to explain to
everyone what a biometric is,' says one marketing expert. Now, there's much more
awareness out there.'

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 Part 4

Read the following text for questions 21-29

The creation of lasting memories

Many studies of the brain processes underlying the creation of memory consolidation
(lasting memories) have involved giving various human and animal subjects treatment,
while training them to perform a task. These have contributed greatly to our
understanding.

In pioneering studies using goldfish, Bernard Agranoff found that protein synthesis
inhibitors injected after training caused the goldfish to forget what they had learned. In
other experiments, he administered protein synthesis inhibitors immediately before the
fish were trained. The remarkable finding was that the fish learned the task completely
normally, but forgot it within a few hours - that is, the protein synthesis inhibitors blocked
memory consolidation, but did not influence short-term memory.

There is now extensive evidence that short-term memory is spared by many kinds of
treatments, including electro-convulsive therapy (ECT), that block memory consolidation.
On the other hand, and equally importantly, neuroscientist Ivan Izquierdo found that many
drug treatments can block short-term memory without blocking memory consolidation.
Contrary to the hypothesis put forward by Canadian psychologist Donald Hebb, in 1949,
long-term memory does not require short-term memory, and vice versa.

Such findings suggest that our experiences create parallel, and possibly independent stages
of memory, .each with a different life span. All of this evidence from clinical and
experimental studies strongly indicates that the brain handles recent and remote memory
in different ways; but why does it do that?

We obviously need to have memory that is created rapidly: reacting to an ever and rapidly
changing environment requires that. For example, most current building codes require that
the heights of all steps in a staircase be equal. After taking a couple of steps, up or down,
we implicitly remember the heights of the steps and assume that the others will be the
same. If they are not the same, we are very likely to trip and fall. Lack of this kind of rapidly
created implicit memory would be bad for us and for insurance companies, but perhaps
good for lawyers. It would be of little value to us if we remembered the heights of the steps
only after a delay of many hours, when the memory becomes consolidated.

The hypothesis that lasting memory consolidates slowly over time is supported primarily by
clinical and experimental evidence that the formation of long-term memory is influenced by
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treatments and disorders affecting brain functioning. There are also other kinds of evidence
indicating more directly that the memories consolidate over time after learning. Avi Kami
and Dov Sagi reported that the performance of human subjects trained in a visual skill did
not improve until eight hours after the training was completed, and that improvement was
even greater the following day. Furthermore, the skill was retained for several years.

Studies using human brain imaging to study changes in neural activity induced by learning
have also reported that the changes continue to develop for hours after learning. In an
innovative study using functional imaging of the brain, Reza Shadmehr and Henry Holcomb
examined brain activity in several brain regions shortly after human subjects were trained
in a motor learning task requiring arm and hand movements. They found that while the
performance of the subjects remained stable for several hours after completion of the
training, their brain activity did not; different regions of the brain were predominantly
active at different times over a period of several hours after the training. The activity
shifted from the prefrontal cortex to two areas known to be involved in controlling
movements, the motor cortex and cerebellar cortex. Consolidation of the motor skill
appeared to involve activation of different neural systems that increased the stability of the
brain processes underlying the skill.

There is also evidence that learning-induced changes in the activity of neurons in the
cerebral cortex continue to increase for many days after the training. In an extensive series
of studies using rats with electrodes implanted in the auditory cortex, Norman Weinberger
reported that, after a tone of specific frequency was paired a few times with footshock,
neurons in the rats’ auditory cortex responded more to that specific tone and less to other
tones of other frequencies. Even more interestingly, the selectivity of the neurons’
response to the specific tone used in training continued to increase for several days after
the training was terminated.

It is not intuitively obvious why our lasting memories consolidate slowly. Certainly, one can
wonder why we have a form of memory that we have to rely on for many hours, days or a
lifetime, that is so susceptible to disruption shortly after it is initiated. Perhaps the brain
system that consolidates long-term memory over time was a late development in
vertebrate evolution. Moreover, maybe we consolidate memories slowly because our
mammalian brains are large and enormously complex. We can readily reject these ideas. All
species of animals studied to date have both short and long-term memory; and all are
susceptible to retrograde amnesia. Like humans, birds, bees, and molluscs, as well as fish
and rats, make long-term memory slowly. Consolidation of memory clearly emerged early
in evolution, and was conserved.

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Although there seems to be no compelling reason to conclude that a biological system such
as a brain could not quickly make a lasting memory, the fact is that animal brains do not.
Thus, memory consolidation must serve some very important adaptive function or
functions. There is considerable evidence suggesting that the slow consolidation is adaptive
because it enables neurobiological processes occurring shortly after learning to influence
the strength of memory for experiences. The extensive evidence that memory can be
enhanced, as well as impaired, by treatments administered shortly after training, provides
intriguing support for this hypothesis.

Questions 21-25

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

[Link] by Bernard Agranoff described in Reading Passage involved

A. injecting goldfish at different stages of the experiments.
B. training goldfish to do different types of task.
C. using different types of treatment on goldfish.
D. comparing the performance of different goldfish on certain tasks.
[Link] findings from recent studies suggest that
A. drug treatments do not normally affect short-term memories.
B. long-term memories build upon short-term memories.
C. short and long-term memories are formed by separate processes.
D. ECT treatment affects both short-and long-term memories.
[Link] the fifth paragraph, what does the writer want to show by the example of
staircases?
A. Prompt memory formation underlies the performance of everyday tasks.
B. Routine tasks can be carried out unconsciously.
C. Physical accidents can impair the function of memory.
D. Complex information such as regulations cannot be retained by the memory.
[Link] about memory by Kami and Sagi
A. cast doubt on existing hypotheses.
B. related only to short-term memory.
C. were based on tasks involving hearing.
D. confirmed other experimental findings.
[Link] did the experiment by Shadmehr and Holcomb show?
A. Different areas of the brain were activated by different tasks.
B. Activity in the brain gradually moved from one area to other areas.

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 C. Subjects continued to get better at a task after training had finished.
D. Treatment given to subjects improved their performance on a task.

Questions 26-29

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage?

[Link] training which Kami and Sagi’s subjects were given was repeated over several days.
A) True B) False C) Not Given
[Link] rats in Weinberger’s studies learned to associate a certain sound with a specific
experience.
A) True B) False C) Not Given
[Link] results of Weinberger’s studies indicated that the strength of the rats’ learned
associations increases with time.
A) True B) False C) Not Given
[Link] is easy to see the evolutionary advantage of the way lasting memories in humans are
created.
A) True B) False C) Not Given

Part 5

Talc Powder

High in the French Pyrenees, some 1,700m above see level, lies Trimouns, a huge deposit of
hydrated magnesium silicate - talc to you and me. Talc from Trimouns, and from ten other
Luzenac mines across the globe, is used in the manufacture of a vast array of everyday
products extending from paper, paint and plaster to cosmetics, plastics and car tyres. And
of course there is always talc’s best known end use: talcum powder for babies’ bottoms.
But the true versatility of this remarkable mineral is nowhere better displayed than in its
sometimes surprising use in certain niche markets in the food and agriculture industries.

Take, for example, the chewing gum business. Every year, Talc de Luzenac France—which
owns and operates the Trimouns mine and is a member of the international Luzenac Group
(art of Rio Tinto minerals)—supplies about 6,000 tones of talc to chewing gum
manufacturers in Europe. “We’ve been selling to this sector of the market since the
1960s,”says Laurent Fournier, sales manager in Luzenac’s Specialties business unit in
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Toulouse. “Admittedly, in terms of our total annual sales of talc, the amount we supply to
chewing gum manufacturers is relatively small, but we see it as a valuable niche market:
one where customers place a premium on securing supplies from a reliable, high quality
source. Because of this, long term allegiance to a proven suppler is very much a feature of
this sector of the talc market.”Switching sources—in the way that you might choose to buy,
say, paperclips from Supplier A rather than from Supplier B—is not a easy option for
chewing gum manufacturers,”Fournier says. “The cost of reformulating is high, so when
customers are using a talc grade that works, even if it’s expensive, they are understandably
reluctant to switch.”

But how is talc actually used in the manufacture of chewing gum? PatrickDelord, an
engineer with a degree in agronomics, who has been with Luzenac for 22 years and is now
senior market development manager, Agriculture and Food, in Europe, explains that
chewing gums has four main components. “The most important of them is the gum base,
”he says. “It’s the gum base that puts the chew into chewing gum. It binds all the
ingredients together, creating a soft, smooth texture. To this the manufacturer then adds
sweeteners, softeners and flavourings. Our talc is used as a filler in the gum base. The
amount varies between, say, ten and 35 per cent, depending on the type of gum. Fruit
flavoured chewing gum, for example, is slightly acidic and would react with the calcium
carbonate that the manufacturer might otherwise use as a filler. Talc, on the other hand,
makes an ideal filler because it’s non-reactive chemically. In the factory, talc is also used to
dust the gum base pellets and to stop the chewing gum sticking during the lamination and
packing process, ”Delord adds.

The chewing gum business is, however, just one example of talc’s use in the food sector.
For the past 20 years or so, olive oil processors in Spain have been taking advantage of
talc’s unique characteristics to help them boost the amount of oil they extract from crushed
olives. According to Patrick Delord, talc is especially useful for treating what he calls
“difficult” olives. After the olives are harvested-preferably early in the morning because
their taste is better if they are gathered in the cool of the day - they are taken to the
processing plant. There they are crushed and then stirred for 30-45 minutes. In the old
days, the resulting paste was passed through an olive press but nowadays it’s more
common to add water and centrifuge the mixture to separate the water and oil from the
solid matter. The oil and water are then allowed to settle so that the olive oil layer can be
decanted oft and bottled. “Difficult” olives are those that are more reluctant than the norm
to yield up their full oil content. This may be attributable to the particular species of olive,
or to its water content and the time of year the olives are collected—at the beginning and
the end of the season their water content is often either too high or too low. These olives

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are easy to recognize because they produce a lot of extra foam during the stirring process,
a consequence of an excess of a fine solid that acts as anatural emulsifier. The oil in this
emulsion is lost when the water is disposed of. Not only that, if the waste water is disposed
of directly into local fields—often the case in many smaller processing operations—the
emulsified oil may take some time to biodegrade and so be harmful to the environment.

“If you add between a it absorbs the half and two percent of talc by weightduring the
stirring process, it absorbs the natural emulsifier in the olives and so boosts the amount of
oil you can extract,”says Delord. “In addition, talc’s flat, platey’ structure helps increase the
size of the oil droplets liberated during stirring, which again improves the yield. However,
because talc is chemically inert, it doesn’t affect the colour, taste, appearance or
composition of the resulting olive oil.”

If the use of talc in olive oil processing and in chewing gum is long established, new
applications in the food and agriculture industries are also constantly being sought by
Luzenac. One such promising new market is fruit crop protection, being pioneered in the
US. Just like people, fruit can get sunburned. In fact, in very sunny regions up to 45 percent
of atypical crop can be affected by heat stress and sunburn. However, in the case of fruit,
it’s not so much the ultra violet rays which harm the crop as the high surface temperature
that the sun’s rays create.

To combat this, farmers normally use either chemicals or spray a continuous fine canopy of
mist above the fruit trees or bushes. The trouble is, this uses a lot of water—normally a
precious commodity in hot, sunny areas—and it is therefore expensive. What’s more, the
ground can quickly become waterlogged.” So our idea was to coat the fruit with talc to
protect it from the sun,”says Greg Hunter, a marketing specialist who has been with
Luzenac for ten years. “But to do this, several technical challenges had first to be overcome.
Talc is very hydrophobic: it doesn’t like water. So in order to have a viable product we
needed a wettable powder—something that would go readily into suspension so that it
could be sprayed onto the fruit. It also had to break the surface tension of the cutin (the
natural waxy, waterproof layer on the fruit) and of course it had to wash off easily when the
fruit was harvested. No-one’s going to want an apple that’s covered in talc.”

Initial trials in the state of Washington in 2003 showed that when the product was sprayed
onto Granny Smith apples, it reduced their surface temperature and lowered the incidence
of sunburn by up to 60 per cent. Today the new product, known as Invelop Maximum SPF,
is in its second commercial year on the US market. Apple growers are the primary target
although Hunter believes grape growers represent another sector with long term potential.

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He is also hopeful of extending sales to overseas markets such as Australia, South America
and southern Europe.

Questions 30-35

Complete the following summary below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the
Reading Passage for each answer.

The use of talc powder in the olive oil industry in Spain has been around
for 30_____________ years. It is extremely useful in dealing with “difficult” olives which
often produce a lot of 31_____________ due to the high content of solid matter.

The traditional method of oil extraction used in some smaller plants often
produces 32_____________, which contains emulsified oil, and if it is directly disposed of, it
may be 33_____________ to the environment, because it cannot 34_____________. But
adding talc powder can absorb the emulsifier and increase the production, because the size
of oil 35_____________ grows.

124 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 WRITING

TASK 1

You work for a company. You have seen some information online about a training course
that would be useful for your work.

Write a letter to your manager. In your letter

 give details of the course

 say how the course would be useful
 explain how the company could help you do this course.

Model answer

Dear Martin

I have recently become aware of a course called Social Media Marketing Essentials and I am
writing to ask for your support in taking this course. It is a five-day intensive program being
offered by the Business Leadership Association and it starts on Monday 15 February. I
believe the course would be of great benefit to our company as we have been recently
considering how to build up our social media presence and attract more customers online.
After reading reviews by former participants, I think this Social Media course will help me
professionally in my capacity as Communications Manager and make a real difference to
our company.

For these reasons, I am requesting paid leave from 15-20 February to attend the course. It
would be helpful if other team members did not take leave at this time; so far nobody else
has applied. I believe this will not be a particularly busy time at work, but I am prepared to
spend some time working on those evenings if needed.

I look forward to hearing from you soon.

Best wishes
Neil MacFarlane

(183 words)

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 TASK 2

Supermarkets should only sell food produced from within their own country rather than
imports from overseas.

What are your opinions on this?

Model answer

Nowadays, supermarkets are stocked with food products from around the world. Some
would argue that it would be better if food produce was not imported. I firmly believe that
this view is correct, and will discuss the reasons why in this essay.

It is certainly the case that importing food can have a negative effect on local culture. This
can be seen in countries such as Japan where imported food has become more popular
than traditional, local produce, eroding people's understanding of their own food
traditions. Although some would claim that this is a natural part of economic development
in an increasingly global world, I feel strongly that any loss of regional culture would be
detrimental.

A second major reason to reduce imports is the environmental cost. Currently, many food
imports, such as fruit, are transported thousands of miles by road, sea and air, making the
product more expensive to buy and increasing pollution from exhaust fumes. Despite the
fact that the trade in food exports has existed for many years, I am convinced that a
reduction would bring significant financial and environmental gains.

However, many jobs depend on food exports and some less developed countries may even
depend on this trade for economic survival. In spite of this, the importance of developing
local trade should not be undervalued.

In conclusion, I am certain that reducing food imports would have cultural and
environmental benefits. What is more, the local economy should, in time, prosper
commercially as the demand for local and regional products remains high resisting the
competition from overseas.

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 TEST 7

127 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 LISTENING TEST

Part 1

You will hear some sentences. Choose the best reply to each sentence.

A
1 B

2 B

3 B

4 B

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 A

5 B

6 B

7 B

8 B

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 Part 2

You will hear a radio presenter talking about a sports festival. Listen and complete the
gap with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR/AND A NUMBER for each answer

SPORTS FESTIVAL
The Date
30th June –9______________ July
The Opening Event
Location: Prospect 10______________
Time: 12 p.m. - 11______________p.m.
Workshops include: skateboarding, break-dancing, 12______________
Further Information
Look on the website for timetable and a 13______________
Other Events
Water sports: River Swimming Complex
Track events: Athletics Stadium
Indoor 14______________ games: Central Leisure

Part 3

You will hear five women talking about living in blocks of flats. For questions 15-19,
choose from the list A—F the main reason each woman gives for choosing the flat where
she lives now. Use the letters only once. There is one extra letter which you do not need
to use.

A. the size of the rooms

[Link] 1____ B. the proximity of local amenities
[Link] 2____ C. good transport links
[Link] 3____ D. the friendliness of the neighbours
[Link] 4____ E. a feeling of security
[Link] 5____ F. the level of maintenance

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 Part 4

Label the map below. Write the correct letter, A-G, next to Questions 19-23

[Link]
[Link] Rank
[Link] Park
[Link] Waiting Area
[Link] Area for Wheelchair Users

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 Part 5

You will hear three different extracts. For questions 24-29, choose the answer (A, В or C)
which fits best according to what you hear. There are two questions for each extract.

Extract One: You will hear two people talking about a play they saw at the theatre.
[Link] do we learn about the writer of the play?
A. He died.
B. He is dying.
C. He nearly died.
[Link] do the speakers agree on?
A. The writer is quite predictable.
B. The writer's style has changed direction.
C. The play wasn't as funny as some of the writer's earlier plays.

Extract Two: You will hear part of a radio interview with a trade and commerce researcher.

[Link] to Pablo Jenson

A. a variety of different shops tends to boost sales.
B. traders that have something in common can boost each other's sales.
C. butchers are the most successful traders.
[Link]'s theory
A. advertised for similar retailers to open shops in one particular area.
B. works better for bakers and butchers than for other kinds of retailers.
C. seems to have been proved to be credible.

Extract Three: You will hear a report about holiday homes in the Mediterranean.

[Link] Costa de la Cruz

A. is being spoiled by developers.
B. is the cheapest area of Spain in which you can buy a holiday home.
C. is close to Portugal.
[Link] to Chris Mercer
A. there is a danger that the Costa de la Cruz will lose its appeal.
B. the Costa de la Cruz can be developed without the area being damaged.
C. the government has put a stop to the Costa de la Cruz being developed further.

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 Part 6

You will hear a report about the 11-plus exam in Britain. For questions 30-35, complete
the sentences.

Studying for the 11-plus exam

According to experts, the 30____________ of children does not

significantly help them to pass exams.
English grammar schools receive 31______________ on average for
every place they have.
Mike Walker says that the 11-plus questions are32______________
Every year approximately 33_____________ children take the 11-
plus exam.
According to a recent study, grammar schools tend to have more
children from fairly wealthy families than children from
34_____________ backgrounds.
In schools that aren't grammar schools, 12 per cent of children
receive35_____________

133 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 READING TEST

Part 1

Read the text. Fill in each gap with ONE word. You must use a word which is somewhere
in the rest of the text.

The uncanny, if sometimes distracting, ability to name a solitary note out of the blue,
without any other 1_____________ for reference, is a prized musical talent - and a
scientific mystery. Musicians with perfect pitch - or, as many researchers prefer to call it,
absolute 2_____________ - can often play pieces by ear, and many can transcribe music
brilliantly. That’s because they perceive the position of a note in the 3_____________ stave
- its pitch - as clearly as the fact that they heard it. Hearing and naming the pitch go hand in
hand.

By contrast, most 4_____________ follow not the notes, but the relationship between
them. They may easily recognise two notes as being a certain number of tones apart, but
could name the higher note as an E only if they are told the lower one is a C, for example.
This is relative pitch. Useful, but much less mysterious.

For centuries, absolute pitch has been thought of as the preserve of the musical elite.
Some estimates suggest that maybe fewer than 1 in 2,000 people possess it. But a growing
number of studies, from speech experiments to brain scans, are now suggesting that a
knack for 5_____________ pitch may be far more common, and more varied, than
previously thought. ‘Absolute pitch is not an all or nothing feature,’ says Marvin, a music
theorist at the University of Rochester in New York state. Some researchers even claim that
we could all develop the skill, regardless of our musical 6_____________. And their work
may finally settle a decades-old debate about whether absolute pitch depends on
melodious genes - or early music lessons.

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 Part 2

The people below all want to go to a restaurant or café. There are some restaurant
reviews. Decide which restaurant or café would be the most suitable for the people
below.

7. You have just started college. You need a good café near campus where you can hang out
with your friends. You’ll be spending a lot of time in the library, so you want a café with a
nice terrace. It must be inexpensive and serve great sandwiches.

8. You are 14. On Saturdays, you have to wait an hour for a train home after your violin
lesson. You want to spend that time in a quiet café close to the station where you can read
your book while enjoying tea and delicious cake.

9. Karl and Omar are best friends. They’re trying to find a new café that they can go to after
school every day. They want a place with a good atmosphere. They both enjoy loud music!
They also like cheap fast-food.

10. You are a fan of healthy food. You don’t eat meat, and don’t mind paying a little more
for organic fruit and vegetables. You want to find an independent café near the beach. You
don’t like restaurant chains.

11. Linda and Amelia are cousins. They’re looking for a great café where they can meet
every Sunday for a chat. They love to eat sweet things! Linda and Amelia are both very
stylish, so they want a place that’s really cool.

12. You have an hour to wait before your train leaves. You would like somewhere that
serves quality, fast food. You need somewhere you can get to the station quickly.

13. Jon and his wife Debbie are celebrating their 20th wedding anniversary and would like
to have a nice romantic meal somewhere not too busy. They love going on holiday to Italy.

14. Marie and her husband Harry want to take their young son for a meal. It would be good
if there was something for him to do as he has a lot of energy!

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 OUR TOP CAFÉS

A. Macs

I went to Macs, just opposite the entrance to the station last night. My friends had the fried
chicken and I had pizza. We were all really happy with our meal. The food was at our table
in ten minutes and it tasted great.

B. BurgerBasement

Although it’s in a basement, this brilliant café is bright and exciting. Lights of many different
colours hang from the ceiling, and everyone sings along with the pop and rock songs. It’s
not a quiet place, but it’s fun. You won’t believe the low cost of the chips and burgers!

C. Pancake Paradise

The latest café in town is Pancake Paradise, and everyone is talking about it. This is where
all the fashionable people like to be seen, and to see each other. Enjoy the original art on
the walls while you wait for your tasty pile of pancakes served with ice cream or honey.

D. SunshineCafé

This is a wonderful new café which, so far, is very popular with young people. It’s just a
short walk from the college and others a wide choice of soups and sandwiches at very
reasonable prices. The best thing about the Sunshine Café is its outdoor seating area. Here
you can have some fun in the sun.

E. GreenDreams

Everything served in this busy seaside café is vegetarian and all natural. Try the carrot and
spinach juice with one of the amazing salads. The prices are high, but definitely worth it.
Green Dreams is owned and run by a local family who make everything fresh daily.

F. Quick&Cool

As the name suggests, this is where you should come if you want quick food in a cool place.
Quick & Cool only opens at the weekends, but it fills up fast so get there early! Enjoy hip
hop on the loud speakers and order some spicy chicken wings. You won’t wait long at
Quick&Cool!

G. Tilly’sTea-Shop

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This is the perfect place to get away from the noise of the city. It’s conveniently located
between the museum and the railway station, and serves the best baked goods in town.
They play gentle classical music there. You can choose from 20 types of tea and relax.

H. Giovanni’s

This place is hidden away on the back streets of town. A tiny place with only five or six
candlelit tables but with a wonderful atmosphere. Italian music plays softly in the
background making you feel as if you’ve been transported to Florence or Rome.

I. Take a Tumble

We had our grandchildren for the day and were lucky enough to find the new ‘Take
aTumble’ in town. Lots of activities for young children who can climb, slide or swim. They
serve simple, cheap lunches that saved us the bother of finding somewhere else to eat.

J. PastadellaPiazza

Whether it’s a romantic meal for two or a memorable night with friends, Pasta della Piazza
is the place to go. We enjoyed a fantastic night out with lovely Italian food and sang along
and danced thanks to their regular pianist. You need to reserve to be sure of a table.

K. TheNoodleBar

This is what fast food should be like. From delicious Japanese soups to hot Thai main meals.
Eat in or takeaway. They’re very popular with locals and if you’re eating at a table it can
take a while to get served. They charge 10% delivery for takeaways.

137 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 Part 3

Read the text and choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings
below.

There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use all of them. You cannot use
any heading more than once.

List of headings

A. Growing Coffee
B. Problems with Manufacture
C. Processing the Bean
D. First Contact
E. Arabian Coffee
F. Coffee Varieties
G. Modern Coffee
H. The Spread of Coffee
I. Consuming Coffee
J. Climates for Coffee
K. The Coffee Plant

[Link] 1___
[Link] 2___
[Link] 3___
[Link] 4___
[Link] 5___
[Link] 6___

1. Coffee was first discovered in Eastern Africa in an area we know today as Ethiopia. A
popular legend refers to a goat herder by the name of Kaldi, who observed his goats
acting unusually friskily after eating berries from a bush. Curious about this
phenomenon, Kaldi tried eating the berries himself. He found that these berries gave
him renewed energy.
2. The news of this energy laden fruit quickly moved throughout the region. Coffee berries
were transported from Ethiopia to the Arabian Peninsula, and were first cultivated in

138 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 what today is the country of Yemen. Coffee remained a secret in Arabia before
spreading to Turkey and then to the European continent by means of Venetian trade
merchants.
3. Coffee was first eaten as a food though later people in Arabia would make a drink out of
boiling the beans for its narcotic effects and medicinal value. Coffee for a time was
known as Arabian wine to Muslims who were banned from alcohol by Islam. It was not
until after coffee had been eaten as a food product, a wine and a medicine that it was
discovered, probably by complete accident in Turkey, that by roasting the beans a
delicious drink could be made. The roasted beans were first crushed and then boiled in
water, creating a crude version of the beverage we enjoy today. The first coffee houses
were opened in Europe in the 17th Century and in 1675, the Viennese established the
habit of refining the brew by filtering out the grounds, sweetening it, and adding a dash
of milk.
4. If you were to explore the planet for coffee, you would find about 60 species of coffee
plants growing wild in Africa, Malaysia, and other regions. But only about ten of them
are actually cultivated. Of these ten, two species are responsible for almost all the coffee
produced in the world: Coffea Arabica and CoffeaCanephora (usually known as Robusta).
Because of ecological differences existing among the various coffee producing countries,
both types have undergone many mutations and now exist in many sub-species.
5. Although wild plants can reach 10 - 12 metres in height, the plantation one reaches a
height of around four metres. This makes the harvest and flowering easier, and
cultivation more economical. The flowers are white and sweet-scented like the Spanish
jasmine. Flowers give way to a red, darkish berry. At first sight, the fruit is like a big
cherry both in size and in colour. The berry is coated with a thin, red film (epicarp)
containing a white, sugary mucilaginous flesh (mesocarp). Inside the pulp there are the
seeds in the form of two beans coupled at their flat surface. Beans are in turn coated
with a kind of resistant, golden yellow parchment, (called endocarp). When peeled, the
real bean appears with another very thin silvery film. The bean is bluish green verging on
bronze, and is at the most 11 millimetres long and 8 millimetres wide.
6. Coffee plants need special conditions to give a satisfactory crop. The climate needs to be
hot-wet or hot temperate, between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn,
with frequent rains and temperatures varying from 15 to 25 Degrees C. The soil should
be deep, hard, permeable, well irrigated, with well-drained subsoil. The best lands are
the hilly ones or from just-tilled woods. The perfect altitude is between 600 and 1200
metres, though some varieties thrive at 2000-2200 metres. Cultivation aimed at
protecting the plants at every stage of growth is needed. Sowing should be in sheltered
nurseries from which, after about six months, the seedlings should be moved to

139 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 plantations in the rainy season where they are usually alternated with other plants to
shield them from wind and excessive sunlight. Only when the plant is five years old can
it be counted upon to give a regular yield. This is between 400 grams and two kilos of
arabica beans for each plant, and 600 grams and two kilos for robusta beans.

Part 4

Read the following text for questions 21-29

The new way to be a fifth-grader

I peer over his shoulder at his laptop screen to see the math problem the fifth-grader is
pondering. It's a trigonometry problem. Carpenter, a serious-feced ten-year-old, pauses for
a second, fidgets, then clicks on ”0 degrees." The computer tells him that he's correct. "It
took a while for me to work it out," he admits sheepishly. The software then generates
another problem, followed by another, until eventually he's done ten in a row.

Last November, his teacher, Kami Thordarson, began using Khan Academy in her class. It is
an educational website on which students can watch some 2,400 videos. The videos are
anything but sophisticated. At seven to 14 minutes long, they consist of a voiceover by the
site's founder, Salman Khan, chattily describing a mathematical concept or explaining how
to solve a problem, while his hand-scribbled formulas and diagrams appear on-screen. As a
student, you can review a video as many times as you want, scrolling back several times
over puzzling parts and fast-forwarding through the boring bits you already know. Once
you've mastered a video, you can move on to the next one.

Initially, Thordarson thought Khan Academy would merely be a helpful supplement to her
normal instruction. But it quickly became far more than that. She is now on her way to
"flipping" the way her class works. This involves replacing some of her lectures with Khan's
videos, which students can watch at home. Then in class, they focus on working on the
problem areas together. The idea is to invert the normal rhythms of school, so that lectures
are viewed in the children's own time and homework is done at school. It sounds weird,
Thordarson admits, but this reversal makes sense when you think about it. It is when they
are doing homework that students are really grappling with a subject and are most likely to
want someone to talk to. And Khan Academy provides teachers with a dashboard
application that lets them see the instant a student gets stuck.

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For years, teachers like Thordarson have complained about the frustrations of teaching to
the "middle" of the class. They stand at the whiteboard trying to get 25 or more students to
learn at the same pace. Advanced students get bored and tune out, lagging ones get lost
and tune out, and pretty soon half the class is not paying attention. Since the rise of
personal computers in the 1980s, educators have hoped that technology could save the day
by offering lessons tailored to each child. Schools have spent millions of dollars on
sophisticated classroom technology, but the effort has been in vain. The one-to-one
instruction it requires is, after all, prohibitively expensive. What country can afford such a
luxury?

Khan never intended to overhaul the school curricula and he doesn't have a consistent,
comprehensive plan for doing so. Nevertheless, some of his fans believe that he has
stumbled onto the solution to education's middle-of-the-class mediocrity. Most notable
among them is Bill Gates, whose foundation has invested $1.5 million in Khan's site.
Students have pointed out that Khan is particularly good at explaining all the hidden, small
steps in math problems—steps that teachers often gloss over. He has an uncanny ability to
inhabit the mind of someone who doesn't already understand something.

However, not all educators are enamoured with Khan and his site. Gary Stager, a longtime
educational consultant and advocate of laptops in classrooms,, thinks Khan Academy is not
innovative at all. The videos and software modules, he contends, are just a high-tech
version of the outdated teaching techniques—lecturing and drilling. Schools have become
"joyless test-prep factories," he says, and Khan Academy caters to this dismal trend.

As Sylvia Martinez, president of an organization focusing on technology in the classroom,

puts it, "The things they're doing are really just rote." Flipping the classroom isn't an
entirely new idea, Martinez says, and she doubts that it would work for the majority of
pupils: "I'm sorry, but if they can't understand the lecture in a classroom, they're not going
to grasp it better when it's done through a video at home."

Another limitation of Khan's site is that the drilling software can only handle questions
where the answers are unambiguously right or wrong, like math or chemistry; Khan has
relatively few videos on messier, grey-area subjects like history. Khan and Gates admit
there is no easy way to automate the teaching of writing—even though it is just as critical
as math.

Even if Khan is truly liberating students to advance at their own pace, it is not clear that
schools will be able to cope. The very concept of grade levels implies groups of students
moving along together at an even pace. So what happens when, using Khan Academy, you

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wind up with a ten-year- old who has already mastered high-school physics? Khan's
programmer, Ben Kamens, has heard from teachers who have seen Khan Academy
presentations and loved the idea but wondered whether they could modify it "to stop
students from becoming this advanced."

Khan's success has injected him into the heated wars over school reform. Reformers today,
by and large, believe student success should be carefully tested, with teachers and
principals receiving better pay if their students advance more quickly. In essence, Khan
doesn't want to change the way institutions teach; he wants to change how people learn,
whether they're in a private school or a public school—or for that matter, whether they're a
student or an adult trying to self-educate in Ohio, Brazil, Russia, or India. One member of
Khan's staff is spearheading a drive to translate the videos into ten major languages. It's
classic start-up logic: do something novel, do it with speed, and the people who love it will
find you.

Questions 21-25

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

[Link] do you learn about the student in the first paragraph?

A. He has not used the maths software before.
B. He did not expect his answer to the problem to be correct.
C. He was not initially doing the right maths problem.
D. He did not immediately know how to solve the maths problem.
[Link] does the writer say about the content of the Khan Academy videos?
A. They have been produced in a professional manner.
B. They include a mix of verbal and visual features.
C. Some of the maths problems are too easy.
D. Some of the explanations are too brief.
[Link] does this reversal refer to in line 40?
A. going back to spending fewer hours in school
B. students being asked to explain answers to teachers
C. swapping the activities done in the class and at home
D. the sudden improvement in students’ maths performance
[Link] does the writer say about teaching to the ‘middle’ of the class?
A. Teachers become too concerned about weaker students.
B. Technology has not until now provided a solution to the problem.

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 C. Educators have been unwilling to deal with the issues.
D. Students in this category quickly become bored.
[Link] praise Khan’s videos because they
A. show the extent of his mathematical knowledge.
B. deal with a huge range of maths problems.
C. provide teaching at different ability levels.
D. cover details that are often omitted in class.

Questions 26-29

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in the reading passage?

[Link]'s first impressions of how she would use Khan Academy turned out to be
wrong.
A) True B) False C) Not Given
[Link] wished to completely change the way courses are taught in schools.
A) True B) False C) Not Given
[Link] grade levels are based on the idea of students progressing at different rates.
A) True B) False C) Not Given
[Link] principals have invited Khan into their schools to address students.
A) True B) False C) Not Given

Part 5

The History of Bicycles

The bicycle was not invented by one individual or in one country. It took nearly 100 years
and many individuals for the modern bicycle to be born. By the end of those 100 years,
bicycles had revolutionized the way people travel from place to place.

Bicycles first appeared in Scotland in the early 1800s, and were called velocipedes. These
early bicycles had two wheels, but they had no pedals. The rider sat on a pillow and walked
his feet along the ground to move his velocipede forward.

Soon a French inventor added pedals to the front wheel. Instead of walking their vehicles,
riders used their feet to run the pedals. However, pedaling was hard because velocipedes
were very heavy. The framework was made of solid steel tubes and the wooden wheels
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were covered with steel. Even so, velocipedes were popular among rich young men, who
raced them in Paris parks.

Because of the velocipedes were so hard to ride, no one thought about using them for
transportation. People didn’t ride velocipedes to the market or to their jobs. Instead,
people thought velocipedes were just toys.

Around 1870, American manufacturers saw that velocipedes were very popular overseas.
They began building velocipedes, too, but with one difference. They made the frameworks
from hollow steel tubes. This alteration made velocipedes much lighter, but riders still had
to work hard to pedal just a short distance. In addition, roads were bumpy so steering was
difficult. In fact, most riders preferred indoor tracks where they could rent a velocipede for
a small fee and take riding lessons.

Subsequent changes by British engineers altered the wheels to make pedaling more
efficient. They saw that when a rider turned the pedals once, the front wheel turned once.
If the front wheel was small, the bicycle traveled just a small distance with each turn. They
reasoned that if the front wheel were larger, the bicycle would travel a greater distance. So
they designed a bicycle with a giant front wheel. They made the rear wheel small. Its
primary purpose was to help the rider balance. Balancing was hard because the rider had to
sit high above the giant front wheel in order to reach the pedals.

This meant he was in danger of falling off the bicycle and injuring himself if he lost his
balance. Despite this inherent danger, “high wheelers” became very popular in England.

American manufacturers once again tried to design a better bicycle. Their goal was to make
a safer bicycle. They substituted a small wheel for the giant front wheel and put the driving
mechanism in a r larger rear to wheel. It would be impossible for a rider to pedal the rear
wheel, so engineers designed a system of foot levers. By pressing first the right one and
then the left, the rider moved a long metal bar up and down. This bar turned the rear axle1.
This axle turned the rear wheel and the bicycle minimized the dangers inherent in bicycle
riding, more and more people began using bicycles in their daily activities.

The British altered the design one last time. They made the two wheels equal in size and
created a mechanism that uses a chain to turn the rear wheel. With this final change, the
modern bicycle was born.

Subsequent improvements, such as brakes, rubber tires, and lights were added to make
bicycles more comfortable to ride. By 1900, bicycle riding had become very popular with

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men and women of all ages. Bicycles revolutionized the way people worldwide ride bicycles
for transportation, enjoyment, sport, and exercise.

Questions 30-35

Complete the sentences. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for
each answer.

In the invention of the bicycle took part not only one individual or the country, but the
world in general during the 30_____________ years. This invention was firstly found in
Scotland in the first decades of 1800, and was known as velocipedes. They were not
resembled to today’s bicycles and had two wheels, but they had no 31_____________. The
rider sat on a pillow and walked his feet along the ground in order to move his velocipede
forward. Soon, a French inventor added pedals to the front wheel. However, because of
their difficulty in riding, nobody used them in a daily life, and they were accepted
as 32_____________. Around 1870, manufacturers in America found that this invention
is popular 33_____________, but within the difference: frameworks were made
from 34_____________, what makes them much lighter. Soon, the British inventors found
the method which can make pedaling more efficient- to turn pedals one by one. They
designed a bicycle with a giant front wheel. However, as the rider had to sit high above the
giant front wheel it was too difficult to keep the balance. The safer bicycle was invented by
Americans. They designed the rear 35_____________, which minimized the danger of
falling and injuring. At last, the British changed the design one last time and added two
wheels equal in size and the mechanism that induce a chain to turn the rear wheel. By
this there was invented the example of the modern bicycle.

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 WRITING

TASK 1

You have heard that a developer plans to build a shopping centre near your home.

Write a letter to the council. In your letter

 say how you heard about the plan

 explain how you feel about it
 ask for more information about it

Model answer

Dear Sir or Madam,

I am a resident of Boundary Road and I have recently read in the local newspaper that a
shopping centre is going to be built near where I live.

This news was rather a surprise to me. I have been living in Boundary Road for five years
now and it has always been a very quiet street with very few tall buildings. I think a
construction like this will change the atmosphere of the area considerably and, like many
other residents I have spoken to, I am not at all happy about it.

I think people who live in the area have a right to know more about the plan before it goes
ahead, so I would like to request further details regarding the dates of the planned building
work and the size of the centre. Also, I sincerely hope you are planning to provide a car
park, as otherwise parking will become very difficult for everyone in the area.

I look forward to hearing from you.

Yours faithfully,
John Carlson

(175 words)

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 TASK 2

Women are better at childcare than men therefore they should focus more on raising
children and less on their working life.

To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?

Sample answer

Although the care of children has traditionally been the role of women, nowadays many
men have decided to stay at home to raise children while the woman in the family goes to
work. However, some people believe that women have a natural ability for childcare and
this role should be left to them. I disagree with this for the following reasons.

Firstly, both men and women have qualities which are important for bringing up and
educating children. These qualities are not specific to men or women, therefore both
genders are able to raise children successfully. By saying that childcare is a specific female
role, children will receive a message which portrays women as carers only. For example,
young girls who are taught to believe that the place of women is in the home may not try
hard in school subjects which are more male dominated, such as science.

Secondly, the role of women in the workplace has changed significantly in the last fifty
years. Many women now hold senior positions in many areas of employment. Women
contribute a range of skills to the workplace which are both valuable and important. In my
opinion, women should continue to focus on their careers and ensure that their daughters
are aware of the opportunities which are available to them in life. Men should also take on
some of the responsibility of childcare and teach their sons that this is a valuable role in
society for men as well as women.

In conclusion, it is important that men and women share childcare duties because both
genders have important qualities and skills. However, women and men should also be
allowed to focus on their careers and provide strong role models for children.

(287 words)

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 TEST 8

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 LISTENING TEST

Part 1

You will hear some sentences. Choose the best reply to each sentence.

A
1 B

2 B

3 B

4 B

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 A

5 B

6 B

7 B

8 B

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 Part 2

Listen and complete the gap with NO MORE THAN ONE WORD OR/AND A NUMBER for
each answer

HOT AIR BALLOON FLIGHTS

Children under 12 must be with an adult.
All passengers need to be 9_________________
Balloon flights are best when there are light winds, no 10_________________ and
a clear sky
Passengers need to wear outdoor clothes and 11_________________
Flights travel between 5 and 30 kilometers.
Passengers return to the airfield in a 12_________________
Flights are available from the month of 13_________________ each year.
For booking and information, phone 14_________________ or visit
[Link]

Part 3

You will hear five different people talking about hotels they have recently stayed in with
their children. For questions 15-19, choose from the list (A-F) what each speaker says.
Use the letters only once. There is one extra letter which you do not need to use.

A. Teenagers might not enjoy staying at this particular hotel.

B. The hotel was quite expensive.
[Link] 1____
C. A playground would have improved the facilities.
[Link] 2____
D. The hotel needed to know if you wanted your children to
[Link] 3____
eat early.
[Link] 4____
E. There was no swimming pool available in the hotel.
[Link] 5____
F. Children under ten were not allowed to stay at the hotel.

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 Part 4

Label the map below. Write the correct letter, A-H, next to Questions 19-23

22_______

23_______
21_______

20_______

19_______

A. biography
B. fiction
C. magazines
D. newspapers
E. non-fiction
F. photocopiers
G. reference books
H. study area

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 Part 5

You will hear three different extracts. For questions 24-29, choose the answer (A, В or C)
which fits best according to what you hear. There are two questions for each extract.

Extract One: You will hear two people talking about a problem at work.
[Link] is the man's problem?
A. Nobody will listen to his complaints at work.
B. There is friction between him and a colleague.
C. He's fallen out with his boss.
[Link] does the woman think?
A. He needs to approach the problem in a different way.
B. He has to accept that there will be problems in any office.
C. He is the main cause of all the office problems.

Extract Two: You will hear two people talking about how the woman got her job.

[Link] were Janet's expectations of the recruitment fair?

A. She was hoping to get some ideas for a career.
B. She was sure that someone would offer her a job in Public Relations.
C. She had incorrect preconceptions as to what she would gain from it.
[Link] did Paul gain from the recruitment fair?
A. He passed an interview there and got a job.
B. He impressed someone who then recommended him for a job.
C. He applied for several jobs there and was successful.

Extract Three: You will hear two people talking about the man's job as a prison officer.

[Link] does the man say about his job?

A. You need to have a degree to get a promotion.
B. If you want a promotion you will have to go into management.
C. it's a career that offers incentives for industrious people.
[Link] is the woman's opinion of the man?
A. He is both courageous and mad.
B. He must have a cruel side to him.
C. His desire to get a promotion is more important than anything else

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 Part 6

You will hear a woman talking about her job as a probation worker. For questions 30-35,
complete the sentences.

The Probation worker

Georgia grew up on a 30___________

Georgia didn't think she had enough31___________for a career in probation
work.
While studying for her degree, Georgia worked as a 32__________ in three
different places. Being able to work out which33__________is the most
urgent is an important skill.
While working face to face with an offender, you both have 34__________ to
deal with.
Georgia works in the prison, 35_____________ and her office.

154 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 READING TEST

Part 1

Read the text. Fill in each gap with ONE word. You must use a word which is somewhere
in the rest of the text.

A View on Entertainment in Britain

BRIAN CARTER, a student, is not happy with entertainment in Britain. "British audiences can
be interminably irritating with their frequently snobby, haughty and smug attitudes" It is
perhaps ironic that it should be possible to write about what is 1_____________ and
loathsome about entertainment in Britain; 2_____________ is supposed I to be diverting
and enjoyable but this is decidedly not always the case. Take the cinema... To see a film you
have either to go to one of the huge multiplexes that has sprung up on the outskirts of
towns over the last couple of years or to stick to the high street movie theatres which have
either remained unchanged and poorly maintained since Charlie Chaplin's heyday or are old
dance halls or bingo palaces converted to cinemas sometime around 1952 when orange
and brown were apparently considered the quickest route to tasteful interior decoration:
they are all ugly and dilapidated with moth-eaten, creaky and cramped seats. A visit to the
3_____________ is a little more enjoyable, because at least these cinemas usually have hot
dogs. The British seem not to have grasped the concept of what is and what is not
appropriate snack-food for the 4_____________. The whole point about popcorn is that it
doesn't crinkle in a wrapper and it doesn't crunch in your mouth. In Britain, though,
cinemas sell crisps and candy in plastic wrappings. British audiences can be interminably
irritating with their frequently snobby and 5_____________ attitudes. Worst of all are the
regulars of the Royal Shakespeare Company who derive immense pleasure from spotting —
or pretending to spot — the most intellectual of puns (plays on words) or witty quips. A
similar situation exists within 6_____________ television. On the one hand, the Briton
enjoys some of the best TV in the world. Soap-operas like Eastenders are vastly more
enjoyable and believable than their standard America equivalents because they
concentrate more on characters, acting and plot than on the immaculate hair styles of their
stars.

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 Part 2

The people below all want to go to a course. Decide which course would be the most
suitable for each person.

7. You are 18 and you want to do computer studies so that she can work in an office. You
would like to study in London but are worried about finding accommodation.
8. You are 19 and want to be a sports teacher. You are very good at sport, especially
running. You want to go to a college outside London.
9. You used to teach in a secondary school but now want to teach at primary level. You
want to do a part-time course in London.
[Link] work in the computer industry and want to go back to college for a year to do a
diploma in advanced computer studies. You live in London and want to study there.
[Link] want to do computer studies in London. You would like to do a full-time course
which includes some time working in industry. In your spare time he plays football.
[Link] want a course in Business Studies and English, starting in September. You would
prefer to be in a city, but want a college which will organise visits, so You can see
something of Britain.
[Link] want to attend classes for a few hours a week in July, so that you have plenty of free
time to visit the countryside. You want to stay in a city, with a family.
[Link] are looking for a full-time beginners' course and can come to Britain at any time.
You are keen on sport and want to stay with a family.

A. Lowton College situated in a pleasant area of the city close to the river. Convenient for
North Wales and the English Lake District. • Courses in English run all year. • Part-time
courses available in the evenings/days. • We will arrange accommodation with an
English family.
B. Kirby College has over fifty years' experience of teacher training. We offer both full-time
and part-time courses for all levels of teaching. Large college in lovely countryside, with
excellent sports facilities, especially for football and athletics. There is a new course this
year called 'Computers in the Classroom'.
C. Kemp College offers a wide range of both full-time and part-time diploma courses in arts
and science subjects, lasting from one to three years. The college is about two hours
away from London by train. It has a new library and good student accommodation.
Grants are available for students wanting to return to studying.

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D. Mackintosh College offers a range of courses from modern languages to computer
studies, in a quiet and pleasant part of London. All students are offered accommodation
in college flats and we have excellent sports facilities. Full-time and part-time courses of
either three or four years are available.
E. Pemberley College in central London offers full-time courses in science and computer
studies. Our four-year courses allow you to spend a term every year getting work
experience in different firms. There are good social and sports facilities. No college
accommodation is available at present.
F. Treeholme College. If you want to be a teacher, join one of our courses. Places are
available on our full-time courses in science and maths this October. Ours is a small
teacher training department in a large London college, so we can offer good facilities
such as a new computer centre.
G. Dene College was built in 1990 in an attractive part of north London. Spaces are still
available on our popular part-time course in primary teaching for teachers who want to
retrain. Beginning in October we will also have new four-year courses in law, economics,
mathematics and sports science.
H. Westgate College in south London has a range of courses, from maths and physics to
computer studies and sports science. We offer both lower and advanced diplomas. All
our courses are from one to three years in length and are particularly suitable for people
with some work experience.
I. Howe College the college is in the city centre, but near the North Yorkshire countryside
and the sea. • Classes run from September to June. • Part-time and full-time courses
from beginners to advanced (daytime only). • Full-time courses in English with Business
Studies. Trips arranged to places of interest. Help given in finding a flat or room in the
area.
J. Exford College Exford is beside the sea and surrounded by beautiful countryside.
Courses at all levels, September to June (full-time). Summer schools (mornings only)
during August. Full social programme including sports and hobby clubs provided by the
college. Students live in college rooms or with families.

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 Part 3

Read the text and choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings
below.

There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use all of them. You cannot use
any heading more than once.

List of headings
A. Grammar is corrected
B. New method of research
C. Technology learns from dictionaries
D. Non-verbal content
E. The first study of spoken language
F. Traditional lexicographical methods
G. Written English tells the truth
H. New phrases enter dictionary
I. A cooperative research project
J. Accurate word frequency counts
K. Alternative expressions provided

[Link] 1___
[Link] 2___
[Link] 3___
[Link] 4___
[Link] 5___
[Link] 6___

Spoken Corpus comes to life

1. The compiling of dictionaries has been historically the provenance of studious

professorial types - usually bespectacled - who love to pore over weighty tomes and
make pronouncements on the finer nuances of meaning. They were probably good at
crosswords and definitely knew a lot of words, but the image was always rather dry and

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 dusty. The latest technology, and simple technology at that, is revolutionising the
content of dictionaries and the way they are put together.
2. For the first time, dictionary publishers are incorporating real, spoken English into their
data. It gives lexicographers (people who write dictionaries) access to a more vibrant,
up-to-date vernacular language which has never really been studied before. In one
project, 150 volunteers each agreed to discreetly tie a Walkman recorder to their waist
and leave it running for anything up to two weeks. Every conversation they had was
recorded. When the data was collected, the length of tapes was 35 times the depth of
the Atlantic Ocean. Teams of audio typists transcribed the tapes to produce a
computerised database of ten million words.
3. This has been the basis - along with an existing written corpus - for the Language
Activator dictionary, described by lexicographer Professor Randolph Quirk as “the book
the world has been waiting for”. It shows advanced foreign learners of English how the
language is really used. In the dictionary, key words such as “eat” are followed by
related phrases such as “wolf down” or “be a picky eater”, allowing the student to
choose the appropriate phrase.
4. “This kind of research would be impossible without computers,” said Delia Summers, a
director of dictionaries. “It has transformed the way lexicographers work. If you look at
the word “like”, you may intuitively think that the first and most frequent meaning is the
verb, as in “I like swimming”. It is not. It is the preposition, as in: “she walked like a
duck”. Just because a word or phrase is used doesn’t mean it ends up in a dictionary.
The sifting out process is as vital as ever. But the database does allow lexicographers to
search for a word and find out how frequently it is used - something that could only be
guessed at intuitively before.
5. Researchers have found that written English works in a very different way to spoken
English. The phrase “say what you like” literally means “feel free to say anything you
want”, but in reality it is used, evidence shows, by someone to prevent the other person
voicing disagreement. The phrase “it”s a question of crops up on the database over and
over again. It has nothing to do with enquiry, but it’s one of the most frequent English
phrases which has never been in a language learner’s dictionary before: it is now.
6. The Spoken Corpus computer shows how inventive and humorous people are when they
are using language by twisting familiar phrases for effect. It also reveals the power of the
pauses and noises we use to play for time, convey emotion, doubt and irony.

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 Part 4

Read the following text for questions 21-29

The Earth and Space Foundation

The community that focuses its efforts on the exploration of space has largely been
different from the community focused on the study and protection of the Earth's
environment, despite the fact that both fields of interest involve what might be referred to
as "scientific exploration'. The reason for this dichotomous existence is chiefly historical.
The exploration of the Earth has been occurring over many centuries, and the institutions
created to do it are often very different from those founded in the second part of the 20th
century to explore space. This separation is also caused by the fact that space exploration
has attracted experts from mainly non-biological disciplines - primarily engineers and
physicists - but the study of Earth and its environment is a domain heavily populated by
biologists.

The separation between the two communities is often reflected in attitudes. In the
environmental community, it is not uncommon for space exploration to be regarded as a
waste of money, distracting governments from solving major environmental problems here
at home. In the space exploration community, it is not uncommon for environmentalists to
be regarded as introspective people who divert attention from the more expansive visions
of the exploration of space - the ‘new frontier’. These perceptions can also be negative in
consequence because the full potential of both communities can be realised better when
they work together to solve problems. For example, those involved in space exploration can
provide the satellites to monitor the Earth’s fragile environments, and environmentalists
can provide information on the survival of life in extreme environments.

In the sense that Earth and space exploration both stem from the same human drive to
understand our environment and our place within it, there is no reason for the split to exist.
A more accurate view of Earth and space exploration is to see them as a continuum of
exploration with many interconnected and mutually beneficial links. The Earth and Space
Foundation, a registered charity, was established for the purposes of fostering such links
through field research and by direct practical action.

Projects that have been supported by the Foundation include environmental projects using
technologies resulting from space exploration: satellite communications, GPS, remote
sensing, advanced materials and power sources. For example, in places where people are
faced with destruction of the forests on which their livelihood depends, rather than
rejecting economic progress and trying to save the forests on their intrinsic merit, another

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approach is to enhance the value of the forests - although these schemes must be carefully
assessed to be successful. In the past, the Foundation provided a grant to a group of
expeditions that used remote sensing to plan eco-tourism routes in the forests of
Guatemala, thus providing capital to the local communities through the tourist trade. This
novel approach is now making the protection of the forests a sensible economic decision.

The Foundation funds expeditions making astronomical observations from remote, difficult-
to-access Earth locations, archaeological field projects studying the development of early
civilisations that made significant contributions to astronomy and space sciences, and field
expeditions studying the way in which views of the astronomical environment shaped the
nature of past civilisations. A part of Syria - ‘the Fertile Crescent’ - was the birthplace of
astronomy, accountancy, animal domestication and many other fundamental
developments of human civilisation. The Foundation helped fund a large archaeology
project by the Society for Syrian Archaeology at the University of California, Los Angeles, in
collaboration with the Syrian government that used GPS and satellite imagery to locate
mounds, or ’tels’, containing artefacts and remnants of early civilisations. These collections
are being used to build a better picture of the nature of the civilisations that gave birth to
astronomy.

Field research also applies the Earth’s environmental and biological resources to the human
exploration and settlement of space. This may include the use of remote environments on
Earth, as well as physiological and psychological studies in harsh environments. In one
research project, the Foundation provided a grant to an international caving expedition to
study the psychology of explorers subjected to long-term isolation in caves in Mexico. The
psychometric tests on the cavers were used to enhance US astronaut selection criteria by
the NASA Johnson Space Center.

Space-like environments on Earth help us understand how to operate in the space

environment or help us characterise extraterrestrial environments for future scientific
research. In the Arctic, a 24-kilometrewide impact crater formed by an asteroid or comet 23
million years ago has become home tc a Mars- analogue programme. The Foundation
helped fund the NASA Haughton-Mars Project to use this crater to test communications
and exploration technologies in preparation for the human exploration of Mars. The crater,
which sits in high Arctic permafrost, provides an excellent replica of the physical processes
occurring on Mars, a permafrosted, impact-altered planet. Geologists and biologists can
work at the site to help understand how impact craters shape the geological characteristics
and possibly biological potential of Mars.

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In addition to its fieldwork and scientific activities. the Foundation has award programmes.
These include a series of awards for the future human exploration of Mars, a location with a
diverse set of exploration challenges. The awards will honour a number of ‘firsts’ on Mars
that include landing on the surface, undertaking an overland expedition to the Martian
South Pole, undertaking an overland expedition to the Martian North Pole, climbing
Olympus Mons, the highest mountain in the solar system, and descending to the bottom of
Valles Marineris, the deepest canyon on Mars. The Foundation will offer awards for
expeditions further out in the solar system once these Mars awards have been claimed.
Together, they demonstrate that the programme really has no boundary in what it could
eventually support, and they provide longevity for the objectives of the Foundation.

Questions 21-25

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the reading passage?

[Link] related to environmental protection and space exploration have a common

theme.
A) True B) False C) Not Given
[Link] is unclear why space exploration evolved in a different way from environmental
studies on Earth.
A) True B) False C) Not Given
[Link] tend to allocate more money to environmental projects than space
exploration.
A) True B) False C) Not Given
[Link], the environmental and space exploration communities have little to offer
each other in terms of resources.
A) True B) False C) Not Given
[Link] Earth and Space Foundation was set up later than it was originally intended.
A) True B) False C) Not Given

Questions 26-29

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

[Link] was the significance of the ’novel approach' adopted in the Guatemala project?
A. It minimised the need to protect the forests.
B. It reduced the impact of tourists on the forests.
C. It showed that preserving the forests can be profitable.

162 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 D. It gave the Foundation greater control over the forests.
[Link] and satellite imagery were used in the Syrian project to
A. help archaeologists find ancient items.
B. explore land that is hard to reach.
C. reduce the impact of archaeological activity.
D. evaluate some early astronomical theories.
[Link] of the purposes of the Foundation’s awards is to
A. attract non-scientists to its work.
B. establish priorities for Mars exploration.
C. offer financial incentives for space exploration.
D. establish the long-term continuity of its activities.
[Link] is the writer’s purpose in the passage?
A. to persuade people to support the Foundation
B. to explain the nature of the Foundation’s work
C. to show how views on the Foundation have changed
D. to reject earlier criticisms of the Foundation’s work

Part 5

Collecting as a hobby

Collecting must be one of the most varied of human activities, and it's one that many of us
psychologists find fascinating.

Many forms of collecting have been dignified with a technical name: an archtophilist
collects teddy bears, a philatelist collects postage stamps, and a deltiologist collects
postcards. Amassing hundreds or even thousands of postcards, chocolate wrappers or
whatever, takes time, energy and money that could surely to much more productive use.
And yet thereare millions of collectors around the world. Why do they do it?

There are the people who collect because they want to make money - this could be called
an instrumental reason for collecting; that is, collecting as a means to an end. They'll look
for, say, antiques that they can buy cheaply and expect to be able to sell at a profit. But
there may well be a psychological element, too - buying cheap and selling dear can give the
collector a sense of triumph. And as selling online is so easy, more and more people are
joining in.

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Many collectors collect to develop their social life, attending meetings of a group of
collectors and exchanging information on items. This is a variant on joining a bridge club or
a gym, and similarly brings them into contact with like-minded people. Another motive for
collecting is the desire to find something special, or a particular example of the collected
item, such as a rare early recording by a particular singer.

Some may spend their whole lives in a hunt for this. Psychologically, this can give a purpose
to a life that otherwise feels aimless. There is a danger, though, that if the individual is ever
lucky enough to find what they're looking for, rather than celebrating their success, they
may feel empty, now that the goal that drove them on has gone.

If you think about collecting postage stamps another potential reason for it - Or, perhaps, a
result of collecting is its educational value. Stamp collecting opens a window to other
countries, and to the plants, animals, or famous people shown on their stamps.

Similarly, in the 19th century, many collectors amassed fossils, animals and plants from
around the globe, and their collections provided a vast amount of information about the
natural world. Without those collections, our understanding would be greatly inferior to
what it is.

In the past - and nowadays, too, though to a lesser extent - a popular form of collecting,
particularly among boys and men, was trainspotting. This might involve trying to see every
locomotive of a particular type, using published data that identifies each one, and ticking
off each engine as it is seen. Trainspotters exchange information, these days often by
mobile phone, so they can work out where to go to, to see a particular engine. As a by-
product, many practitioners of the hobby become very knowledgeable about railway
operations, or the technical specifications of different engine types.

Similarly, people who collect dolls may go beyond simply enlarging their collection, and
develop an interest in the way that dolls are made, or the materials that are used. These
have changed over the centuries from the wood that was standard in 16th century Europe,
through the wax and porcelain of later centuries, to the plastics of today's dolls. Or
collectors might be inspired to study how dolls reflect notions of what children like, or
ought to like.

Not all collectors are interested in learning from their hobby, though, so what we might call
a psychological reason for collecting is the need for a sense of control, perhaps as a way of
dealing with insecurity. Stamp collectors, for instance, arrange their stamps in albums,
usually very neatly, organising their collection according to certain commonplace principles-

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perhaps by country in alphabetical order, or grouping stamps by what they depict -people,
birds, maps, and so on.

One reason, conscious or not, for what someone chooses to collect is to show the
collector's individualism. Someone who decides to collect something as unexpected as dog
collars, for instance, may be conveying their belief that they must be interesting
themselves. And believe it or not, there is at least one dog collar museum in existence, and
it grew out of a personal collection.

Of course, all hobbies give pleasure, but the common factor in collecting is usually passion:
pleasure is putting it far too mildly. More than most other hobbies, collecting can be totally
engrossing, and can give a strong sense of personal fulfilment. To non-collectors it may
appear an eccentric, if harmless, way of spending time, but potentially, collecting has a lot
going for it.

Questions 30-35

Complete the sentences below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each
answer.

[Link] writer mentions collecting ____________ as an example of collecting in order to

make money.
[Link] may get a feeling of ____________ from buying and selling items.
[Link]’ clubs provide opportunities to share____________
[Link]’ clubs offer ____________ with people who have similar interests.
[Link] sometimes involves a life-long ____________ for a special item.
[Link] for something particular may prevent people from feeling their life is
completely ____________

165 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 WRITING

TASK 1

You are renting a flat from an agency. Your contract was for one year but you need to
leave the flat two months early.

Write a letter to the agency. In your letter

 introduce yourself
 ask to leave the flat before the contract finishes
 explain why you need to break the contract.

Model answer

Dear Sir or Madam,

My name is John Nordstrom and I have been renting the flat on Parkway Boulevard from
you for the past six months. As I'm sure you are aware I have been a good tenant during
this period. I always pay my rent on time and look after the flat.

My rental agreement with you was for one year and the contract ends in January.
Unfortunately, I have just heard that I will need to leave the flat in November, which is, in
fact, two months early. The reason for this is that my manager has asked me to go back to
Germany earlier than planned and I am afraid this is beyond my control.

As I am now unable to stay here until the end of the contract, I would be extremely grateful
if you could release me from it early. I'm aware that this is not normally allowed but I hope
you can understand my situation and still return my deposit.

Yours faithfully,
John Nordstrom

(170 words)

166 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 TASK 2

Many people believe that formal “pen and paper” examinations are not the best method
of assessing educational achievement.

Discuss this view and give your own opinion.

Sample answer

Examinations are one of the most common methods of measuring learning in education
systems throughout the world. At virtually every stage of the learning process, exams are
used to verify that the learner is ready to move on to the next stage. However, many
people believe that the role of examinations should be reconsidered.

There are clearly certain advantages to exams. They help to ensure fairness by imposing the
same conditions on all exam candidates. They are also relatively versatile; different types of
exam questions, for example, multiple-choice questions and essay tasks, can test different
sorts of reasoning ability. However, exams also have clear drawbacks. Test-wise candidates
can often perform well on exams without having good underlying knowledge or skills. On
the other hand, some test-takers perform poorly in exams simply because of anxiety. Some
teachers and learners focus only on those aspects of the curriculum that are likely to be
tested, thus narrowing the educational experience for all.

A number of measures should be taken to address these concerns. Wherever possible,

exams should match the content and activities of the learning environment. Exam tasks
should be varied to give fair opportunities to candidates with different types of skills. Other
types of assessment should also be considered; assignment writing, for example, to assess
independent learning and research skills, or group projects, to measure teamwork ability.

Exams clearly have a role to play in ensuring proper, objective assessment of achievement.
However, exams need to be carefully designed and supplemented with other forms of
assessment if they are to be a truly useful component of the educational system.

(266 words)

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 TEST 9

168 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 LISTENING TEST

Part 1

You will hear some sentences. Choose the best reply to each sentence.

A
1 B

2 B

3 B

4 B

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 A

5 B

6 B

7 B

8 B

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 Part 2

Listen and complete the gap with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS OR/AND A NUMBER for
each answer

LONDON TAXIS AND PRIVATE HIRE VEHICLES

Methods of payment: 9________________, or with credit and debit cards
Where to stop a cab: in the 10________________, or at cab ranks
Tariff 2: Monday - Friday: 8 pm - 10 pm
11_____________&____________ 6 am - 10 pm
Tariff 3: every night: 10 pm - 6 am & on 12________________
Requirements: taxi drivers to complete a 13________________examination
Notice: Private hire vehicles must always be 14________________either at an
operator's office, or by phone

Part 3

You will hear five different cyclists talking about a long-distance race they took part in.
For questions 15-19, choose from the list (A-F) what each speaker says.
Use the letters only once. There is one extra letter which you do not need to use.

A. I started the race but then decided not to continue.

[Link] 1____
B. I had to change bicycles during the race.
[Link] 2____
C. I felt uncomfortable on my bicycle throughout the race.
[Link] 3____
D. I had done some serious physical training for the race.
[Link] 4____
E. I think the organizers of the race were inefficient.
[Link] 5____
F. I was satisfied with my performance in the race.

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 Part 4

Label the map below. Write the correct letter, A-E, next to Questions 19-23

[Link] Centre
[Link] Centre
[Link] Unit1
[Link] Office
[Link]

172 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 Part 5

You will hear three different extracts. For questions 24-29, choose the answer (A, В or C)
which fits best according to what you hear. There are two questions for each extract.

Extract One: You will hear part of a radio interview.

[Link] does Bob Aldridge do currently?
A. He's an executive.
B. He's a politician.
C. He's probably retired.
[Link] does Bob think about air travel?
A. lt can be justified but travellers should pay more tax.
B. Airports are big enough to cope with the number of air travellers.
C. Rail travel could eventually replace air travel.

Extract Two: You will hear two friends talking about a trip one of them went on.

[Link] does the woman feel about travelling alone?

A. She gets a thrill out of taking big risks abroad.
B. She believes that positive common sense keeps most people out of trouble.
C. She believes that being abroad is bound to be more dangerous than being at home.
[Link] the woman was in Thailand, she
A. thought her life was in danger.
B. was too interested in the coup to be frightened.
C. realised immediately that there was nothing to be afraid of.

Extract Three: You will hear two people talking about digital cameras.

[Link] does the woman want a new camera for?

A. To take holiday snaps to show her friends and family when she returns.
B. To take photographs to sell as cards in an art gallery.
C. To try to create an original impression of the countries she visits.
[Link] does the man say about digital cameras?
A. Compact cameras are convenient for the casual photographer.
B. More creative photography demands a film camera.
C. The bigger the camera, the better the quality of picture.

173 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 Part 6

You will hear a radio report about British people buying holiday homes abroad. For
questions 30-35, complete the sentences.

Brits head for foreign lands

There has been a 30__________ increase in the number of Brits with homes abroad.
31__________are inspiring people to buy homes abroad.
The main reason people are buying foreign homes is to live in a32__________
People can borrow easily now due to the33__________
Only a 34____________ of people buy a property in eastern Europe.
Bulgaria has some of the 35______________ property opportunities in Europe.

174 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 READING TEST

Part 1

Read the text. Fill in each gap with ONE word. You must use a word which is somewhere
in the rest of the text.

Have you ever wondered why people read? Why reading is one of the few things that has
consistently remained part of society for thousands of years? Even before
1_______________ became available to the general public, stories were told around
campfires, passed down from generation to generation.

First of all, 2_______________ are a good way to escape from your ordinary life, to get
immersed in another world, if only for a little time. While reading, you can imagine yourself
in different situations that range from unlikely to impossible, but in the moment that
doesn’t matter. Whether you’re suffering from depression or are just bored, reading is a
great distraction.

Similarly, another reason 3_______________are attracted to stories, is because they are

lonely, very often they feel as if they are the only ones in the world going through
something difficult. Identifying with a fictional character can make a big difference in
helping people understand that they are not alone.

Other people read because it can be a good way to relax. It can be very nice to sit down and
enjoy a good plot unfold, to watch the actions of fictional characters from the side, and to
see the consequences of these 4_______________, without having to bear any
responsibility.

Lastly, people read because it is the easiest 5_______________to gain knowledge in a

certain area. Instead of finding a teacher, you can just find a 6_______________, sit down,
and spend a few hours reading. This way you can study wherever you want, whenever you
want at your own pace.

There are countless books in the world, and whoever you are, whatever you’re feeling,
there is definitely a book out there, just waiting for you to discover it.

175 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 Part 2

The people below all want to visit to an interesting city. Decide which city would be the
most suitable for each person.

7. David enjoys walking but he has injured his knee and cannot climb up hills. He would like
to spend a couple of hours on a quiet walk with well-marked paths.
8. Luigi likes to get as much exercise as possible and particularly likes climbing steep hills to
get a good view. He wants to do a walk that is difficult and offers a range of scenery.
9. Yannis has two sons of 8 and 10. He would like to take them to see some animals in the
countryside. He wants to be able to buy some refreshments.
[Link] has had an operation and needs plenty of fresh air to help her recover. She
wants to find a short, quiet walk with a beautiful place to visit on the route.
[Link]'s grandparents are staying with her. They are very fit and enjoy walking. They
would like to visit some of the local villages and need a clearly-marked route so they
don't lose their way.
[Link], Kathy and their three children don't have much money, but they want a special
day out this Saturday. They must be back home by 9 p.m.
[Link] is a Dutch student who is studying in Scotland. She doesn't drive, but wants a day
trip to see some beautiful scenery and spend a little time by the sea.
[Link] and Robert want to enjoy some good food, but would also like to give their two
young children a day to remember. They don't mind if they spend a lot of money.

A. MARIE LIFE, FRANCE. The chance to experience the oceans of the world. Children will
love the observatory, with water all around them and enormous fish swimming above
their heads! Afterwards you eat at a world-famous local restaurant before boarding the
ferry at 9 p.m. Not cheap, but a great day out!
B. SEA PATH. This walk starts at the village of Nye Flats and the excellent signposts lead
you through local streets, fields and pretty neighbouring villages. Although it will take
you half a day, there are no hills at all. You can breathe the sea air and enjoy watching
traditional life in busy villages.
C. CUTTERS WAY. This walk can take anything from 30 minutes to two hours. It's not a
good walk for hill-lovers as the ground is completely flat, but it has good signposts and
simple facilities for the hungry or thirsty walker. A few places or things to see would
improve this walk, which can be a little dull.
D. PADDOCK WAY. This is really a short track across a working farm. There are plenty of
chickens and sheep to see, and the farmer has turned some of the buildings into an

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 educational centre with a café. Not a walk for those who like peace and quiet, but good
fun.
E. HURDLES. This is a route for the experienced walker. It crosses two rivers and includes
hills of up to 500 metres, from which you can see the sea. There are several rocky paths
that are unsuitable for children or older people and there are no shops so take plenty of
water.
F. NEVERLAND. This is a walk to take if you have a whole day to spare and want to escape
from other people. It follows a narrow track which is clearly marked and has different
routes for different types of walker. There are hills to climb but views are limited
because of thick forest.
G. FRENCH HYPERMARKET DAY TRIP. Whether you want to buy or just look, you'll love this
tour. The enormous Darney shopping centre is a shopper's dream! You will find a great
number of local goods on sale, and clothes and kitchen goods are excellent value. Free
children's entertainment all day. Leaves 10:00, back at 19:00.
H. GOLD-DIGGERS END. You won't find any gold on this peaceful walk, but you will find
plenty of other things to see including a lovely garden which is open to the public. It's a
half-hour walk with a couple of small cafés on the way.
I. A TASTE OF THE GOOD LIFE IN FRANCE. After a relaxing voyage, you visit a beautiful
area which is famous for its good things to eat. There you can enjoy some sightseeing
and choose from a number of wonderful restaurants. Sail back on the night crossing.
Sorry, adults only!
J. SEA AND MOUNTAINS IN NORTHERN IRELAND. Explore the Northern Ireland
countryside, including the amazing Mountains of Mourne and the small seaside holiday
town of Newcastle. The ferry leaves the port in Scotland at 7:30 and arrives back at
22:20. Transport in Northern Ireland is by air-conditioned coach.

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 Part 3

Read the text and choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings
below.

There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use all of them. You cannot use
any heading more than once.

List of headings
A. The controversy around the word “toxic”
B. Effects of different types of stress
C. How to protect children from toxic stress
D. An association of adverse experience with health problems and
unhealthy habits
E. Body’s reactions in response to the perceived harmful event
F. Signs of being under sustained stress
G. Negative impacts of toxic stress on children’s mental health

[Link] 1___
[Link] 2___
[Link] 3___
[Link] 4___
[Link] 5___
[Link] 6___

1. Our bodies are built to respond when under attack. When we sense danger, our brain
goes on alert, our heart rate goes up, and our organs flood with stress hormones like
cortisol and adrenaline. We breathe faster, taking in more oxygen, muscles tense, our
senses are sharpened and beads of sweat appear. This combination of reactions to
stress is also known as the "fight-or-flight" response because it evolved as a survival
mechanism, enabling people and other mammals to react quickly to life-threatening
situations. The carefully orchestrated yet near-instantaneous sequence of hormonal

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 changes and physiological responses helps someone to fight the threat off or flee to
safety. Unfortunately, the body can also overreact to stressors that are not life-
threatening, such as traffic jams, work pressure, and family difficulties.
2. That's all fine when we need to jump out of the way of a speeding bus, or when
someone is following us down a dark alley. In those cases, our stress is considered
"positive", because it is temporary and helps us survive. But our bodies sometimes react
in the same way to more mundane stressors, too. When a child faces constant and
unrelenting stress, from neglect, or abuse, or living in chaos, the response stays
activated, and may eventually derail normal development. This is what is known as
"toxic stress". The effects are not the same in every child, and can be buffered by the
support of a parent or caregiver, in which case the stress is considered "tolerable". But
toxic stress can have profound consequences, sometimes even spanning generations.
Figuring out how to address stressors before they change the brain and our immune and
cardiovascular systems is one of the biggest questions in the field of childhood
development today.
3. In 1998, two researchers, Vincent Felitti and Robert Anda, pioneered in publishing a
study demonstrating that people who had experienced abuse or household dysfunction
as children were more likely to have serious health problems, like cancer or liver
diseases, and unhealthy lifestyle habits, like drinking heavily or using drugs as adults.
This became known as the "ACE Study," short for "adverse childhood experiences."
Scientists have since linked more than a dozen forms of ACEs - including homelessness,
discrimination, and physical, mental, and sexual abuse - with a higher risk of poor health
in adulthood.
4. Every child reacts to stress differently, and some are naturally more resilient than
others. Nevertheless, the pathways that link adversity in childhood with health problems
in adulthood lead back to toxic stress. As Jenny Anderson, senior reporter at Quartz,
explains, "when a child lives with abuse, neglect, or is witness to violence, he or she is
primed for that fight or flight all the time. The burden of that stress, which is known as
'allostatic load or overload,' referring to the wear and tear that results from either too
much stress or from inefficient management of internal balance, eg, not turning off the
response when it is no longer needed, can damage small, developing brains and bodies.
A brain that thinks it is in constant danger has trouble organising itself, which can
manifest itself later as problems of paying attention, or sitting still, or following
instructions - all of which are needed for learning".
5. Toxic is a loaded word. Critics say the term is inherently judgmental and may appear to
blame parents for external social circumstances over which they have little control.
Others say it is often misused to describe the source of stress itself rather than the

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 biological process by which it could negatively affect some children. The term, writes
John Devaney, centenary chair of social work at the University of Edinburgh, "can
stigmatise individuals and imply traumatic happenings in the past".
Some paediatricians do not like the term because of how difficult it is to actually fix the
stressors their patients face, from poverty to racism. They feel it is too fatalistic to tell
families that their child is experiencing toxic stress, and there is little they can do about
it. But Nadine Burke Harris, surgeon general of California, argues that naming the
problem means we can dedicate resources to it so that paediatricians feel like they have
tools to treat "toxic stress".
6. The most effective prevention for toxic stress is to reduce the source of the stress. This
can be tricky, especially if the source of the stress is the child's own family. But parent
coaching, and connecting families with resources to help address the cause of their
stress (sufficient food, housing insecurity, or even the parent's own trauma), can help.
Another one is to ensure love and support from a parent or caregiver. Young children's
stress responses are more stable, even in difficult situations, when they are with an
adult they trust.
As Megan Gunnar, a child psychologist and head of the Institute of Child at the
University of Minnesota, said: "When the parent is present and relationship is secure,
basically the parent eats the stress: the kid cries, the parent comes, and it doesn't need
to kick in the big biological guns because the parent is the protective system". That is
why Havard's Center on the Developing Child recommends offering care to caregivers,
like mental health or addiction support, because when they are healthy and well, they
can better care for their children.

Part 4

Read the following text for questions 21-29

TITAN of technology

Gordon Moore is the scientific brain behind Intel, the world’s biggest maker of computer
chips. Both funny and self-deprecating, he’s a shrewd businessman too, but admits to being
an ‘accidental entrepreneur’, happier in the back room trading ideas with techies than out
selling the product or chatting up the stockholders. When he applied for a job at Dow

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Chemical after gaining his PhD, the company psychologist ruled that 1 was okay technically,
but that I’d never manage anything’. This year Intel is set to turn over $28 billion.

When Moore co-founded Intel (short for Integrated Electronics) to develop integrated
circuits thirty-five years ago, he provided the motive force in R&D (Research &
Development) while his more extrovert partner Robert Noyce became the public face of the
company. Intel’s ethos was distinctively Californian: laid- back, democratic, polo shirt and
chinos. Moore worked in a cubicle like everyone else, never had a designated parking space
and flew Economy. None of this implied lack of ambition. Moore and Noyce shared a vision,
recognising that success depended just as much on intellectual pizazz as on Intel’s ability to
deliver a product. Noyce himself received the first patent for an integrated circuit in 1961,
while both partners were learning the business of electronics at Fair child Semiconductor.

Fair child’s success put money in Moore and Noyce’s pockets, but they were starved of R&D
money. They resigned, frustrated, to found Intel in 1968. ‘It was one of those rare periods
when money was available,’ says Moore. They put in $250,000 each and drummed up
another $2.5m of venture capital ‘on the strength of a one-page business plan that said
essentially nothing’. Ownership was divided 50:50 between founders and backers. Three
years later, Intel’s first microprocessor was released: the 4004, carrying 2,250 transistors.
Progress after that was rapid. By the time the competition realised what was happening,
Intel had amassed a seven-year R&D lead that it was never to relinquish.

By the year 2000, Intel’s Pentium-4 chip was carrying 42 million transistors. ‘Now,’ says
Moore, ‘we put a quarter of a billion transistors on a chip and are looking forward to a
billion in the near future.’ The performance gains have been phenomenal. The 4004 ran at
108 kilohertz (108,000 hertz), the Pentium*4 at three gigahertz (3 billion hertz). It’s
calculated that if automobile speed had increased similarly over the same period, you could
now drive from New York to San Francisco in six seconds.

Moore’s prescience in forecasting this revolution is legendary. In 1965, while still head of
the R&D laboratory at Fair child, he wrote a piece for Electronics magazine observing ‘that
over the first few years we had essentially doubled the complexity of integrated circuits
every year. I blindly extrapolated for the next ten years and said we’d go from about 60 to
about 60,000 transistors on a chip. It proved a much more spot-on prediction than I could
ever have imagined, up until then, integrated circuits had been expensive and had had
principally military applications. But I could see that the economics were going to switch
dramatically. This was going to become the cheapest way to make electronics.’

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The prediction that a chip’s transistor-count – and thus its performance – would keep
doubling every year soon proved so accurate that Carver Mead, a friend from Caltech,
dubbed it ‘Moore’s Law’. The name has stuck. ‘Moore’s Law’ has become the yardstick by
which the exponential growth of the computer industry has been measured ever since.
When, in 1975, Moore looked around him again and saw transistor-counts slowing, he
predicted that in future chip-performance would double only every two years. But that
proved pessimistic. Actual growth since then has split the difference between his two
predictions, with performance doubling every 1 8 months.

And there’s a corollary, says Moore. ‘If the cost of a given amount of computer power drops
50 per cent every 1 8 months, each time that happens the market explodes with new
applications that hadn’t been economical before.’ He sees the microprocessor as ‘almost
infinitely elastic’. As prices fall, new applications keep emerging: smart light bulbs, flashing
trainers or greetings cards that sing ‘Happy Birthday’. Where will it all stop? Well, it’s true,
he says, ‘that in a few more generations [of chips], the fact that materials are made of
atoms starts to be a real problem. Essentially, you can’t make things any smaller.’ But in
practice, the day of reckoning is endlessly postponed as engineers find endlessly more
ingenious ways of loading more transistors on a chip. ‘I suspect I shared the feelings of
everybody else that when we got to the dimensions of a micron [about 1986Ị, we wouldn’t
be able to continue because we were touching the wavelength of light. But as we got
closer, the barriers just melted away,’

When conventional chips finally reach their limits, nanotechnology beckons. Researchers
are already working on sci-fi sounding alternatives such as molecular computers, built atom
by atom, that theoretically could process hundreds of thousands times more information
than today’s processors. Quantum computers using the state of electrons as the basis for
calculation could operate still faster. On any measure, there looks to be plenty of life left in
Moore’s Law yet.

Questions 21-23

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

[Link] do we learn about Gordon Moore’s personality in the first two paragraphs?
A. It has changed noticeably as his career has developed.
B. It was once considered unsuitable for the particular type of business he was in.
C. It made him more suited to producing things than to selling them.
D. It is less complicated than it may at first appear.

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[Link] do we learn about Intel when it was first established?
A. It was unlike any ocher company in its field at the time.
B. It combined a relaxed atmosphere with serious intent.
C. It attracted attention because of the unconventional way in which it was run.
D. It placed more emphasis on ingenuity than on any other aspect.
[Link] is stated about the setting up of Intel in the third paragraph?
A. It was primarily motivated by the existence of funds that made it possible.
B. It involved keeping certain sensitive information secret.
C. It resulted from the founders’ desire to launch a particular product.
D. It was caused by the founders’ dissatisfaction with their employer’s priorities.

Questions 24-28

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading -Passage?

[Link] soon came close to catching up with Intel’s progress.

A) True B) False C) Not Given
[Link]’s Pentium 4 chip was more successful than Moore had anticipated.
A) True B) False C) Not Given
[Link]’s prediction in 1975 was based on too little evidence.
A) True B) False C) Not Given
[Link] trainers are an example of Moore’s theory about the relationship between cost
and applications.
A) True B) False C) Not Given
[Link] has always been confident that problems concerning the sire of components will
be overcome.
A) True B) False C) Not Given

Part 5

Lost for words

In the Native American Navajo nation, which sprawls across four states in the American
south-west, the native language is dying. Most of its speakers are middle-aged or elderly
Although many students take classes in Navajo, the schools are run in English. Street signs,

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supermarket goods and even their own newspaper are all in English. Not surprisingly,
linguists doubt that any native speakers of Navajo will remain in a hundred years’ time.

Navajo is far from alone. Half the world’s 6,800 languages are likely to vanish within two
generations - that’s one language lost every ten days. Never before has the planet’s
linguistic diversity shrunk at such a pace. At the moment, we are heading for about three or
four languages dominating the world,’ says Mark Pagel, an evolutionary biologist at the
University of Reading. ‘It’s a mass extinction, and whether we will ever rebound from the
loss is difficult to know.’

Isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languages
spoken by only a few people. Only 250 languages have more than a million speakers, and at
least 3,000 have fewer than 2,500. It is not necessarily these small languages that are about
to disappear. Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 speakers. What
makes a language endangered is not just the number of speakers, but how old they are. If it
is spoken by children it is relatively safe. The critically endangered languages are those that
are only spoken by the elderly, according to Michael Krauss, director of the Alassk Native
Language Center, in Fairbanks.

Why do people reject the language of their parents? It begins with a crisis of confidence,
when a small community finds itself alongside a larger, wealthier society, says Nicholas
Ostler, of Britain’s Foundation for Endangered Languages, in Bath. ‘People lose faith in their
culture,’ he says. ‘When the next generation reaches their teens, they might not want to be
induced into the old traditions.’

The change is not always voluntary. Quite often, governments try to kill off a minority
language by banning its use in public or discouraging its use in schools, all to promote
national unity.

The former US policy of running Indian reservation schools in English, for example,
effectively put languages such as Navajo on the danger list. But Salikoko Mufwene, who
chairs the Linguistics department at the University of Chicago, argues that the deadliest
weapon is not government policy but economic globalisation. ‘Native Americans have not
lost pride in their language, but they have had to adapt to socio-economic pressures,’ he
says. ‘They cannot refuse to speak English if most commercial activity is in English.’ But are
languages worth saving? At the very least, there is a loss of data for the study of languages
and their evolution, which relies on comparisons between languages, both living and dead.
When an unwritten and unrecorded language disappears, it is lost to science.

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Language is also intimately bound up with culture, so it may be difficult to preserve one
without the other. ‘If a person shifts from Navajo to English, they lose something,’
Mufwene says. ‘Moreover, the loss of diversity may also deprive us of different ways of
looking at the world,’ says Pagel. There is mounting evidence that learning a language
produces physiological changes in the brain. ‘Your brain and mine are different from the
brain of someone who speaks French, for instance,’ Pagel says, and this could affect our
thoughts and perceptions. ‘The patterns and connections we make among various concepts
may be structured by the linguistic habits of our community.’

So despite linguists’ best efforts, many languages will disappear over the next century. But
a growing interest in cultural identity may prevent the direst predictions from coming true.
‘The key to fostering diversity is for people to learn their ancestral tongue, as well as the
dominant language,’ says Doug Whalen, founder and president of the Endangered
Language Fund in New Haven, Connecticut. ‘Most of these languages will not survive
without a large degree of bilingualism,’ he says. In New Zealand, classes for children have
slowed the erosion of Maori and rekindled interest in the language. A similar approach in
Hawaii has produced about 8,000 new speakers of Polynesian languages in the past few
years. In California, ‘apprentice’ programmes have provided life support to several
indigenous languages. Volunteer ‘apprentices’ pair up with one of the last living speakers of
a Native American tongue to learn a traditional skill such as basket weaving, with
instruction exclusively in the endangered language. After about 300 hours of training they
are generally sufficiently fluent to transmit the language to the next generation. But
Mufwene says that preventing a language dying out is not the same as giving it new life by
using it every day. ‘Preserving a language is more like preserving fruits in a jar,’ he says.

However, preservation can bring a language back from the dead. There are examples of
languages that have survived in written form and then been revived by later generations.
But a written form is essential for this, so the mere possibility of revival has led many
speakers of endangered languages to develop systems of writing where none existed
before.

Questions 29-32

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

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 There are currently approximately 6,800 languages in the world. This great variety of
languages came about largely as a result of geographical 29______________. But in today’s
world, factors such as government initiatives and 30______________ are contributing to a
huge decrease in the number of languages. One factor which may help to ensure that some
endangered languages do not die out completely is people’s increasing appreciation of
their 31______________. This has been encouraged through programmes of language
classes for children and through ‘apprentice’ schemes, in which the endangered language is
used as the medium of instruction to teach people a 32______________. Some speakers of
endangered languages have even produced writing systems in order to help secure the
survival of their mother tongue.

Questions 33-35

Look at the following statements (Questions 33-35) and the list of people in the box
below.

Match each statement with the correct person A-E.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

A Michael Krauss

B Salikoko Mufwene

C Nicholas Ostler

D Mark Pagel

E Doug Whalen

[Link] languages cannot be saved unless people learn to speak more than one
language.
[Link] languages from extinction is not in itself a satisfactory goal.
[Link] way we think may be determined by our language.

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You are due to start a new job next week but you will not be able to because you have
some problems.
Write a letter to your new employer. In your letter:

• explain your situation

• describe your problems
• tell him/her when you think you can start.

Dear Ms Barnes,

I am writing concerning the position of Assistant Office Manager that I am due to begin next
Monday. However, a problem has arisen.

As you know, I currently work for my uncle’s food-packing business, and you will remember
from my interview that I have gained valuable experience there.
Unfortunately, he has had to go into hospital for an operation, leaving my aunt in charge of
both the home and the business. She has asked me, as this is a particularly
busy time of year, to stay on and help her with the running of the office.

I realise this will be inconvenient to you, but very much hope that, given the circumstances,
you would be prepared to allow me to take up my position with you two
weeks later than planned.

I would like to emphasise that I remain very keen to work with you, and that I will be
gaining further useful experience during this time.

I look forward to hearing from you.

Yours sincerely,

John Forbes

187 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

Going overseas for university study is an exciting prospect for many people. But while it
may offer some advantages, it is probably better to stay home because of the difficulties
a student inevitably encounters living and studying in a different culture.

To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?

model answer:

There is no doubt that going to study in a foreign country, with its different language and
culture, can be a frustrating and sometimes painful experience. But while overseas study
has its drawbacks, the difficulties are far outweighed by the advantages. Indeed, people
who go abroad for study open themselves up to experiences that those who stay at home
will never have.

The most obvious advantage to overseas university study is real-life use of a different
language. While a person can study a foreign language in his or her own country, it cannot
compare with constant use of the language in academic and everyday life. There is no
better opportunity to improve second-language skills than living in the country in which it is
spoken. Moreover, having used the language during one's studies offers a distinct
advantage when one is applying for jobs back home that require the language.

On a university campus, the foreign student is not alone in having come from far away. He
or she will likely encounter many others from overseas and it is possible to make friends
from all around the world. This is not only exciting on a social level, but could lead to
important overseas contacts in later professional life.

Finally, living and studying abroad offers one a new and different perspective of the world
and, perhaps most important, of one's own country. Once beyond the initial shock of being
in a new culture, the student slowly begins to get a meaningful understanding of the host
society. On returning home, one inevitably sees one's own country in a new, often more
appreciative, light.

In conclusion, while any anxiety about going overseas for university study is certainly
understandable, it is important to remember that the benefits offered by the experience
make it well worthwhile.

188 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 TEST 10

189 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 LISTENING TEST

Part 1

You will hear some sentences. Choose the best reply to each sentence.

A
1 B

2 B

3 B

4 B

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 A

5 B

6 B

7 B

8 B

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 Part 2

You will hear a man called Tobias who makes toys out of wood, talking about his work.
Listen and complete the gap with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS OR/AND A NUMBER for
each answer

A man who makes wooden toys

Before Tobias started making wooden toys, he had a job as a 9______________
The first thing that Tobias made was a 10______________
On a toy-making course, Tobias enjoyed learning to make a 11______________
Tobias plans to get a 12______________soon.
The address of Tobias' website is www.13______________.com.

Part 3

You will hear five short extracts in which people are talking about camping trips.
For questions 14-18, choose from the list (A-H) what opinion each speaker gives about the
camping trip they went on. Use the letters only once. There is one extra letter which you
do not need to use.

A. It was more comfortable than I had thought.

B. It made me want to go camping again.
[Link] 1____
C. It bought the family closer together.
[Link] 2____
D. It was easy for me to choose a good camp-site.
[Link] 3____
E. It cost less than my usual holidays.
[Link] 4____
F. It made me feel healthier.
[Link] 5____
G. It brought back happy memories.
H. It was a great way for me to relax.

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 Part 4

Label the map below. Write the correct letter, A-H, next to Questions 19-23

[Link] ___
[Link]. Green’s Room ___
[Link] Records Office ___
[Link] Room ___
[Link]’s Office ___

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 Part 5

You will hear three different extracts. For questions 24-29, choose the answer (A, В or C)
which fits best according to what you hear. There are two questions for each extract.

Extract One: You will hear two people talking about their grandparents.
[Link] kind of character is the man's grandfather?
A. unsociable
B. quiet but friendly
C. moody but lively
[Link] did the woman's grandparents use to do?
A. try to upset the children by exhausting them
B. get very tired when the children stayed with them
C. laugh because the children weren't as fit as they were

Extract Two: You will hear two people talking about their childhood.

[Link] is the relationship between the speakers?

A. school friends
B. mother and son
C. siblings
[Link] learn that
A. the man is more highly qualified than the woman.
B. the woman failed her degree.
C. the man failed all his school exams.

Extract Three: You will hear two people talking about their partners.

[Link]
A. is engaged.
B. is married.
C. will probably get a divorce.
[Link] thinks
A. Brian needs to make a decision soon.
B. Jenny needs to be more positive.
C. they should change their careers to make time for each other.

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 Part 6

You will hear a woman, called Estelle Tinios, giving a talk to students about her job as a
pharmacist. For questions 1-8, complete the sentences with a word or short phrase.

WORKING AS A PHARMACIST

Estelle chose to study 30_____________ for her undergraduate degree.

She recommends working part time as a 31_____________ in order to
make contacts.
She explains that she learnt a great deal from the 32_____________ she
did during her postgraduate studies.
She was surprised to find out how important 33_____________ skills are
for a pharmacist.
She suggests that pharmacists who have some 34_____________ in their
schedule are more likely to find a job.
She worked in research and development, where she was involved in the
35_____________ of medications.

195 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 READING TEST

Part 1

Read the text. Fill in each gap with ONE word. You must use a word which is somewhere
in the rest of the text.
The Joy of Reading

Have you ever wondered why people read? Why reading is one of the few things that has
consistently remained part of society for thousands of years? Even before
1_______________ became available to the general public, stories were told around
campfires, passed down from generation to generation.

First of all, 2_______________ are a good way to escape from your ordinary life, to get
immersed in another world, if only for a little time. While reading, you can imagine yourself
in different situations that range from unlikely to impossible, but in the moment that
doesn’t matter. Whether you’re suffering from depression or are just bored, reading is a
great distraction.

Similarly, another reason 3_______________are attracted to stories, is because they are

lonely, very often they feel as if they are the only ones in the world going through
something difficult. Identifying with a fictional character can make a big difference in
helping people understand that they are not alone.

Other people read because it can be a good way to relax. It can be very nice to sit down and
enjoy a good plot unfold, to watch the actions of fictional characters from the side, and to
see the consequences of these 4_______________, without having to bear any
responsibility.

Lastly, people read because it is the easiest 5_______________to gain knowledge in a

certain area. Instead of finding a teacher, you can just find a 6_______________, sit down,
and spend a few hours reading. This way you can study wherever you want, whenever you
want at your own pace.

There are countless books in the world, and whoever you are, whatever you’re feeling,
there is definitely a book out there, just waiting for you to discover it.

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 Part 2

The people below all want to visit to an interesting city. Decide which city would be the
most suitable for each person.

7. You want to rent a flat as soon as possible. You would prefer a quiet part of town with
views over gardens and water.
8. You would like to rent a small home near the centre of town with somewhere safe to
keep your car. You have only a little time to do the gardening.
9. You have four children. You want to buy a house in the countryside which is big enough
for each child to have their own room. The children enjoy playing outdoors.
[Link] are a lawyer who works mainly in London. You are hoping to buy a home in the
country where you can work sometimes. You need to be able to catch a train to London
easily.
[Link] have always lived in town, but as your two teenage daughters love riding they now
want to buy a house in the country. They need enough space to have two horses.
[Link] want to buy locally-produced food traditional to the area. You need somewhere
convenient to eat, and as you are sightseeing in the city, the market shouldn't be far
from local attractions.
[Link] want a market where you can get something to wear at reasonable prices and
something hot to eat. You are also keen on music, and like finding rare recordings by
different bands.
[Link] want to visit a market after spending the day in the city. You would like to
photograph a historic place, and buy a painting by someone unknown.

A. Tidmarsh. This six-bedroom, nineteenth-century house, just outside the village of

Tidmarsh, is a very pleasant family home with two sitting rooms and a dining room.
There is a garage and a garden with a swimming pool. Quick sale wanted.
B. Brettisham. This elegant one-bedroom house near the river consists of an unusually
large living room, bright kitchen and bathroom. It has gas central heating, a small garden
which is easy to look after, and a garage. Reasonable monthly rent for a town centre
property.
C. Lower Farleigh. For sale: this newly-built one-bedroom town house has a large lounge,
kitchen, bathroom, garage and a private garden at the back that needs some work. It is

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 very close to the shopping centre and within five minutes' walk of the bus station with
connections to London and Birmingham.
D. Corbridge. A lovely, furnished apartment away from the noise of the city centre, with a
balcony looking down on beautiful lawns, flowers and, beyond them, the River Thames.
The accommodation includes two bedrooms, a living room and a kitchen/dining
[Link] may be parked in the road. Available to rent immediately.
E. Diton. A beautiful small cottage for sale in a pretty village with lovely views over farms
and hills. The accommodation includes two bedrooms, kitchen, living room and
study/office. Enjoy the quiet of the countryside and still benefit from good connections
with all major cities as the railway station is very close.
F. Winchcombe. For sale: an interesting old country farmhouse with two reception rooms,
comfortable kitchen and three bedrooms. Next to the house there are some old
buildings which could be used to store equipment or keep animals, and a field which
could be turned into a garden with tennis court or swimming pool.
G. Saxford.A spacious new two-bedroom apartment will become available for rent when
the owner moves abroad in three months' time. It has views of the park and canal
although it is only one street away from the main shopping area. No private parking
facilities are included but there is usually space to park in the street outside.
H. Beckington. For immediate rent: an attractive, large nineteenth-century town house
with ten bedrooms. At the end of the garden, there is an old building, originally used for
horses, which could be used as a garage or turned into office accommodation.
I. Purford Market. Close to museums and art galleries, this is the place to buy something
for lunch, as well as fresh fruit and special breads. Try the region's famous cheese - the
producers are there with advice on different types. Eat on the seats situated around the
market, watching the colourful scene and enjoying music from local bands.
J. Rose Hill. Our market's in an amazing building that's hundreds of years old. Visitors find
our late-night opening hours convenient, and there are always performers entertaining
the crowds. We've recently opened more stalls specializing in pictures both from well-
known artists and also those beginning their careers
K. Teddingley. Situated under historic city walls, in this busy market you'll find a huge
selection of great value new and second-hand clothes. There are also stalls offering
unusual albums by international singers, often hard to find in shops. Our world-food
area allows you to taste food from abroad, cooked in front of you by international chefs.
L. Frome Place. Stalls open during normal daytime shopping hours so, depending on the
weather, there's plenty to entertain you the whole day. Try our sandwich bar if you're
hungry, and look for an old copy of something by a favourite author. We also have gifts
from all over the world.

198 [Link]/Abdusalim_Shavkatov_2 | tel: (94) 165 48 58

 Part 3

Read the text and choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings
below.

There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use all of them. You cannot use
any heading more than once.

List of headings

A. overview of the benefits for application of E-training

B. IBM’s successful choice of training
C. Future directions and a new style of teaching
D. learners’ achievement and advanced teaching materials
E. limitations when E-training compares with traditional class
F. multimedia over the Internet can be a solution
G. technology can be a huge financial burden
H. the distance learners outperformed the traditional university
learners worldwide
I. other advantages besides economic consideration
J. Training offered to help people learn using computers

[Link] 1___
[Link] 2___
[Link] 3___
[Link] 4___
[Link] 5___
[Link] 6___

E-training

1. E-learning is the unifying term to describe the fields of online learning, web-based
training, and technology-delivered instruction, which can be a great benefit to corporate
e-learning. IBM, for instance, claims that the institution of its e-training program, Basic
Blue, whose purpose is to train new managers, saved the company in the range of $200

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 million in 1999. Cutting the travel expenses required to bring employees and instructors
to a central classroom account for the lion’s share of the savings. With an online course,
employees can learn from any Internet-connected PC, anywhere in the world. Ernst and
Young reduced training costs by 35 percent while improving consistency and scalability.
2. In addition to generally positive economic benefits, other advantages such as
convenience, standardized delivery, self-paced learning, and a variety of available
content, have made e-learning a high priority for many corporations. E-learning is widely
believed to offer flexible “any time, any place” learning. The claim for “any place” is valid
in principle and is a great development. Many people can engage with rich learning
materials that simply were not possible in a paper of broadcast distance learning era.
For teaching specific information and skills, e-training holds great promise. It can be
especially effective at helping employees prepare for IT certification programs. E-
learning also seems to effectively address topics such as sexual harassment education’,
safety training and management training – all areas where a clear set of objectives can
be identified. Ultimately, training experts recommend a “blended” approach that
combines both online and in-person training as the instruction requires. E-learning is not
an end-all solution. But if it helps decrease costs and windowless classrooms filled with
snoring students, it definitely has its advantages.
3. Much of the discussion about implementing e-learning has focused on the technology,
but as Driscoll and others have reminded us, e-learning is not just about the technology,
but also many human factors. As any capable manager knows, teaching employees new
skills is critical to a smoothly run business. Having said that, however, the traditional
route of classroom instruction runs the risk of being expensive, slow and, oftentimes,
ineffective. Perhaps the classroom’s greatest disadvantage is the fact that it takes
employees out of their jobs. Every minute an employee is sitting in a classroom training
session is a minute they’re not out on the floor working. It now looks as if there is a way
to circumvent these traditional training drawbacks. E-training promises more effective
teaching techniques by integrating audio, video, animation, text and interactive
materials with the intent of teaching each student at his or her own pace. In addition to
higher performance results, there are other immediate benefits to students such as
increased time on task, higher levels of motivation, and reduced test anxiety for many
learners.
4. On the other hand, nobody said E-training technology would be cheap. E-training service
providers, on the average, charge from $10,000 to $60,000 to develop one hour of
online instruction. This price varies depending on the complexity of the training topic
and the media used. HTML pages are a little cheaper to develop while streaming-video
presentations or flash animations cost more. Course content is just the starting place for

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 the cost. A complete e-learning solution also includes the technology platform (the
computers, applications and network connections that are used to deliver the courses).
This technology platform, known as a learning management system (LMS), can either be
installed onsite or outsourced. Add to that cost the necessary investments in network
bandwidth to deliver multimedia courses, and you’re left holding one heck of a bill. For
the LMS infrastructure and a dozen or so online courses, costs can top $500,000 in the
first year. These kinds of costs mean that custom e-training is, for the time being, an
option only for large organizations. For those companies that have a large enough staff,
the e-training concept pays for itself. Aware of this fact, large companies are investing
heavily in online training. Today, over half of the 400-plus courses that Rockwell Collins
offers are delivered instantly to its clients in an e-learning format, a change that has
reduced its annual training costs by 40%. Many other success stories exist.
5. E-learning isn’t expected to replace the classroom entirely. For one thing, bandwidth
limitations are still an issue in presenting multimedia over the Internet. Furthermore, e-
training isn’t suited to every mode of instruction or topic. For instance, it’s rather
ineffective imparting cultural values or building teams. If your company has a unique
corporate culture is would be difficult to convey that to first-time employees through a
computer monitor. Group training sessions are more ideal for these purposes. In
addition, there is a perceived loss of research time because of the work involved in
developing and teaching online classes. Professor Wallin estimated that it required
between 500 and 1,000 person-hours, that is, Wallin-hours, to keep the course at the
appropriate level of currency and usefulness. (Distance learning instructors often need
technical skills, no matter how advanced the courseware system.) That amounts to
between a quarter and half of a person-year. Finally, teaching materials require
computer literacy and access to equipment. Any e-Learning system involves basic
equipment and a minimum level of computer knowledge in order to perform the tasks
required by the system. A student that does not possess these skills, or have access to
these tools, cannot succeed in an e-Learning program.
6. While few people debate the obvious advantages of e-learning, systematic research is
needed to confirm that learners are actually acquiring and using the skills that are being
taught online, and that e-learning is the best way to achieve the outcomes in a
corporate environment. Nowadays, a go-between style of Blended learning, which refers
to a mixing of different learning environments, is gaining popularity. It combines
traditional face-to-face classroom methods with more modern computer-mediated
activities. According to its proponents, the strategy creates a more integrated approach
for both instructors and learners. Formerly, technology-based materials played a

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 supporting role in face-to-face instruction. Through a blended learning approach,
technology will be more important.

Part 4

Read the following text for questions 21-29

The Great Australian Fence

A war has been going on for almost a hundred years between the sheep farmers of
Australia and the dingo, Australia’s wild dog. To protect their livelihood, the farmers built a
wire fence, 3,307 miles of continuous wire mesh, reaching from the coast of South Australia
all the way to the cotton fields of eastern Queensland, just short of the Pacific Ocean.

The Fence is Australia’s version of the Great Wall of China, but even longer, erected to keep
out hostile invaders, in this case hordes of yellow dogs. The empire it preserves is that of
the woolgrowers, sovereigns of the world’s second largest sheep flock, after China’s - some
123 million head - and keepers of a wool export business worth four billion dollars. Never
mind that more and more people - conservationists, politicians, taxpayers and animal lovers
- say that such a barrier would never be allowed today on ecological grounds. With sections
of it almost a hundred years old, the dog fence has become, as conservationist Lindsay
Fairweather ruefully admits, ‘an icon of Australian frontier ingenuity’.

To appreciate this unusual outback monument and to meet the people whose livelihoods
depend on it, I spent part of an Australian autumn travelling the wire. It’s known by
different names in different states: the Dog Fence in South Australia, the Border Fence in
New South Wales and the Barrier Fence in Queensland. I would call it simply the Fence.

For most of its prodigious length, this epic fence winds like a river across a landscape that,
unless a big rain has fallen, scarcely has rivers. The eccentric route, prescribed mostly by
property lines, provides a sampler of outback topography: the Fence goes over sand dunes,
past salt lakes, up and down rock-strewn hills, through dense scrub and across barren
plains.

The Fence stays away from towns. Where it passes near a town, it has actually become a
tourist attraction visited on bus tours. It marks the traditional dividing line between cattle
and sheep. Inside, where the dingoes are legally classified as vermin, they are shot,

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poisoned and trapped. Sheep and dingoes do not mix and the Fence sends that message
mile after mile.

What is this creature that by itself threatens an entire industry, inflicting several millions of
dollars of damage a year despite the presence of the world’s most obsessive fence? Cousin
to the coyote and the jackal, descended from the Asian wolf, Cam's lupus dingo is an
introduced species of wild dog. Skeletal remains indicate that the dingo was introduced to
Australia more than 3,500 years ago probably with Asian seafarers who landed on the north
coast. The adaptable dingo spread rapidly and in a short time became the top predator,
killing off all its marsupial competitors. The dingo looks like a small wolf with a long nose,
short pointed ears and a bushy tail. Dingoes rarely bark; they yelp and howl. Standing about
22 inches at the shoulder - slightly taller than a coyote - the dingo is Australia’s largest land
carnivore.

The woolgrowers’ war against dingoes, which is similar to the sheep ranchers’ rage against
coyotes in the US, started not long after the first European settlers disembarked in 1788,
bringing with them a cargo of sheep. Dingoes officially became outlaws in 1830 when
governments placed a bounty on their heads. Today bounties for problem dogs killing
sheep inside the Fence can reach $500. As pioneers penetrated the interior with their flocks
of sheep, fences replaced shepherds until, by the end of the 19th century, thousands of
miles of barrier fencing crisscrossed the vast grazing lands.

The dingo started out as a quiet observer,’ writes Roland Breckwoldt, in A Very Elegant
Animal: The Dingo, ‘but soon came to represent everything that was dark and dangerous on
the continent.’ It is estimated that since sheep arrived in Australia, dingo numbers have
increased a hundredfold. Though dingoes have been eradicated from parts of Australia, an
educated guess puts the population at more than a million.

Eventually government officials and graziers agreed that one well-maintained fence, placed
on the outer rim of sheep country and paid for by taxes levied on woolgrowers, should
supplant the maze of private netting. By 1960, three states joined their barriers to form a
single dog fence.

The intense private battles between woolgrowers and dingoes have usually served to
define the Fence only in economic terms. It marks the difference between profit and loss.
Yet the Fence casts a much broader ecological shadow for it has become a kind of
terrestrial dam, deflecting the flow of animals inside and out. The ecological side effects
appear most vividly at Sturt National Park. In 1845, explorer Charles Sturt led an expedition
through these parts on a futile search for an inland sea. For Sturt and other early explorers,

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it was a rare event to see a kangaroo. Now they are ubiquitous for without a native
predator the kangaroo population has exploded inside the Fence. Kangaroos are now
cursed more than dingoes. They have become the rivals of sheep, competing for water and
grass. In response state governments cull* more than three million kangaroos a year to
keep Australia’s national symbol from overrunning the pastoral lands. Park officials, who
recognise that the fence is to blame, respond to the excess of kangaroos by saying The
fence is there, and we have to live with it.

Questions 21-24

Choose the appropriate letters A-D.

[Link] was the fence built?

A. to separate the sheep from the cattle
B. to stop the dingoes from being slaughtered by farmers
C. to act as a boundary between properties
D. to protect the Australian wool industry
[Link] what point do the conservationists and politicians agree?
A. Wool exports are vital to the economy.
B. The fence poses a threat to the environment.
C. The fence acts as a useful frontier between states.
D. The number of dogs needs to be reduced.
[Link] did the author visit Australia?
A. to study Australian farming methods
B. to investigate how the fence was constructed
C. because he was interested in life around the fence
D. because he wanted to learn more about the wool industry
[Link] does the author feel about the fence?
A. impressed
B. delighted
C. shocked
D. annoyed

Questions 25-29

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?

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[Link] fence serves a different purpose in each state.
A) True B) False C) Not Given
[Link] fence is only partially successful.
A) True B) False C) Not Given
[Link] dingo is indigenous to Australia.
A) True B) False C) Not Given
[Link] have flourished as a result of the sheep industry.
A) True B) False C) Not Given
[Link] are known to attack humans.
A) True B) False C) Not Given

Part 5

Architecture in Britain

From the Middle Ages to the 20th century, what are the influences and movements that
have shaped the changing face of British architecture?

Romano-British culture—and that included architecture along with language, religion,

political organisation and the arts—survived long after the Roman withdrawal. And
although the Anglo-Saxons had a sophisticated building style of their own, little survives to
bear witness to their achievements as the vast majority of Anglo-Saxon buildings were
made of wood.

Even so, the period between the Norman landing at Pevensey in 1066 and the day in 1485
when Richard III lost his horse and his head at Bosworth, ushering in the Tudors and the
Early Modern period, marks a rare flowering of British buildings. And it is all the more
remarkable because the underlying ethos of medieval architecture was "fitness for
purpose". The great cathedrals and parish churches that lifted up their towers to heaven
were not only acts of devotion in stone; they were also fiercely functional buildings. Castles
served their particular purpose and their battlements and turrets were for use rather than
ornament. The rambling manor houses of the later Middle Ages, however, were primarily
homes, their owners achieving respect and maintaining status by their hospitality and good
lordship rather than the grandeur of their buildings. In a sense, the buildings of the 16th
century were also governed by fitness for purpose—only now, the purpose was very
different. In domestic architecture, in particular, buildings were used to display status and
wealth.

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This stately and curious workmanship showed itself in various ways. A greater sense of
security led to more outward-looking buildings, as opposed to the medieval arrangement
where the need for defence created houses that faced inward onto a courtyard or series of
courtyards. This allowed for much more in the way of exterior ornament. The rooms
themselves tended to be bigger and lighter—as an expensive commodity, the use of great
expanses of glass was in itself a statement of wealth. There was also a general move
towards balanced and symmetrical exteriors with central entrances. With the exception of
Indigo Jones (1573-1652), whose confident handling of classical detail and proportion set
him apart from all other architects of the period, most early 1 7th century buildings tended
to take the innocent exuberance of late Tudor work one step further. But during the 1640s
and 50s the Civil War and its aftermath sent many gentlemen and nobles to the Continent
either to escape the fighting or, when the war was lost, to follow Charles II into exile. There
they came into contact with French, Dutch and Italian architecture and, with Charles's
restoration in 1 660, there was a flurry of building activity as royalists reclaimed their
property and built themselves houses reflecting the latest European trends. The British
Baroque was a reassertion of authority, an expression of absolutist ideology by men who
remembered a world turned upside down during the Civil War. The style is heavy and rich,
sometimes overblown and melodramatic. The politics which underpin it are questionable,
but its products are breathtaking.

The huge glass-and-iron Crystal Palace, designed by Joseph Paxton to house the Great
Exhibition of 1851, shows another strand to 19th century architecture—one which
embraced new industrial processes. But it wasn't long before even this confidence in
progress came to be regarded with suspicion. Mass production resulted in buildings and
furnishings that were too perfect, as the individual craftsman no longer had a major role in
their creation. Railing against the dehumanising effects of industrialisation, reformers like
John Ruskin and William Morris made a concerted effort to return to hand-crafted, pre-
industrial manufacturing techniques. Morris's influence grew from the production of
furniture and textiles, until by the 1880s a generation of principled young architects was
following his call for good, honest construction.

The most important trends in early 20th century architecture simply passed Britain by.
Whilst Gropius was working on cold, hard expanses of glass, and Le Corbusier was
experimenting with the use of reinforced concrete frames, we had staid establishment
architects like Edwin Lutyens producing Neo-Georgian and Renaissance country houses for
an outmoded landed class. In addition there were slightly batty architect-craftsmen, the
heirs of William Morris, still trying to turn the clock back to before the Industrial Revolution
by making chairs and spurning new technology. Only a handful of Modern Movement

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buildings of any real merit were produced here during the 1920s and 1930s, and most of
these were the work of foreign architects such as Serge Chermayeff, Berthold Lubetkin and
Erno Gold-finger who had settled in this country.

Questions 30-35

Complete the sentences. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text in each gap.

Because most Anglo-Saxon buildings were constructed from 30_____________, few of

them have survived.

The owners of medieval manor houses in Britain earned their reputation through
their 31_____________ and elegance.

The 16th-century building was designed to show evidence of 32_________and________

In the 16th century, the use of glass was fashionable, even though it
wasan 33______________Indigo Jones was particularly skilful in designing architecture in
the 34_____________ style.

Though William Morris designed 35______________, his emphasis on hand-crafting

influenced architects.

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You celebrated your birthday with some friends last week in a restaurant. It was a great
success and you and your friends enjoyed the evening very much.
Write a letter to the restaurant to thank them.

Mention the food, service and the atmosphere.

Also suggest any improvements to make things better.

Dear Sir

Last week on Saturday night some friends and I had dinner in your restaurant to celebrate
my birthday. I am writing to thank you for the great evening that we had.

All my friends remarked afterwards on the standard of the food and service that we
received. All the food was very tasty and well presented. Our waiter, whose name was
James, was fast and friendly and put with well with our bad jokes! The restaurant itself was
warm and friendly and the atmosphere showed that all the diners there were enjoying their
evening.

I would like though to suggest one improvement. One of my friends is a vegetarian and he
felt that the choice for vegetarians was little small. If you could develop that, it would be a
great advantage to your restaurant.

Once again I would like to thank you for my highly enjoyable birthday dinner.

Yours faithfully,

Rebecca Ahlinder

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Studying the English language in an English-speaking country is the best but not the only
way to learn language.

Do you agree or disagree with this statement?

model answer:

Studying a language in a country where it is widely spoken has many advantages. It is,
therefore, a good idea to study English in a country such as Britain. However, I believe it is
not the only way to learn the language.

In the first place, most students in non-English-speaking countries learn English at

secondary school, and sometimes at university nowadays. Although their spoken English is
not usually of a very high standard, their knowledge of grammar is often quite advanced.
This is certainly useful when students come to an English-speaking country to perfect the
language.

Secondly, studying the basics of English at secondary school is less stressful than learning
the language while overseas. This is because students living at home do not have to worry
about problems such as finding accommodation, paying for their study and living costs, and
trying to survive in a foreign country where day to day living causes much stress.

However, there are obvious advantages of learning English in Britain. Every day there are
opportunities to practise listening to and speaking with British people. Also, students can
experience the culture firsthand, which is a great help when trying to understand the
language. This is especially true if they choose to live with a British family, as exchange
students for example. Furthermore, if students attend a language school full-time, the
teachers will be native speakers. In this case, not only will students' speaking and listening
skills improve, but attention can be given to developing reading and writing skills as well.

In general, even though it is preferable to study English in an English-speaking country, a

reasonable level of English can be achieved in one's own country, if a student is gifted and
dedicated to study.

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