Unit I: Computer Graphics and Hardware
This unit introduces the basics of computer graphics, its history, applications, and the hardware devices used for input
and output in graphics systems.
1. History and Applications of Computer Graphics
Definition: Computer graphics refers to the creation, manipulation, and rendering of visual content using computers.
History:
1950s: Early computer graphics were simple line drawings.
1960s: Ivan Sutherland developed Sketchpad, the first interactive graphics system.
1980s: Advancements in raster graphics and 3D modeling.
1990s-Present: Real-time rendering, virtual reality, and photorealistic graphics.
Applications:
Entertainment: Video games, movies, and animations.
Education: Simulations and visual aids.
Design: CAD (Computer-Aided Design) for engineering and architecture.
Medical Imaging: MRI, CT scans, and 3D visualizations.
User Interfaces: Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) for software.
2. Input Devices
Input devices are hardware components used to provide data and control signals to a computer.
Mouse: A pointing device used to interact with graphical user interfaces.
Example: Clicking and dragging objects on the screen.
Keyboard: Used to input text and commands.
Touch Panel: A touch-sensitive screen that detects finger input.
Example: Smartphones and ATMs.
Light Pen: A light-sensitive stylus used to draw on CRT screens.
Digitizer: Converts analog data (e.g., drawings) into digital format.
Example: Graphic tablets.
Data Glove: A wearable device that captures hand movements.
Example: Virtual reality applications.
Bar Code Reader: Scans barcodes to input data.
Example: Supermarket checkout systems.
OCR (Optical Character Recognition): Converts scanned text into editable text.
Example: Digitizing printed documents.
OMR (Optical Mark Recognition): Reads marked data (e.g., answer sheets).
MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition): Reads characters printed with magnetic ink.
Example: Bank checks.
3. Hardcopy Output Devices
Hardcopy devices produce physical copies of digital content.
Printer:
Inkjet Printer: Sprays ink onto paper.
Laser Printer: Uses laser beams to transfer toner onto paper.
Example: Printing documents and photos.
Plotter: Used for large-scale drawings, such as architectural plans.
Example: Vector graphics output.
4. Display Devices
Display devices are used to visually present digital content.
I. CRT (Cathode Ray Tube): Emissive display device(Converting Electrical energy to light energy).
Monochrome
CRT: Displays single-color images (e.g., black and white).
Color CRT: Uses red, green, and blue phosphors to create color images.
Example: Old television and computer monitors.
II. LED (Light Emitting Diode): Emissive Display device. Uses LEDs for backlighting, offering energy efficiency and
better color [Link]: Modern TVs and monitors.
III. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display): Non-Emissive display device(Converting light energy to picture patterns). Uses liquid
crystals to block or allow [Link]: Laptop screens and smartphones.
IV. Plasma Display: Emissive display device. Uses ionized gases to produce [Link]: Large-screen TVs.
5. Architecture of Raster Scan and Random Scan Systems
Raster Scan System: Displays images by scanning the screen line by line, pixel by pixel.
Process: The electron beam moves across each row (scan line) from top to [Link] are illuminated based on the
image data stored in the frame buffer. Example: Modern TVs and computer monitors.
Advantages: Realistic images, supports color and shading.
Disadvantages: Requires more memory and processing power.
Random Scan System: Displays images by drawing lines and shapes directly. Random-scan monitors are also
known as vector displays or stroke-writing displays or calligraphic displays.
Process:
The electron beam moves randomly to draw lines and curves. Used for vector graphics. Example: Oscilloscopes and early
CAD systems.
Advantages: High-resolution lines, less memory usage.
Disadvantages: Limited to line drawings, not suitable for complex images.
Define computer graphics? Why computer graphics is needed in human life. What are the application areas
of computer graphics?
Computer Graphics is the field of computer science that deals with creating, manipulating, and displaying visual images
using computers. It involves techniques for generating and modifying images, animations, and visual effects.
Why is Computer Graphics Needed in Human Life?
Computer graphics play an essential role in modern life because they help in:
Better Communication – Visual representation makes information easier to understand.
Entertainment & Creativity – Used in movies, games, and animations.
Realistic Simulations – Helps in training (e.g., flight simulators, medical imaging).
Efficient Design & Development – Used in architecture, engineering, and product design.
Application Areas of Computer Graphics
Entertainment – Movies, video games, animations.
Education – E-learning, visual teaching aids.
Medical Imaging – CT scans, MRI, and X-rays visualization.
Engineering & Design – CAD software for architecture, mechanical design.
Scientific Visualization – Graphs, simulations, weather forecasting.
Virtual Reality & Augmented Reality – VR gaming, AR apps.
Advertising & Media – Graphic design, digital marketing, and branding.
Explain the working principle of CRT Monitors?
Working Principle of CRT Monitor
A CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) monitor works by using an electron beam to create images on a fluorescent screen.
How CRT Monitor Works?
1. Emits electron: A cathode (electron gun) at the back of the tube emits electrons.
2. Focusing System:
The electrons are accelerated and focused into a thin beam using electromagnetic coils.
3. Deflection System:
Horizontal and vertical deflection plates guide the electron beam to the correct position on the screen.
4. Screen Illumination/ Phosphor coated Screen:
The screen is coated with phosphor, which glows when struck by electrons, producing an image.
Different colors are produced using red, green, and blue (RGB) phosphors.
5. Refreshing the Screen:
The process happens rapidly (usually 60–120 times per second), refreshing the image continuously.
Simple Difference Between Raster Scan and Random Scan System
Feature Raster Scan System Random Scan System
Resolution Low resolution High resolution
Scans from top to bottom, one row at a Scans only necessary end points (one line
Scanning Method
time on screen. at a time).
Shadow mask technology (for color Beam penetration technology (for color
Technology Used
displays) displays)
Memory
High (stores pixel data) Low (stores only line equations)
Requirement
Best For Realistic images (TVs, games) Line drawings (CAD, oscilloscopes)
Example Devices LCD, LED, OLED screens Oscilloscopes, Air Traffic Control screens
Modification Not so Easy Easy
Solid Pattern Tough to Fill Easy to Fill
Interlacing Use interlacing method Does not use interlacing method
Difference Between Shadow Mask and Beam Penetration Technology
Feature Shadow Mask Technology Beam Penetration Technology
Working Uses a shadow mask to direct electron beams to Uses different electron beam intensities
Principle specific phosphor dots. to produce colors.
Color Uses RGB phosphors to create a wide range of Uses only two phosphor layers (usually
Production colors. red and green).
Limited to only a few colors (red, green,
Color Variety Produces millions of colors.
yellow, orange).
Display Quality High resolution, sharper images. Low resolution, less detailed images.
Used In CRT monitors, old TVs, arcade games. Early vector displays, oscilloscopes.
Cost More expensive. Cheaper.